How are reading and writing - A statement of work and a request

connected? for financial assistance to

- Same set of skills implement a project
- Same underlying knowledge - Project proposal for a product,
- Practice in one should aid the program, service, software, policies
development of the other - It is created to ensure that it gets
the support it needs when the
project is implemented
Percentage of Language Training:
1. Writing - 12 years
A persuasive document that
2. Reading - 6-8 years
3. SPeaking - 1-2 years aims to:
4. Listening - 0-few hours 1. Identify what work is to be done:
readers what they need to do as
Writing a Concept Paper: well
- A concept paper is a type of text 2. Explain why this work needs to be
the discusses or clarifies the done: importance of product and
“whatness” of idea/term how it will help solve the problem
- Give you the answer to ‘what is it?’ 3. Persuade the reader that the you
or ‘what about it’ are qualified for the work, you have
- A concept paper starts with a a plausible management plan and
definition, either formal or informal, technical approach, and have the
of the term or the concept and resources needed to complete the
proceeds with an expanded task within the stated time and
definition and analytic description cost constraints.
of the aspects of the concept.
In order to be successful, the
When presented, the concept paper document should be:
should give a clear picture of what → Clear: articulate the activities for
the research or project is all about. It the proposed project. It gives in
clarifies from the very beginning what detail how exactly you plan to
the purpose is and what process is implement the project
necessary to carry out that purpose. → Accurate and Objective: based
on facts, it justifies how it supports
Project Proposal: the group’s causes
- In a workplace, a concept paper is → Accessible: illustrate the
asked before a full proposal; it significance of the idea. It establishes
contains a proposed idea that may the activity’s worth to be
not be detailed yet, but somehow company/institution. Paper should
provides the reader a framework or be answer all of the question all the
an overview of how it can be carried reader might think
out or implemented → Concise: provide a logical
- Is a detailed description of a series presentation of a research idea. It
of activities aimed at solving a followers a format
certain problem
Project Proposal Format: - Project Objective: statement
1. Project Title specifying specific and tangible
2. Rationale results
3. Objectives of the Project - SMART
4. Project Proponents
5. Description of the Project Graphic Organizers:
6. Target Beneficiaries/Audience - Systematic illustration of ideas
7. Venue taken from a text you’ve read.
8. Project Duration - It is a more interesting way of
9. Program Flow providing an overview of a text.
10. Budget Proposal - May be used to summarize
information from an academic
Project Title: paper
- Represent the Goals of the Group - Used to simplify information about
- Team objectives your research papers during oral
- Easy to understand and defense
pronounce - For qualitative research, these may
- Creative and professional be used to verbalize your
- Easy to remember and recognize conceptual/theoretical framework.

Project Rationale: Venn Diagram:

- An argument in favor of - Show the similarities and
implementing the proposed project differences of ideas.
by your organization - Used if you are ask by someone to
- A detailed explanation of why the compare and contrast things
project is required in the area
- It describes the issues and T-chart:
problems the community is facing - Has a vertical and horizontal line
and how your organization and the separating two ideas.
proposed project will address them - Above are the ideas you are
with the funding support expected contrasting and below is the
from the donor. difference of it.
- Importance of the project, why is it - Only differentiating two concepts
needed. or ideas.

Project Objectives: Data Retrieval Chart:

- Descriptions of expectations to be - Modified version of a T-chart
satisfied at successful completion - Filled with information, you will be
of the project or its certain stage getting information.
or activity, within a certain period - Table filled with content and data.
of time and at certain cost. No need to put information
- Project Goal: high-level statement
describing an unexpected output. Data Storage chart:
- Incomplete and has missing
elements. We are the one who will
 put information. There is - Shows visual representation of
information present but it is what will happened in a specific
incomplete. time
Writer’s Block:
Flow Chart: - Inability to get things started
- Shows sequence in events, steps in - Fear of the blank sheet (afraid to
a process or cause and effect. start)
- We also use arrows to show the - Page fright
progress and process on how - Writing without the muse (writing
things happen without an inspiration)

IShikawa Diagram: Dealing with Writer’s Block:

