WCDMA Power Control

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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Revision Record
Date Version Change description
Author
07-01-2008 1A Victor Toledo

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Table of Contents
1 Purpose of Power contol .......................................................................................................7
Benefit from power control ................................................................................................8
Power contol classification ...............................................................................................8
2 Power control algorithms .....................................................................................................10
Open loop power control overview .................................................................................10
Open loop power control for PRACH ...............................................................................11
Open loop power control for DPCCH ..............................................................................14
Closed loop power control ...............................................................................................16
Uplink inner loop power control .......................................................................................18
Downlink inner loop power control ..................................................................................24
Downlink power balance .................................................................................................29
Outer loop power control..................................................................................................30

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Objectives

Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to:

Understand the basic principle of power control

Understand the setting of different parameters used in power control

Explain the Open and Closed loop power control algorithms

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1 Purpose of power control

Purpose of power control

Power control of the uplink channel is mainly to overcome
the near-far effect.

Downlink channel power control is to overcome fast fading and the
interferences of adjacent cells.

Power control must be used in CDMA system to ensure every user transmits
by minimum power and the network capacity can get maximum.

The purpose of inner loop power control of the WCDMA system is to maintain
a certain signal-to-interference ratio of transmission signal power when the
signals reach the receiving end.

However, in different multi-path environments, even if the mean signal-to-
interference ratio is kept above a certain threshold, the communication quality
requirement (BER or FER or BLER) can not be always satisfied.

20
C hannel
15 T ra n s m itte d p o w e r
R e c e iv e d p o w e r
10
Relative power (dB)

-5

-1 0

-1 5

-2 0
0 200 400 600 800

T im e (m s )

Figure 1.- The Relationship between Transmitted Power and Received Power
after Power Control Methods Introduced.

Because of fading in mobile communication system, the radio channel

environment is deteriorated, many technologies are used to solve this problem, and
the fast power control is one of them. So the fading is compensated by fast power
control, and the received power is almost constant, the radio transmission condition
is improved.

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Benefit from Power Control

Power control is known to be essential in a CDMA-based system due

to the uplink near-far problem.

Adjust transmission power to ensure communication quality of uplink

and downlink.

Power control can well overcome the influences of unfavorable factors

such as fast fading, slow fading on radio channels

Decrease network interference, increase the capacity and quality of

network

In a word, the purpose of power control is to ensure the QoS with

minimum power in the CDMA system.

Power control classification

In WCDMA system, power control includes open loop power control and closed
loop power control, open loop power control is used to calculate the initial
transmission power, and the closed loop power control technology adjusts the
transmission power dynamically and continuously during connection.

For uplink power control, the UE’s transmission power is adjusted, for downlink
power control, the NodeB’s transmission power is adjusted.

Open loop Power control

Closed loop Power control

− Uplink inner power control
− Downlink inner-power control
− Uplink outer power control
− Downlink outer power control

Open loop power control is used in two cases, the first one is on PRACH to
decide the initial transmission power of PRACH preamble, and the second case is on
DPCCH to decide the initial transmission power of DPCCH power control preamble.

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Closed loop power control is applied on DPCCH and DPDCH.

For other common channels, power control is not applied.

Power control methods adopted for various physical channels

Physical Open loop Inner loop Outer loop No power control process,
channel power power power power is specified by upper
control control Control layers.
DPDCH － X X －
DPCCH X X X －
PCCPCH － － － X
SCCPCH － － － X
PRACH X － － －
AICH － － － X
PICH － － － X

Table 1.- Power control methods adopted for different physical channels.

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2 Power Control Algorithms

Open Loop Power Control Overview

In open loop power control, the initial transmission power is calculated according
to the path loss between UE and NodeB. That means, if the UE is very far away from
the NodeB, the calculated transmission power should be very high and vice versa.

Since the uplink and downlink frequencies of WCDMA are within the same
frequency band, a significant correlation exists between the average path loss of the
two links. This make it possible for each UE, before accessing the network, and for
each NodeB, when the radio link is set up, to calculate the initial transmission power
required in the uplink and downlink based on the path loss calculations in the
downlink direction.

