——“eyaprer 2: Ordinary dierent) Equatons of inst Order a a ce g_teal_euns_¢08) ——§ —— 2 Types of Argh order _00€ + separnble_ey\ation, [+ Lanear equation — [+ Rernoutlh Equa | 1 13.1_Separable_€quahon - | supgneo €Cx,u) = dy = Gg vay) x ax, e ite ence thes ecome a Soparqble equation vt it can be wien as: dy = UG) ax. va) tall t J va) ee of _eyvation ady 2 Ot 1a a dys Bede ae aw) ia = baw? e gtdys ye Fsinadx = © Es ytdy + -weFenzde Ndy +e ans Ax ax y © Cas xytddx 4 OF ydy = 0 Caray dx = -e* ydu 2 de maxy? . -e@ dy 4a: \ x 2) -e% dx 1 aay) { ee) ae ae is uy { i @oazic"eampe | Save tne milial_valye problem a dys Qasr) Y= te Tage Sowwhon Seperate : Us ayPay = cos 2d 4 Integrate : a ay = 5 cos x dx, I Say ay? dy = {ead Moy 4 Que gq ae a 3: _Inihial_condihon gwen, (0) = 1 x20; 421 {nG) 4 2003 = sO 4e 3 = Note : Seme DE may fot appear separable rnrtialy bot Tirogh _approwate sbeliohen_, the DE an he Separate. @bazic”L [ewrde_2 = : ‘Show thal the deren) equchon dy/ds + Cay)? can be vetvad to A separable E= equation by vsing _svbstitohion sy . then obtain the solution for the. final dutferenialeqvahion t a | Selwhon - 7 | palerentate bein eites of the sobabhohion wh 2 Ls xay ans aay 7 | dx & [aye mee | de dt 2), Sshhde mio the De dys Cty)? ae ao = ax | I t | 3)_wdnje_m9_separakie_feem das 234d dx [ dz ed: Ser" 4)_Inlegrate able _equahor - | tt a= ( dan See tanta Ser 4antGay) = te a may = tanCxto) Jesh tll B+ tan Cxtc)-% Q@poazic"Quechons (Fem _past_ year lect 1 - Sowe Ane following inital value problem, a [ dy. TYax , YG) =o (aE ey ee | bi hem Separation of variables Comarks, | ¢ 8 ay = Co a ve get [Sue al do. = 7 as w-inGin + 22 96 ao = ay zi Tana t = 1 do when “y+ ox = 2 Jv | o-\n on) = 22 se* G7 a I 2 JV ¢ | O=3+e = Co, {i dy | C2-2 ALAN y=ny We in(uei) = 22 = Cand =n Gyan) 2 + y= laGyai) se #cs0n campal_y kal tep! @bazica Cx-1) dy» Ces) Cu-3) | gwen yO) = 3 ax | mks) Solvhion: Za =o Za dx ay Gaze dx = Cay Jaan Ju-2 vas x4 2n(4-1) = mCy-3d4¢ ast | ax [wea: 2-2 du = dx = 24 310 (2-1) = (3-2 4€ Vet? wv ai+c J v cra 6 (2 44) dv oe 2 3e4 Dina) = In Gy-3)42 73d oe ee v Qx Cx? os wna. 6? +2. \nv 4 0 4 eer 42g 2 dinCxe1) + Cx-1) = Susy “i kod epi x. inCx-D-1+¢ 2 tn (= @bazic"4. Find the general solution for the ditfeventiql axyvaticn a Caray) cose = O ax yan x ( monks ) = Schon: 2 : ay Udy. ~ cecw dx ron eine, | C yau = = oex ax PH Jane cer | au ay [InCy?a1) = -InCoinz dee y ay 2 dv = ydy 2 @ WCy?h) 4 In Ganz) + € > in Cfep ent) e [esi -gnx = ef Tye, = +" eres I Ye snx [> cxson Sampai_y tal tepi ays cos ¥ ‘Ox aos ex de > Cay = = inv ge To 2 = In€siox) +€ @bazic"4 Solve me following Afferenhal equalon a 1 dy. ems xX ae ‘Soon: 7 