- Or the fishbone diagram. 1. Positive self-talk: tell nice things
- Official diagram, name of the first to yourself
person to use this. Kaoru Ishikawa 2. Listing your achievements:
- Head part of the fish shows the remind yourself of what you have
effects. And the bones of the fish accomplished in the past.
represent the causes on that 3. Brainstorm: think of relevant
effect. ideas
4. Divide large tasks: write one
Sun gram: part at a time
- Shows minor topics arising from a 5. Read for a break: best ideas
major topic. come when the mind is rested
- One major idea and minor ones. 6. Concede its existence: do not
entertain the feeling of not
Pyramid: wanting to write
- Shows hierarchy of concepts
7. Establish a routine: prepare
- Ex. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
yourself to write when that specific
time comes.
Timeline
8. Cope with badness: do not think
- Shows sequencing of event
you have written is bad; writing is a
- It can be vertical or horizontal
process that involves editing and
revising until the output becomes
Fire triangle:
good
- Shows the relationship among 3
9. Show up for work: commit to a
elements that are dependent on
time for writing
one another.
- Example how to make fire. It won’t 10. Reinvent your space: create an
be complete without one. environment conducive for writing
11. Go back to the star: ask yourself
Gantt CHart: the purpose as to why you are
- A bar chart that provides a visual writing
view of tasks scheduled over time.
Morning pages:
- Serves as a dumping site of the
winter
- Is a tool where the writer disposes announcement regarding the
ideas that may get in the way of suspensio next week
writing → timely - is it timely they have
- Is not something that the writer release the memo this week.
may use for his actual message Appropriate to receive this message
- Is done usually before a writer this day.
starts writing → appropriate - are you sending
- Is a piece of writing that is made the message to the appropriate
up of three pages persons.
- Takes a writer/s mind off of things → acceptable - easily understood,
that are not related to his writing acceptable one who is sending out
task this message

Creating a Business Message Knowing your Audience: Audience

● Purposeful - there is always a Analysis
purpose when we email a → Primary Audience - the decision
business message makers or opinion holders. Those
● Economical - should be who are directly receive message.
economical, people have limited Addressed to them the message
amount of time to read → Size and Composition - the
information. It should be concise number of people to be addressed
and detailed. and how the message needs to be
● Audience Oriented - who are written. Size amount of people who
you communicating with. will be receiving the message.
● Process oriented - process of Composition is who are these people.
creating a business message. → Understanding level - what the
audience knows and does not know.
Process of Creating a Business Goal is to be understood
Message (stages/faces) → Probable reaction - positive,
1. Prewriting - analyzing negative, or neutral. How to say the
(audience), anticipating message in a courteous and
(purpose), adapting. respectful way.
2. Writing - researching, → Good relationships - bits and
organizng, composing. pieces of the actual message are
3. Revising - revising, considered
proofreading, evaluating
Establishing Good Relationships:
Stages involved in Pre-writing: ● Spotlight audience benefits
→ defining purpose → focus your statements on the
→ analyzing audience audience, not the sender. Focus on
→ choosing channel and medium what the costumer can get from you
and not what you can do for them
Test your Purpose:
→ realistic - is it possible to be done
by the recipient. Example,
● Cultivate a “You” view
→ Emphasize second-person ● Use Corteous Language
pronouns (you/your) instead of → Be sure your message does not
first-person pronouns (I/we, us, our) have unintentional negative
- Sound conversational implications that might displease
your receiver.

● Sound Conventional

● Use Inclusive Language

→ Making sure all words are
universal. No bias in terms of gender,
nationality, race, color, religion, etc.

