UNIT II Part 1

Functional Testing:
Boundary Value Analysis, Equivalence Class Testing, Decision Table Based Testing, Cause
Effect Graphing Technique.
Structural Testing:
Control flow testing, Path testing, independent paths, Generation of graph from program,
Identification of independent paths, Cyclomatic Complexity, Data Flow Testing, Mutation
Testing.
Black Box Testing (BBT)
Black-box testing, also called behavioural testing, focuses on the functional requirements of
the software. BBT enables the software engineer to derive sets of input conditions that will
fully exercise all functional requirements for a program. As shown in Fig. Black-box testing
is concerned only with the possible inputs and their desired output regardless of the
developmental details. BBT is performed by a separate testing team not the developer their self
hence it is one type of release testing.

Fig: Black Box Testing

Following are various types of BBT:
1. Boundary Value Analysis Testing
2. Robustness Testing
3. Worst Case Testing
4. Equivalence Class Testing
5. Decision Table Based Testing
6. Cause Effect Graphing Technique.
7. Special Value Testing.

Boundary Value Analysis Testing

If input value lying from 1 to 10 then

Values lying on the boundary 1 and 10
Values just above the boundary (lower side) 2
Mid value might be 5
Values just below the boundary (upper side) 9
Total 5 value of a variable.

Q1: Consider a program for determining the Previous date Input: Day, Month, Year with valid
ranges as:
1 ≤ Month ≤ 12
1 ≤ Day ≤ 31
1900 ≤ Year ≤ 2000
Possible output: Previous Date or Invalid Date

Boundary analysis Value Test Cases

Test Case No Inputs Output

Month Day Year

1 6 15 1900 14 June 1990

2 6 15 1901 14 June 1991

❖ 3 6 15 1960 14 June 1960

4 6 15 1999 14 June 1999

5 6 15 2000 14 June 2000

6 6 1 1960 31 May 1960

7 6 2 1960 1 June 1960

8 6 30 1960 29 June 1960

9 6 31 1960 Invalid Input

10 1 15 1960 14 Jan 1960

11 2 15 1960 14 Feb 1960

12 11 15 1960 14 Nov 1960

13 12 15 1960 14 Dec 1960

Maximum test case Boundary analysis Value Test Cases = 4 X Number of variables + 1
= 4 X 3 +1
=13 Test cases
Q2: Consider a program to classify a triangle Input: Triple of positive integers (x, y, z) and
the values range between 0 and 100 i.e., (0,100] or [1,100].
Output: Equilateral/ Isosceles/Scalene/Not a triangle.
Design Boundary value cases:

Sum of two sides of triangle > third side should be violated.

Boundary Value Test Cases

Test Case No Inputs Output

X Y Z

1 50 50 1 Isosceles

2 50 50 2 Isosceles

✓ 3 50 50 50 Equilateral

4 50 50 99 Isosceles

❖ 5 50 50 100 Not a Triangle

6 50 1 50 Isosceles

7 50 2 50 Isosceles

8 50 99 50 Isosceles

❖ 9 50 100 50 Not a Triangle

10 1 50 50 Isosceles

11 2 50 50 Isosceles

12 99 50 50 Isosceles

❖ 13 100 50 50 Not a Triangle

Maximum test case Boundary analysis Value Test Cases = 4 X Number of variables + 1
= 4 X 3 +1
=13 Test cases
Equivalence Class Testing
Decision Table Based Testing
Decision tables are useful for describing situations in which a number of combinations of
actions are taken under varying states of conditions.