ay = 0* 8 dx 7 \nveqrate by parts. C1 ay +fe¥ x ae Je J igi fa- Sra eo (etay -(xetdx Fann Q! =e J J fel geex LO. @a-nic = xe = Je% de be = her e746 ew. -e*Cxadac * = et Cx FC > Seon campet_y kal _tepi @oazic"Oe the sikahilen v= x4y4 3 to Sele Ane followin Iniial valve problem, i dy + Cxqys3)?, gy @)+0 ae. (4 marks ) 2 go)- 0 v= xsya3 dv 2 4 dy © = tan Core) -O 3 a3; ax. 2 sdanc C2 ton 3 [ay - av 1 = [dec ds a | B+ tan Cx4 tan 32-2 -3 y guest C#) In the DE [ | dv ~ [ az [ay weal dx av = de é vr [yt ay = Cae Sar a don“'y = 246 [ v= tan Cxacd i mayrd 2 tan (x40) w= tanéxse)-x-8 | | | | | iE @pazic"[2.2 Wemogeneovs — Soluhon —_ [ | Mow 40 vdentfy ? 7 a | Suppose. SG) Fay) v6 homogenous yf I FOa ag) = (Cx1y) [x exeny tea at of _Metad ok Sohens = 4 ) Dele ee —__ if) ve cabshtohon yeah gs vax we an ine original DE S| Sepneate tne yauiable Tait ')_Inheqrate both _sdes ey en Weve | I 2a cx) - o oe Cymeduct nie.) | dy. va ay ax as @bazicJ Exgeaghe_t . Seermne_sther te DES orogengos_ or nut gs tew = te “Gey Gay) “wuhon: Conny) = Os 4 OD? | | Qx-dg) Osa) | =o Gay) = xy) { > Cay )Gag) __- hetogenos! i wey day = x Seay? ax Soon dy = Cx Feats) +9 oe | dy > GUS) 49 | ao x x Ae Sy ag oe = £0 rg) + 2. | — x I = # fOuy) + Abe De 1s Nok lhomogenovs 1 @poazic"Seve Ihe hentagenens egudien - Cy 4g) dx - dy + 0 ire, dent nea to check for eae ee ee 4 | se subside _y=vx_and dys vt xdv dy. de (grt xyddx- x2dy - 0 Cua¢xy)dx = 13d de ay yazy dy, Wea x Ea Nerd vet 4 XOX) I dx we I + VP4N xq: Ve4ve¥ -9 dx =e C1 ay “4 wes Ju x Sy-3 dv + Sede Vo sinx gc = -Iehnzte v i subst - back Vuh Ysa =z > Inzac 4 y=! Cine te) x Wy be del yo 4 {Ne wat Substitution @bazic"Tyod the sata for his non - homogenous equation - : dys 43 a - : Bk KA QB by vemg_the lowing, subetitbens wrX4B, YFV4D _GYC3) 6 | | | | | T | coal | | | | | | l | | Sohuhon : Ss mH en sabe¥s ort to rexpede_yanabies. 2 WeY¥ad dust Ny = 2 = dy = ay | _ Gs nO dk = (Ya) -2. may, | “ON Gxaa) £0443) -5 “ay g Ahe_nor nS [ ‘we subst» Y= vx and it 2 Va x dv | ax ay ay j @ =a © ieqmie 2NX= 0" Vaxdv + Vk STN ave 5: yds = he” ax x40) Jy (xdv ve Area i (aye Reve i dy xv Sates y x a d yo-v | y" 4 Inv = -\nfae ye Ae Vay = : = _y=vatv) Wnv= t= coink [gen ACTER Itv. v Fe eA 2 N=y-v" joy +\nX_= C4! 1 v 2 -V \n(vx) = C4 sty v @bazic"> | eee A 1 Shown Ane Ane deen eqoate dy. x loop aw? ds. xy 1s homogenous. Hence» fvnd_ tte solve - CA tnarks ) Solhon: Foxx dy) = dx PeGeay). 4 Rye dey st Ce foeaa? 