● Adopt plain language

→ avoid federalese/bureaucratese
and inflated language
- Draw on familiar words
→ avoid long, difficult and unfamiliar
words. Use short, simple, and
● Use positive language common words whenever possible.
→ Avoiding languages or words that
has a negative meaning
 expensive it is to send the
message using a particular
channel, the less effective the
channel is considered.
● Formality - judging the
effectiveness of the channel
based on how serious you want
your intended recipient to
● Use familiar words consider your message.
→ avoid long, difficult, and unfamiliar ● Confidentiality - capability of
words. Use short, simple, and the channel to keep the message
common words whenever possible. safe from being intercepted by
anyone who is not supposed to
get the message. The easier for
someone to get a hold of the
message, the less effective the
channel is.
● Permanence - ability of the
channel to store the message for
a long time so that it can easily be
Stages involved in Pre-writing
repeated for future purposes.
Choosing Channel and Medium
● Channel - verbally/non-verbal,
2nd Phase of Creating Business
oral or written.
Message
● Medium - choose a transfer
→ Researching - finding information
message from sender to receiver
on the topic. Formal and informal
● Media Richness Theory
→ Organizing - arranging
→ We may use any of media but not
information logically. Scratchlist -
all with equally effective
randomly enumerating ideas. Outline
→ Everything is possible but not all is
- identifying the major and minor
equally effective
points.
→ Composing - transforming.
Assess the effectivity of channels:
Effective sentences, structure and
● Urgency of Feedback - assess
errors.
the effectiveness of the channel
based on getting a response from
Formal Research
your sended recipient. The faster
→ Search manually (books,
the response can be taken from
magazines, journals)
the receiver, the more effective the
→ Access data electronically
channel is.
→ go to the source
● Cost - criteria that judges the
→ conduct scientific experiments
effectiveness of the channel
based on the money that the
Informal Research
sender will have to spend in order
→ look in your organization’s files
to send the message. The more
→ talk with your boss
→ conduct an informal survey by actually, and totally. Excessive use
interviewing the target audience of intensifiers.
Organizing
→ Direct strategy - saves reader’s
time. Sets a proper frame of mind.
Prevent frustration. Appears
businesslike.
→ Indirect strategy - respecting
feelings of audience. Encourages a
fair hearing. Minimizes a negative
⇒ Precision words - we want to
reaction.
revise our sentences and make it
more direct to the point. Say what
3rd Phase of Creating Business we really mean.
Messages: Revising
● Grammar - proper use of words as
they relate with other words in a
sentence. How you use the words.
⇒ SVA/PAR - Subject verb
agreement/pronoun antecedent
relationship

● Mechanics - writing conventions

(How words are formed)
⇒ Spelling
⇒ Capitalization - person’s title in
the signature line.

⇒ Redundancy - repeating what you

have already said within a
sentence/paragraph.
⇒ Buried Verbs - revise verbs that
have been converted to nouns.

⇒ Exuberance - you’re controlling

exuberance. Control exuberance. To
sound credible, don’t overuse
intensifiers such as very, definitely,
quite, completely, extremely, really,
 ⇒ Paragraph headings - use
paragraph headings to improve
organization and readability.

● Design - physical appearance of

the whole business message/
readability.

Communication in the
Workplace
● Organizational Communication
⇒ Internal organizational
⇒ B-M-A - borders/margins/
communication - interaction
alignment.
between & among company
⇒ Style & Face - font style and the
representations. MAD 3
font (how big it should be)
⇒ External Organizational
⇒ Bullets, numbers & letters
communication - Interaction
between company and outsiders.
Someone who is not a member of the
group. MAD 3 collaboration with 1
member humss 1.

⇒ Column, & paragraph headings -

organize information with column
headings
In Conclusion - there are different
ways by which we can communicate
with each other internally and
externally in the workplace or
business setting.

Components of Email and Video:

→ Subject Line - attention getter
→ Opening - main idea
→ Body - supporting details
→ Closing - prepares the reader of
the message’s ending.

Components of Emails and Memos:

→ Subject Line - Avoid meaningless
one-word headings, such as “Help” or
“urgent”. Do not use sentences
because they are considered too
long.
→ Opening - front load main idea
immediately. Avoid reviewing
background.
→ Body - cover just one topic. Use
numbered and bulleted lists.
Consider adding headings for visual
impact>
→ Closing options - end with action
information like dates, and deadlines.
Summarize the messages. Provide a
closing thought. Avoid overused
expressions.

Letters for External Organizational

Communication:
 2. Dateline - the date when the letter
was sent
3. Inside address - full name of the
recipient, position in the
company, name of the company,
address of the company.
4. Salutation - dear followed by the
→ State the request immediately and surname of the recipient followed
politely → Why are you asking by a colon or a comma.
question and additional information 5. Content - the message itself
→ Date of expect to reply containing the opening, body,
and closing
6. Complimentary close - words such
as sincerely, respectfully, very
truly yours, and others.
7. Signature line - full name of the
sender followed by his position in
the company.
8. Reference initials - the initials of
the writer and sender’s name in
capital letters.

⇒ Discount offered by the alcohol,

write letter to the manufacturer. Put
additional questions. What other
brand of alcohol they can offer

Parts of a Business letter:

1. Letterhead - company name,
address and contact number
 ⇒ Full name (can put nickname in
parentheses if you wish)
⇒ Complete address (may include
both permanent and present
address)
⇒ Phone number (can list work/cell
phone number - designate each with
an “C” “H” or “W”)
⇒ E-mail address (Professional email
address)

● Objective
⇒ The objective or mission statement
indicates the type of work you are
seeking
⇒ Employers prefer objectives that
are specific and concise. If you know
the exact position you are pursuing
Other Types of Business Letters: or field that you are considering, you
⇒ Reply - written to respond to an may include an objective. Otherwise,
information request. you may omit this category.