Purpose

the UE estimates the power loss of signals on the propagation path by
measuring the downlink channel signals, then calculate the
transmission
power of the uplink channel

The open loop power control principal

Under the FDD mode, fast fading of the uplink channel is unrelated to
fast fading of the downlink channel.

the disadvantage of open loop power control

This power control method is rather vague

Application scenarios of open loop power control

In the range of a cell, signal fading caused by fast fading is usually

more serious than that caused by propagation loss. Therefore, open
loop power control is applied only at the beginning of connection setup,
generally in setting the initial power value.

How to estimate the initial transmission power? Take the uplink as an example,
firstly, UE will measure the path loss according to RSCP of PCPICH channel, then
calculate the required uplink initial transmission power.

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That means, the uplink transmission power is calculated according to the

downlink path loss, but in the 2.1 GHz band there is 90MHZ frequency interval
between uplink frequencies and downlink frequencies, the fading between the uplink
and downlink is un-correlated, so the calculated transmission power of open loop
power control is not absolutely accurate.

Open Loop Power Control of PRACH

One access slot

Acq.
AICH access Ind.
slots RX at UE

τ p-a

PRACH access Pre- Pre- Message part

amble amble
slots TX at UE

τ τ
p-p p-m

Figure 2.- Power Control for PRACH.

The random access procedure of PRACH is shown in above figure: UE transmits

a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble
transmission power. After that, UTRAN will response AI if the preamble is received.
Then the UE will transmit the message part if the AI is received. But, if UE does not
τ
receive the AI from UTRAN in p-p period, a next preamble will be transmitted. The
process won’t stop until the AI received by UE or the maximum preamble
retransmission number or the maximum transmission power is reached.

The initial value of PRACH power is set through open loop power control

Preamble_Initial_Power = PCPICH DL TX power －CPICH_RSCP + UL

interference + Constant Value

Parameters explanation

The values of PCPICH DL TX power 、UL interference and Constant

Value are given in system information.

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The value of CPICH_RSCP is measured by UE.

PCPICH DL TX power is very closed to the downlink coverage ability,

which is already given in cell setup.

UL interference can be measured by NodeB, and then it will be

reported to RNC.

Constant Value is the threshold of preamble message. This value has

to be analysed very carefully.

The initial value of PRACH power is set through outer loop power control. UE
operation steps are as follows:

(1) Read IE “Primary CPICH DL TX power”, “UL interference” and “Constant

value” from system information.

(2) Measure the value of CPICH_RSCP;

Pp-m

Power Ramp Step

Preable_Initial_
power

10ms/20ms

NO. Parameter Parameter meaning

1 Power Offset Pp-m The power offset of the last access preamble and message control part. This
value plus the access preamble power is the power of the control part
2 Constant Value This parameter is the correction constant used for the UE to estimate the initial
transmission power of PRACH according to the open loop power
3 PRACH Power Ramp Step This parameter is the ramp step of the preamble power when the UE has not
received the capture indication from NodeB
4 Preamble Retrans Max This parameter is the permitted maximum preamble repeat times of the UE
within a preamble ramp cycle

Figure 3.- Parameter definition for power control.

The power control of the Message part of PRACH has the following
characteristics: the values of βc and βd are set by the upper layer. The ratio between
the control part and the data part is the same as for other uplink channel.

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Different Constant Values for different stage of WCDMA network

lifecycle. Take the beginning stage for example:

Constant Value could be greater (-16dB or -15dB) so that the preamble

message can be received easier by UTRAN

The power ramp step could be greater so that the possibility which the
preamble message can be received correctly will be higher

With the development of network, the number of users increased

very fast. On this stage, the Constant value could be less than 1dB.

Figure 4.- PRACH Application scenarios.

RRC Connection Request is transmitted on PRACH, so this is considered as an

access procedure. Before RRC Connection Request transmission, UE will transmit
PRACH preamble, and the first preamble power is calculated by open loop power
control.

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Open loop power control of DPCCH

At the beginning of the dedicated channel setup, there is only DPCCH in the
uplink dedicated channel but there is no DPDCH. DPCCH during this time is called
UL DPCCH power control preamble. The specific length of a preamble is 0 to 7
frames. It is set on UE by the RRC protocol and the parameter name is “PC
Preamble”. The initial transmission power of DPCCH is obtained through the open
loop power control.

