WHAT TO DISCUSS:

1.
2.
3.
INTRODUCTION

Your nervous system guides almost everything you do, think,

say or feel. It controls complicated processes like movement,
thought and memory. It also plays an essential role in the things
your body does without thinking. Your nervous system affects
every aspect of your health.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

SENSORY INTEGRATION MOTOR

INPUT RESPONSE
SENSORY INPUT

Sensory input comes from the many sensory

receptors that monitor changes occurring both inside
and outside the body. The total sum of the
information gathered by these receptors is called
sensory input.

The nervous system processes and interprets sensory

input and decides what actions should be taken. The
nervous system activates effector organs such as
muscles and glands to cause a response called motor
output.
INTEGRATION
MOTOR RESPONSE

Once the response is activated, the nervous system sends

signals via motor output to muscles or glands to initiate the
response.

In humans, the sophistication of the nervous system allows

for language, abstract representation of concepts,
transmission of culture, and many other features of society
that would not otherwise exist.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
ADAPTATIONS IN ANIMALS
I NERVOUS SYSTEM ADAPTATION IN ANIMALS

All animals have a true nervous system except sea sponges.

Cnidarians, such as jellyfish, lack a true brain but have a system of
separate but connected neurons called a nerve net.

Echinoderms, such as sea stars, have neurons that are bundled into fibers
called nerves. Flatworms of the phylum Platyhelminthes have both a CNS
made up of a small brain and two nerve cords, also containing PNS a
system of nerves that extend throughout the body.
l NERVOUS SYSTEM ADAPTATION IN ANIMALS
The insect nervous system is more complex but also fairly
decentralized, with a brain, ventral nerve cord, and ganglia
(clusters of connected neurons). These ganglia can control
movements and behaviors without input from the brain.

Cephalopods, such as octopi, may have the most

complicated of invertebrate nervous systems, with neurons
that are organized in specialized lobes and eyes that are
structurally similar to vertebrate species.
Compared to invertebrates, vertebrate nervous
systems are more complex, centralized, and
specialized. While there is great diversity among
different vertebrate nervous systems, they all share
a basic structure: a CNS that contains a brain and
spinal cord and a PNS made up of peripheral
sensory and motor nerves.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
ADAPTATION IN ANIMALS
PLANTS DOESN'T HAVE NERVOUS SYSTEM
DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
MAIN DIVISION OF
NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (CNS):
Brain and Spinal cord

2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (PNS):
All neurons outside CNS
 THE BRAIN
the most complex part of the human body.
This three-pound organ is the seat of
intelligence, interpreter of the senses,

initiator of body movement, and controller

of behavior. Lying in its bony shell and
washed by protective fluid, the brain is the
source of all the qualities that define our
humanity.
MAJOR PARTS OF BRAIN:

CEREBRUM
CEREBELLUM
BRAINSTEM
 CEREBRUM
-Largest portion of brain
-Divisions:
Right Hemisphere
Left Hemisphere
-separated by
longitudinal fissure
Lobes: frontal, parietal,
occipital, temporal
 CEREBELLUM
Location:
below cerebrum
Characteristics:
- means little brain
- cortex is composed of
gyri, sulci, gray matter
Functions: controls
balance, muscle tone,
coordination of fine motor
movement
Cerebellum
COMPONENTS OF BRAINSTEM:

MEDULLA OBLANGATA
PONS
MIDBRAIN
BASILAR ARTERY
VERTEBRAL ARTERIES
 COMPONENTS OF BRAIN STEM

MEDULA OBLANGATA

Location:
-continuous with spinal cord
Function:
-regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing,
vomiting, hiccupping, coughing, sneezing, balance
 PONS

Location:
above medulla, bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum
Function:
breathing, chewing, salivation, swallowing

MIDBRAIN

Location:
above pons
Function:
coordinated eye movement, pupil diameter, turning head toward noise
 BASILAR ARTERY VERTEBRAL ARTERIES

The basilar is the main artery They carry blood to the brain
that carries blood to the back and spinal cord, which are
portion of your brain. part of the nervous system

 SPINAL CORD

The spinal cord is a long, tube-like band of tissue. It connects your

brain to your lower back. Your spinal cord carries nerve signals from
your brain to your body and vice versa. These nerve signals help you
feel sensations and move your body. Any damage to your spinal
cord can affect your movement or function.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
DIVISION OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Afferent (Sensory):
- collects input from periphery and
sends it to CNS

2.Efferent (Motor):
-carries processed input from CNS
to effector
DIVISION OF EFFERENT (MOTOR)
1. Autonomic:
- response is automatic (involuntary)
- controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glic:

2. Somatic:
- response is voluntary
- controls skeletal muscles
DIVISION OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Sympathetic:
activated during times of stress
part of fight or flight response
prepares you for physical activity by:
- ↑ HR
- ↑ BP
- ↑ BR
- sending more blood to skeletal muscles
- inhibiting digestive tract
2. Parasympathetic:
“housekeeper”
activated under normal
conditions
involved in digestion, urine
production, and
dilation/constriction of pupils,
etc.
 PRESENTED BY;

DOLAR, JAHNELLA P.
LABRADOR, JEWEL NICOLE C.
MALUMAY, RYZA MAI M.
THANK YOU!