⇒ Claim - written by a client to

identify a problem with a product or
service

⇒ Adjustment - written in response to

a complaint or claim
● Education
⇒ Degrees should be listed in reverse
chronology. Include only those
schools in which you earned a
degree.
⇒ Names and locations of schools or
programs.
Cover Letter and Resume Writing
⇒ Graduation Date
Resume Content:
⇒ Degrees or certificates
● Heading
⇒ Major, minor or cognate
⇒ Grade point average (if 3.0 or ⇒ Honors, activities, research,
above) professional/affiliations
⇒ Awards/Honors/Scholarships → You may specifically want to list:
(consider a separate section if more - Activities or leadership
than 3) positions that demonstrate
⇒ Study abroad experiences job related skills
- Honors or awards
(Scholarships may or may not
be relevant)

● Experience
⇒ include full-time and part-time
jobs, summer positions, volunteer ● Skills
work, military service, internships, ⇒ We recommend a separate section
self-employment, research projects, listing computer skills. Be specific,
and even activities if they are directly listing product names and version
related to the position numbers if possible
⇒ In some cases you may wish to ⇒ Students seeking technology
divide this category into two sections: positions specifically should break
one called Related Experience and this list down into subcategories
one called Additional Experience. such as programming language,
hardware, software, operating
systems, databases, peripherals, etc.
⇒ If you speak more than one
language, you should also list them
here, indicating your level of
proficiency in each.

● Additional Categories
Top 10 Skills to put on a resume:
1. Communication skills
2. Teamwork skills
3. Computer proficiency skills
4. Attention to detail
5. Flexibility
6. Time management skills
7. Work ethic
8. Customer service skills
9. Creativity
10. Project management skills
What do Employers Look for?
Personal Information and references: ⇒ Although not all organizations are
⇒ Choose references carefully the same, there are a few
⇒ Ask references consistencies to keep in mind when
⇒ Gather accurate contact writing your resume.
information → Font Size, Style and formatting
⇒ Prepare references - make sure to be presentable and do
⇒ Keep references informed not pick weird fonts. Pick style
⇒ Thank references formatting. Best font is Times New
Roman etc.
→ Scannability - isang tingin lang
kita na niya yung mga kailangan
niyang makita. Skills, educational
attainment.
→ Job Qualifications - highlight
that you do possess the right
qualifications.
→ A 'Coherent Story’ - paints a
good picture of you.

An Excellent Resume has the power to

open doors
→ Grabs the attention of employers
and recruiters
→ Sells your strongest skills and
accomplishments
→ Shows how you’re a match for a interest in the organization and in
position or project the job you are applying for
→ And most importantly, get you a 3. How will you follow up with them
job interview from here? Explains how your
skills relate to the criteria listed in
Writing Tips the job posting
- Spend ample time preparing your
resume/CV Forms of Persuasive Writing
- Be prepared to write and rewrite ● Editorials
- One page resume is usually ⇒ state the opinion of the editors
sufficient, CV’c are two or more and publishers of news
pages organizations. Editorials are meant
- Customize your resume/CV for to influence public opinion, promote
each position critical thinking, and sometimes
- Catch your reader’s eye cause people to take action on an
- Accentuate the positive issue.
- Use action-oriented verbs and ⇒ Editorial board - be the ones
quantify when possible writing the editorials

Remember the three C’s ● Op-Ed

→ Clarity - make presentation clear ⇒ An essay that tries to convince
and concise readers to agree with the writer’s
→ Consistency - do not mix views on an issue. An opinion piece
categories and dates was traditionally published in print
→ Conciseness - summarize and media opposite the editorial page
highlight (hence the term “op-ed”).

● Letter to the Editor

⇒ Are letters sent to print and
internet publications to express
opinions in response to previously
published articles. “People read their
newspaper’s opinion pages because
they’re relevant. The issues discussed
are usually in nature and reflect the
Format of a Cover Letter: general feelings of a portion of the
Three Basic Paragraphs community. At times, the letter is
1. Why are you writing to them and either responding to a recent article
who are you? Should be specific or a recent editorial crafted by an
to the position in-house editor.
2. Why are you the best fit for their
organization and this position? ● Reviews
Explain the reasons for you
⇒ Evaluate items and activities, such how a writer successfully
as books, movies, plays and music convinces the audience of the
from the writer’s point of view validity of his/her own argument