Open loop power control of DL DPCCH

The DL DPCCH open loop power control can be calculated by the

following formula:
（ ）
P= Ec/Io Req-CPICH_Ec/Io+PCPICH

Parameters explanation

(Ec/Io)req is the required Ec/Io, which should satisfied UE can receive
the message from the dedicated channel correctly

CPICH_Ec/Io is measured by UE, then it is given to UTRAN by RACH

PCPICH is the transmission power of CPICH

Similar to UL, the (Ec/Io)Req value should be considered very carefully. Because
there is not power ramp in the initial DL DPCCH, the initial power should be satisfied
with the requirements. Therefore, this value can be greater than the one from
simulation to ensure the success ratio. With PO1, PO2 and PO3, initial transmission
power for DPCCH can be calculated.

Figure 5. - DL DPCCH Application scenarios.

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According to the RRC connection establishment procedure, firstly, NodeB will set
up the RL resource, and then Iub resource is established between NodeB and RNC.
At last, DPCCH is transmitted with initial transmission power calculated by open loop
power control.

Open loop power control of UL DPCCH

The UL DPCCH open loop power control can be calculated by the

following formula:

DPCCH_Initial_Power = DPCCH_Power_Offset - CPICH_RSCP

UE calculates the initial power of uplink DPCCH according to the received IE

“DPCCH_Power_offset” and the measured value of CPICH_RSCP.

Parameters explanation:

DPCCH_Power_Offset: Uplink DPCCH power offset, which is configured by

RNC and is delivered to UE in RRC Connection Setup.

DPCCH_Power_Offset = PCPICH DL TX Power+UL interference+

DPCCH_SIRtarget

CPICH_RSCP: Measured by UE

PCPICH DL TX power: PCPICH downlink transmission power

UL interference: NodeB uplink interference

DPCCH_SIRtarget: DPCCH demodulation threshold requirement

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Figure 6.- UL DPCCH Application scenarios.

In the RRC connection establishment procedure, when the UE have received

RRC Connection Setup message, the UE will try to synchronize with the NodeB by
transmitting uplink DPCCH with the initial transmission power calculated by open
loop power control.

Closed loop power control

After DCH is setup, closed loop power control always take effects, which will
control the transmission power dynamically.
The closed loop power includes the inner loop power control and the outer loop
power control. And according to the transmission direction, closed loop power control
is also divided into the uplink power control and the downlink power control. For
uplink power control, the UE’s transmission power is controlled by the network, and
for downlink, the NodeB’s transmission power is controlled by the UE.

The characteristics of open loop power control

The results from open loop power control are not accurate enough

open loop power control can only decide the initial power

The advantages of closed loop power control

Guarantee the QoS

Decrease the interference

Increase the system capacity

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For WCDMA-FDD system, the uplink fading is not related to the downlink one
because of the great frequency interval between them. Therefore, the path loss and
interference estimated by downlink can not reflect the one in uplink completely.

The closed loop power control can solve this problem. Through closed loop
power control, the transmission power can be controlled dynamically and quickly
according to the feedback of the controller.

Figure 7.- Closed loop power control.

• Inner loop power control

The receivers calculate the SIR and compare it with SIRtarget.

If less than SIRtarget, the TPC is set as 1 to increase transmission power.

If greater than SIRtarget, the TPC is set as 0 to decrease transmission power.

TPC is delivered to the transmitter in DPCCH; the transmitter will adjust the
power according to the value of received TPC.

The inner loop power control can be done 1500 times per second, then the SIR
can be ensured to the level of target SIR.

• Outer loop power control

Through adjusting the SIR target value, BLER can be ensured.

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Uplink Inner-loop power control

For uplink inner loop power control, UE is the control object and NodeB is the
controller.

The uplink inner loop power control adjusts the UE transmission power in order
to maintain the received uplink signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) at a given SIR target,
SIRtarget.

NodeB compares the measured SIR to the preset target SIR

，
Compare SIRmeas with SIRtar TPC Decision
→ (0 1)
→
SIRmea>SIRtar TPC=0
SIRmea<SIRtar TPC=1 1500Hz PCA1
1500Hz PCA2

（-1, 0, 1）
TPC_CMD
Inner-loop

set SIRtar

△DPCCH=△tpc×TPC_cmd
Transmit TPC Adjust DPCCH Tx
NodeB
UE
Each
Each UE
UE has
has Adjust DPDCH Tx
its
its own
own loop
loop β β
( c, d)

Figure 8.- Uplink inner loop power control.

