Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

• Discusses the reasons what prompted the researcher to conduct the study

• It informs the reader of the problem under study.

Background of the Study

• The background of the study is a historical discussion of literature leading on the development
of your purpose in conducting the study. 

• A clear presentation of the context of research must be done in this part. The researcher may
start from the general idea going to a specific topic of concern.

Statement of the Problem

• Provide the general direction in the conduct of the research

• Used as guides in specifying the variables of the study

• The choice of the research design to be used, data to be collected, as well as the interpretation
of results all depend upon the objectives developed

Hypothesis

• A hypothesis is defined as an educated guess since it is formulated not merely by guessing

without any basis. It is a guess supported by existing theories and knowledge. It is a tentative or
a possible answer to your research problem.  In writing your hypothesis the following steps must
be followed;

Significance of the Study

• Alternative Hypothesis/Directional Hypothesis – A hypothesis that shows relationship or

association between variables. It is represented by this symbol H 1 or Ha

• Null Hypothesis/Non-Directional Hypothesis – A hypothesis that shows no relationship or

association between variables. It is represented by this symbol H 0.

Significance of the Study

• This explain who will benefit from the study and what specific benefits will they get from the
findings of the study

• It shows the impact of the study to the community, future researchers and the like

• It can be written ether in a deductive or inductive perspective

Scope and Limitation

• Discusses the coverage and extent of the study and its limitations due to some valid reasons

Definition of Terms

• Must be on the separate page

• It shed light to the readers as regards to specific terms or variables that are operationally
defined in the study

• Terms can be defined in operational or conceptual definitions

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

Related Legal Bases

• Related legal bases are important to determine the relevance of the study to the government’s
thrust.

• The major sources of related legal bases are laws and department directives related to the
present study.

• These laws and directives serve as legal basis for the paradigm of the study

• The researcher has to arrange them chronologically from the recent to the past and the
relevance of each legal basis is explained.

Related Literature

• Related literature is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study
is related.

• The related literature a section in a research paper in which the sources are taken from
published books with ISBN, journals, magazines, novels, poetry with ISSN

• These materials are classified as Local and Foreign

Related Studies

• These are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed
study is related or has some bearing or similarity.

• Published and Unpublished related studies are sources of materials

• These may be classified as local or foreign studies

• Local studies. Researches that were conducted and completed in in the Philippines wherein the
subjects of the study are Filipinos residing in the Philippines even if the researcher are foreigners
fall on local studies

• Foreign studies. Research which is conducted and completed outside the Philippines even if the
author is Filipino
IMRAD Format

 This format is frequently used for lab reports, as well as for summarizing any deliberate,
methodical study in the social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, or computer sciences.

Title Page

 The title of the paper, a "running head," authors, the research adviser, and the school are all
listed on the first page.

Table of Contents

 The chapters and significant sections of your thesis, or research paper should be listed in the
table of contents together with their corresponding page numbers. An effective table of
contents sets the tone for the rest of your paper by showing your reader that it will be of the
highest caliber.

Abstract

 The Abstract is a one-paragraph summary of the entire study that usually contains no more than
250 words (and is sometimes much shorter). It gives a general overview of the investigation.

Introduction

 What is the subject and why should it be studied? The Introduction, which usually introduces
the topic being studied and summarizes or discusses pertinent prior research, is the first
significant section of text in a research paper.

 Outlines the open questions that the current research will attempt to answer and gives a
general overview of the work that will be covered in more detail in the parts that follow.

Materials and Methods

 A part that describes the research's methodology. A description of the participants/subjects, the
study design, the materials used, and the study procedure are usually included.

 Since it demonstrates the reliability and validity of your research, it serves as the foundation of
your scientific article. The experimental plan for the investigation is contained in the materials
and methods part of a scientific journal.

Results

 What did you discover? - a section outlining the data that was gathered and the outcomes of
any statistical analyses that were carried out. It could potentially be preceded by an explanation
of the analysis method that was employed. Each experiment might need its own Results section
if there were several experiments.
Discussion

 What are the implications of your findings? - the paper's final significant body of text. The
Discussion often includes a summary of the study's findings, explains how they relate to the
question being investigated and/or the problems it was intended to address, and may go into
more detail on the implications of those findings.

Conclusion

 A research paper, essay, or other piece of writing's conclusion provides a summary of the entire
document. The conclusion paragraph should repeat your thesis, list the important points you
made in favor of it throughout the paper, and provide your assessment of the main idea.

Acknowledgement

 In most research papers, acknowledgment refers to the section of the research project when the
author expresses appreciation to those who provided contributions. A research paper's
acknowledgements section is essentially a list of all the people who provided support for the
effort.

References and Bibliography

 A bibliography often includes a list of the books, papers, journals, artifacts from foreign cultures,
and other research sources that were used to create a literary or scholarly work. It is essentially
a list of the sources that were used to create a research paper, both those that were cited in-
text and those that weren't.