1. Read, watch, or listen to the work ● Reaction Paper

more than once. “Nothing is in the ⇒ a reaction paper is a response to
intellect that was not first in the some sort of prompt. The prompt
senses” - St. Thomas Aquinas may be a question, a current event,
2. Provide essential information or a form of media, including movies
3. Understand your audience or video clips. It is a popular
4. Take a stand academic assignment because it
5. Explain how you’re judging the requires thoughtful reading,
work research, and writing.
6. Introduce evidence to support
your criteria
7. Do not summarize the entire plot

● Advertisements
⇒ Are paid announcements that try
to convince people to buy or do What should a reaction paper
something include?
1. Evidence that you have
● Argumentative Essay understood what the material
⇒ Is a form of composition that aims said
to persuade or convince readers to 2. Your reaction to the writer or
agree or believe a writer’s creator’s ideas.
argument/claim about a particular 3. Your evaluation of the material’s
topic. strengths and weaknesses.

Elements of Argumentation: Steps in Writing a Reaction Paper:

➔ Argument/claim - an argument ➔ Pre-writing
states a claim and supports it with - Reading and studying the
reasons and evidence from material
sources. Arguing your side makes - Annotate the text as you read
you the proponent - Ask questions as you read
➔ Counterargument - an - Free write
argument that stands in - Decide on your angle and
opposition to your determine your thesis
argument/claim, the - Organize your paper
counterargument is your - Gather quotations
opponent’s argument which tries - Structure your paragraph
to explain why you are wrong.
➔ Actual Writing
➔ Refutation - simply disproving an
- Reading and studying the
opposing argument, refutation is
material
an important skill because it is
- Annotate the text as you read
- Ask questions as you read the line of questioning based on
- Free write your responses and questions.
- Decide on your angle and Keep your answers focused and
determine your thesis professional.
- Organize your paper ● In a panel interview, you meet
- Gather quotations with several interviewers at once.
- Structure your paragraph Try to relate to each person on
the panel, and tailor your
● Critique Paper responses accordingly. In a
⇒ A critique is a genre of academic group interview, one or more
writing that briefly summarizes and interviewers meet with several
critically evaluates a work or candidates simultaneously. A key
concept. Written by a professional or purpose is to observe how the
an expert in the field candidates interact.
● In a behavioral interview, you
Evaluates Works such as: are asked to describe how you
1. Creative works - novels, handled situations from your past.
exhibits, film, images, poetry Employers use these questions to
2. Research monographs, journal assess such areas as your
articles, systematic reviews, job-related technical skills and
theories. your ability to work under
3. Media - news reports, feature pressure, coordinate with others,
articles and resolve conflict. A
situational interview focuses
on how you would handle various
hypothetical situations on the job.
The more you know about the job,
the better you will do during the
interview.
● A working interview is the most
realistic, as you actually perform
work-related tasks. During a
stress interview, you might be
Interview methods can be subjected to long periods of
distinguished by the way they are silence, criticisms of your
structured, the number of people appearance, deliberate
involved, and the purpose of the interruptions, and abrupt or even
interview. hostile reactions by the
● A structured interview follows a interviewer. If you find yourself in a
set sequence of questions, stress interview, recognize what is
allowing interviewers to screen happening and collect your
unqualified candidates and thoughts for a few seconds before
compare answers from all you respond.
candidates. In an open-ended
interview, the interviewer adapts
In addition to encountering a variety Virtual online interviews can range
of interview formats, expect to be from simple structured
interviewed through a variety of questionnaires and tests to
media. sophisticated job simulations that
To succeed at a telephone interview, are similar to working interviews.
make sure you treat it as seriously
as an in-person interview. Be
prepared with a copy of all the
materials you have sent the
employer, including your résumé
and any correspondence. If
possible, arrange to speak on a
landline so you do not have to
worry about mobile phone
reception problems. Remember
that you will not be able to use
nonverbal signals to create a
good impression, so a positive,
alert tone of voice is vital.

E-mail and IM are also sometimes

used in the screening stage. While
you have almost no opportunity
to send and receive nonverbal
signals with these formats, you do
have the major advantage of
being able to review and edit each
response before you send it.
Maintain a professional style in
your responses and be sure to ask
questions that demonstrate your
knowledge of the company and
the position.

Many employers use video

technology for both live and
recorded interviews. Prepare for a
video interview as you would for
an in-person interview and take
the extra steps needed to become
familiar with the equipment and
the process. During any video
interview, sit up straight and focus
on the camera.