The serving cells (cells in the active set) should estimate SIRmeas of the
received uplink DPCH. The serving cells should then generate TPC commands and
transmit the commands once per slot according to the following rule: if SIRmeas >
SIRtar then the TPC command to transmit is "0", while if SIRmeas < SIRtar then the
TPC command to transmit is "1".

Upon reception of one or more TPC commands in a slot, the UE shall derive a
single TPC command, TPC_cmd, for each slot, combining multiple TPC commands if
more than one is received in a slot. Two algorithms shall be supported by the UE for
deriving a TPC_cmd, those are PCA1 and PCA2. Which of these two algorithms is
used is determined by a UE-specific higher-layer parameter.

The step size DTPC is a layer 1 parameter which is derived from the UE-specific
higher-layer parameter "TPC-StepSize" which is under the control of the UTRAN. If
"TPC-StepSize" has the value "dB1", then the layer 1 parameter DTPC shall take the
value 1 dB and if "TPC-StepSize" has the value "dB2", then DTPC shall take the
value 2 dB. The parameter "TPC-StepSize" only applies to Algorithm 1. For Algorithm
2 DTPC shall always take the value 1 dB.
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After deriving of the combined TPC command TPC_cmd using one of the two
supported algorithms, the UE shall adjust the transmit power of the uplink DPCCH
with a step of DDPCCH (in dB) which is given by:

DDPCCH = DTPC * TPC_cmd

Uplink inner-loop PCA1 without soft handover

UE gets one TPC in each time slot

If TPC=0, TPC_cmd= -1

If TPC=1, TPC_cmd= 1

TPC …… 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 ……

TPC_CMD …… -1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 ……

This control is done in each time slot

Power control frequency is 1500HZ

Figure 9.- Uplink inner loop power control without soft handover.

When a UE is not in soft handover, only one TPC command will be received in
each slot. In this case, the value of TPC_cmd shall be derived as follows:

- If the received TPC command is equal to 0 then TPC_cmd for that slot is –1.

- If the received TPC command is equal to 1, then TPC_cmd for that slot is 1.

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Uplink inner-loop PCA1 with soft handover

CELL1 CELL2
Each time slot, combine TPC from
，
different RLS then get W i RL11 RL12
RLS1

Get TPC_cmd based on

TPC_cmd = γ
(W1, W2, … WN) RLS2 RLS3

CELL3 CELL4

…… ……
RLS1-TPC (W1) 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

…… ……
RLS2-TPC (W2) 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

…… ……
RLS3-TPC (W3) 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

…… ……
TPC_CMD 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Figure 10.- Uplink inner loop power control with soft handover.

When a UE is in soft handover, multiple TPC commands may be received in

each slot from different cells in the active set.

1. Combine the TPC commands from the same RLS.

In some cases, the UE has the knowledge that some of the transmitted TPC
commands in a slot are the same. This is the case when the radio links are in the
same radio link set. For these cases, the TPC commands from the same radio link
set shall be combined into one TPC command, to be further combined with other
TPC commands.

2. Combine the TPC commands from different RLSs.

First, the UE shall conduct a soft symbol decision Wi on each of the power
control commands TPCi, where i = 1, 2, …, N, where N is greater than 1 and is the
number of TPC commands from radio links of different radio link sets.

3. The UE derives a combined TPC command, TPC_cmd, as a function γ of all

the N soft symbol decisions Wi:

TPC_cmd = γ (W1, W2, … WN), where TPC_cmd can take the values 1 or -1.

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The function γ shall fulfil the following criteria:

If the N TPCi commands are random and uncorrelated, with equal probability of
being transmitted as "0" or "1", the probability that the output of γ is equal to 1 shall
be greater than or equal to 1/(2^N), and the probability that the output of γ is equal to
-1 shall be greater than or equal to 0.5. Further, the output of γ shall equal 1 if the
TPC commands from all the radio link sets are reliably “1”, and the output of γ shall
equal –1 if a TPC command from any of the radio link sets is reliably “0”.

Uplink inner-loop PCA2 Without soft handover

10ms/frame

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

TPC

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS8 TS9 TS10 TS11 TS12 TS13 TS14
…… ……
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

…… 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 ……

TPC_CMD

Transmission power will be controlled in each 5 time slots

The frequency is 300HZ

Figure 11.- Uplink inner loop PCA2 without soft handover.

When a UE is not in soft handover, only one TPC command will be received in
each slot. In this case, the UE shall process received TPC commands on a 5-slot
cycle, where the sets of 5 slots shall be aligned to the frame boundaries and there
shall be no overlap between each set of 5 slots.

The value of TPC_cmd shall be derived as follows:

For the first 4 slots of a set, TPC_cmd = 0.

For the fifth slot of a set, the UE uses hard decisions on each of the 5 received
TPC commands as follows:

If all 5 hard decisions within a set are 1 then TPC_cmd = 1 in the 5th slot.

If all 5 hard decisions within a set are 0 then TPC_cmd = -1 in the 5th slot.
Otherwise, TPC_cmd = 0 in the 5th slot.

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Uplink inner-loop PCA2 With soft handover

Combine TPC from same

RLS in each time slot

CELL1 CELL2

Calculate TPC_tempi for each RLS

RL11 RL12
 If 5
TPC are all 1, TPC_tempi=1
RLS1
 If 5
TPC are all 0, TPC_tempi=-1
 Otherwise, TPC_tempi =0

RLS2 RLS3
Calculate TPC_cmd

1 N CELL3 CELL4

N ∑ TPC _ temp
i =1
i > 0 .5 TPC_CMD=1
N
1
N
∑ TPC _ temp
i =1
i < − 0 .5 TPC_CMD=-1

Otherwise TPC_CMD=0

Figure 12.- Uplink inner loop PCA2 with soft handover.

When a UE is in soft handover, multiple TPC commands may be received in

each slot from different cells in the active set.

1. Combine the TPC commands from the same RLS.

In some cases, the UE has the knowledge that some of the transmitted TPC
commands in a slot are the same. This is the case when the radio links are in the
same radio link set. For these cases, the TPC commands from radio links of the
same radio link set shall be combined into one TPC command.

2. Calculate the TPC_tempi of each RLS

The UE shall make a hard decision on the value of each TPCi, where i = 1,
2, …, N and N is the number of TPC commands from radio links of different radio link
sets.

The UE shall follow this procedure for 5 consecutive slots, resulting in N hard
decisions for each of the 5 slots.

The sets of 5 slots shall be aligned to the frame boundaries and there shall be
no overlap between each set of 5 slots.

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The UE first determines one temporary TPC command, TPC_tempi, for each
of the N sets of 5 TPC commands as follows:

- If all 5 hard decisions within a set are "1", TPC_tempi = 1.

- If all 5 hard decisions within a set are "0", TPC_tempi = -1.
- Otherwise, TPC_tempi = 0.

Calculate the TPC_CMD of each timeslot

The value of TPC_cmd is zero for the first 4 slots. After 5 slots have elapsed, the
UE shall determine the value of TPC_cmd for the fifth slot in the following way:

A combined TPC command for the fifth slot, TPC_cmd, as a function γ of all the
N temporary power control commands TPC_tempi:

TPC_cmd(5th slot) = γ (TPC_temp1, TPC_temp2, …, TPC_tempN), where

TPC_cmd(5th slot) can take the values 1, 0 or –1, and the definition of γ is shown in
figure 13.

10ms/frame
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
TPC
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS8 TS9 TS10 TS11 TS12 TS13 TS14

RLS1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
…… ……
RLS2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
RLS3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

TPC_tempi
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS8 TS9 TS10 TS11 TS12 TS13 TS14

RLS1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0
…… ……
RLS2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0
RLS3
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

TPC_CMD
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS8 TS9 TS10 TS11 TS12 TS13 TS14

…… ……
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0

Power is controlled in each 5 time slots

The power control frequency is 300HZ

Figure 13.- Result of γ function for uplink inner loop PCA2 with soft handover.

Application scenarios:

When UE is moving with high speed (80Km/h), the fast inner loop power control
can not catch up with the fast fading. In this situation fast power control PCA1
produces negative gain, so PCA2 is preferred.

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The control frequency

TPC1, the power control frequency is 1500Hz

TPC2, the power control frequency is 300Hz

Downlink inner loop power control

The downlink transmit power control procedure controls simultaneously the

power of a DPCCH and its corresponding DPDCHs. The power control loop adjusts
the power of the DPCCH and DPDCHs with the same amount, i.e. the relative power
difference between the DPCCH and DPDCHs is not changed.

The relative transmit power offset between DPCCH fields and DPDCHs is
determined by the network, The TFCI, TPC and pilot fields of the DPCCH are offset
relative to the DPDCHs power by PO1, PO2 and PO3 dB respectively.

Downlink closed loop power control

Figure 14.- Downlink closed loop power control.

The same as uplink power control, the downlink power control includes
inner loop power control and outer loop power control. Inner loop power control is
between UE and NodeB, but outer loop power control is between L1 and L3 of UE.

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Downlink Inner loop power control

Figure 15.- Downlink inner loop power control.

Firstly, UE should estimate the downlink DPDCH/DPCCH power and the SIR,
then UE can generate TPC by comparing the estimated SIR to target SIR:

If the estimated SIR is greater than the target SIR, TPC is 0 (decrease power)

If the estimated SIR is less than the target one, TPC is 1 (increase power)

The step sizes of DL inner-loop power control could be 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2dB.

How to generate TPC

When UE is not in soft handover

The TPC which is generated by UE is transmitted in TPC domain of UL
channel

When UE is in soft handover, two power control modes can be used, which is
decided by DPC_mode:

DPC_MODE＝0，UE will transmit TPC in every slot

DPC_MODE＝1，UE will transmit the same TPC in every three time
slot

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When the downlink channel is in out of synchronization, UE will transmit TPC

1 because UE can not measure the downlink SIR

The UE shall generate TPC commands to control the network transmit power
and send them in the TPC field of the uplink DPCCH. The UE shall check the
downlink power control mode (DPC_MODE) before generating the TPC command:

- If DPC_MODE = 0 : the UE sends a unique TPC command in each slot and

the TPC command generated is transmitted in the first available TPC field in the
uplink DPCCH;

- If DPC_MODE = 1 : the UE repeats the same TPC command over 3 slots and
the new TPC command is transmitted such that there is a new command at the
beginning of the frame.

The DPC_MODE parameter is a UE specific parameter controlled by the UTRAN.

How to adjust power

Downlink power adjustment:

Where
P(k-1) is power of previous
PTPC(k) is the adjustment
Pbal(k) is correction value

The transmission power can not higher than Maximum_DL_Power, and not
less than Minimum_DL_Power neither.

Upon receiving the TPC commands UTRAN shall adjust its downlink
DPCCH/DPDCH power accordingly.

For DPC_MODE = 0, UTRAN shall estimate the transmitted TPC command

TPCest to be 0 or 1, and shall update the power every slot. If DPC_MODE = 1,
UTRAN shall estimate the transmitted TPC command TPCest over three slots to be
0 or 1, and shall update the power every three slots.

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After estimating the k:th TPC command, UTRAN shall adjust the current
downlink power P(k-1) [dB] to a new power P(k) [dB] according to the following
formula:
P(k) = P(k - 1) + PTPC(k) + Pbal(k),

Where PTPC(k) is the k:th power adjustment due to the inner loop power control,
and Pbal(k) [dB] is a correction according to the downlink power control procedure
for balancing radio link powers towards a common reference power.

PTPC(k)

Without “Limited Power Raise Used”

Where
PTPC(k) is the adjustment value
TPCest(k) is uplink TPC value
△TPC is downlink power adjustment step(0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2dB)
If the value of Limited Power Raise Used parameter is 'Not used', then PTPC
(k) is calculated according to the above formula. That means, the transmission
power is changed only according to TPC. If the value of TPC is 1, increase the
downlink transmission power, and if the value of TPC is 0, decrease the downlink
transmission power, and the step size can be 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2dB which is decided by
the UTRAN.

PTPC(k)

With “Limited Power Raise Used”

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Where

PTPC(k) is the adjustment value

TPCest(k) is uplink TPC value
△TPC is downlink power adjustment step(0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2dB)
Power_Raise_Limit: the limited value for Power ramping in a timer
：
DL_power_averaging_window_size timer for power ramping (TS)

If the value of Limited Power Raise Used parameter is 'used', the power increase
can be controlled to a certain extent.

Where, the values of Power_Raise_Limit and L_power_averaging_window_size

are set by RNC and sent to NodeB through NBAP protocol when the cell is set up.
They are uniform in the whole cell. The value of is set through IE “FDD TPC DL Step
Size”. Power_Raise_Limit is the upper limit of power increase within the specified
time. DL_power_averaging_window_size specifies the number of timeslots during
this time.

Figure 16.- Power offsets for DPDCH and DPCCH.

Timeslot structure of Downlink DPCH:

-PO1 defines the power offset of the TFCI bit in the downlink DPCCH to DPDCH.
-PO2 defines the power offset of the TPC bit in the downlink DPCCH to DPDCH.
-PO3 defines the power offset of the Pilot bit in the downlink DPCCH to DPDCH.
、
-The values of PO1 PO2 and PO3 are defined by RNC.

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Downlink Power Balance

Downlink power balance process

SRNC can monitor every single NodeB’s transmission. If SRNC found
the power offset in soft handover is excessive, it will initiate the DPB
process

The initiation and stop of DPB

The power offset of two RLs is greater than the DPB initial threshold,
the DPB process is initiated

The power offset of two RLs is less than the DPB stop threshold, the
DPB process is stopped

Figure 17.- Downlink power balance.

Downlink power balance (DPB) is mainly to resist the power offset between
different downlink radio links caused by TPC bit errors during soft handover, and the
power offset will be more serious when the fast power control is used in downlink.
When downlink power balance is enabled, SRNC can request all NodeBs in the
active set to transmit the same power or to keep a certain deviation between them,
so as to ensure the power balance between the downlink radio links in the active set.

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Outer loop power control

Outer loop power control happens between NodeB and RNC for uplink, and
between L1and L3 in UE for downlink. The function is to guarantee QoS by adjusting
the SIRtar which is guaranteed by inner loop power control.

The character of outer loop power control

The QoS which NAS provides to CN is BLER, not SIR

The relationship between inner loop power control and outer loop power
control

SIRtar should be satisfied with the requirement of decoding correctly.

But different multi-path radio environments request different SIR

Therefore, the outer loop power control can adjust the SIR to get a
stable BLER in the changeable radio environment

The purpose of inner loop power control of the WCDMA system is to maintain a
certain SIR of transmission signal power when the signals reach the receiving end.
However, in different multi-path environments, even if the mean SIR is kept above a
certain threshold, it is likely that the communication quality requirement (BER or FER
or BLER) is not satisfied. So a kind of outer loop power control mechanism is
required to adjust the threshold of inner loop power control dynamically in order to
meet the communication quality requirements.

Uplink outer loop power control

Figure 18.- Uplink outer loop power control.

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For uplink, the RNC will estimate Bit Error Rate (BER) or Block Error Rate
(BLER), and adjust the SIRtar in inner loop power control to accomplish the goal of
power control. Since this kind of power control is accomplished through upper layer,
it is called outer loop power control. When the measured BLER becomes bad, the
RNC will increase the SIRtar to improve the quality of received signals; on the other
hand, if the measured BLER is too good, the RNC will decrease the SIRtar.

Downlink outer loop power control

Figure 19.- Downlink outer loop power control.

For downlink, the upper layer of UE will estimate BER or BLER, and adjust the
SIRtar in inner loop power control to accomplish the goal of power control. When the
measured BLER becomes bad, the upper layer of UE will increase the SIRtar to
improve the quality of received signals; on the other hand, if the measured BLER is
too good, the upper layer of UE will decrease the SIRtar.

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SIR target adjustment step

Where
SirAdjustStep: Outer loop power control adjustment step
SirAdjustFactor: Coefficient for outer loop power control
BLERest: Estimated BLER
BLERtar: Target BLER

In an SIR adjustment conversation, the adjustment amplitude should not be too

great. The increased amplitude should be smaller than or equal to the maximum
stepup (MaxSirStepUp) and the decreased amplitude should be smaller than or
equal to maximum stepdown (MaxSirStepDown). In connection admission, the
maximum and minimum SIRtar will be given, and the actual SIRtar should be
between the maximum and minimum value.

Uplink outer loop power control command transmit to NodeB through DCH-FP
of Iub interface

When the actual SIR is higher than the SIRtar without convergence, do not
further decrease the SIRtar; when the actual SIR is lower than the SIR value without
convergence, do not further increase the SIRtar.

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