499) Cau) = £Cx/y) > shown. We, weve dy = ve 2av 4 an ie Vead 2 x fee 4 eo sa CNX) f | Ses e— 2 Ee I v av > FeV Vv dx Mis _ nev = fe Ox N =f ¥ av SL ds iv x =G2)% = nx te C=v3)* = -Ine + € fence v= Mire (1 -(a\7\¥_» -Inx ac ey" a7 4. Show that the blowin, Ailferenthal equaticn 18 4 hotteqeneous equation - = ene ae $$ = | QW = 14 we -xy 5 ax ca Co marks). FOrx Ny) = Xa? 4 Ny? - xxry a? =X Ca> yy? 20) 2 | + Cx, g> Shomogenoes ! we geve dye vt ady ax dx Naxdv 2 324 v4? -xvx) x x | = x4 Ciav? -v) 2 tay = ayeoviv ax gy 2 1av3-av ax, 1 dv + (1 ax Ve-aval Jz Cay san eve) [J a? vx Seale ate! @bazic“4 Show thal Ine qen_cqonten ts Fmayeneos Bene. sae the anal vale prebem — —Gety tay) dy Say? ga) 0 _ dy = Cémarks), | ays 2334 y? Tava = 1 ae a PErrrry | J av a Oe dg) = = 82? 4 Dd? y? ea [afel ey Sara eC gs | Ya 4 DAx dy Jw Ww Jx 8 = G24 23) wey : De C224 dx) av = £C<,4> = Hemogencove!!| av = dy = av Jelak spot av __ 2 yrve au sys xdy = ae co {tg i a xay = =x34 22x? = ox a4 aE? You 430 yay 2( 1 dp eine 4 € | J Jo = x Cave) i] Cav 4) Jou + 9V = DinV inz +e @ laCrvd4 Iv - DinCievdstinz 4€ adv * DvF-1 iv Dv -IhCV =~ \nx 4 | ax ayn =\nCirvd tnx = C-av =infis¥\sinx = C- 39 + Oven) = VON +) wey x avn Wavirt> given: yC2) #0 = BN) 2307 =v =Wof\4 9) +103 > C- 200) Qvi+t ig, 3 Cs ee ovat * stn 14 B\4 lox = 193 - dy xT x i 2 -Gwv) svnplify + I42v Sic \ elk Oy (wil Es % OMF oy 7 x ae @bazic 3e8[4.3 Ean egvehon Method san Cito 2) = 7 4‘) Wale the DE 18 the form Guan NOwp)dg 20 Mow to deniy, 2 __Tsagnnie Eaay) = = Guu) and Ae for tne exacnss = Sn Tee 2M» aN = — ss ___ dy ‘ WME Mne De 15 exad then. — | Therefore tor the firs) order DE is given by Modu | N= So» OG) —_ - ___ dy a Aye = M Guy) BY Tofind uCoerg) (com W mmbegrate 1D wet 3 | | ax Guy) Joyt E ung) = (MGuy)ax 4 Mig) > Ca? a > Mu)dx + NCLY) Ay = 0 W)Totind Coy) (romM, thegrate C2) wet y 3 ae Yo I 2s ax ving): INGA) dyt 2G) 3 cH) | vy) Compare (3) and. 4) 4o. get valve for guca) Gondtion for qn exad eavation and 2.2) VA} Replace Cy) mig (3) of 26x) into CH) 2m: SN — wind |CAhere ave amy pitta condivons gwen, ff ag a cate tne cons ate the a t 4%) wire down tne Selva _____ Method of_Sehation Cathet 1) = Cri) a 4 wanle The DE mn Ane form e | Mowe s NGuy)dy = 0 fod Ae er ne xaetness gh» BN Le dw de i) tne De tsenae then | Msdw N80 > cy.cay I ox ay Tofird vGe-¥)- miegrate C1) ort x to get : From): uCxy) +9 MGr¥)dx 4 Og) 93) : “To dehermne Cy), dierenticle (2) wnt g Ao get 7 ws 31 mouyrdx] tO) = ; dy auld 7 W) Inlegrale Cy) fo gel Cv) ¥) Replace C4) ilo C2). W Ahere « ang india) i condihon gen, wbehvle Ahe conden yo 7 Ae solvtion . i inte dow ahe sotvron_ inthe form -_ Guy) =A, bere 19 4 corsa ; QOboazic" edSolve (day 4 3)dx 4 Cx2-1) dy =O WYon : Cama) de 1 C2-1)dy +0 send tne exnaness Coptonal_Lbased on question) = Me days), Nop aM. Ox Wd ag a Te angap GHAR ——— I Faragap cenetant o aM_= IN -» exact ty ia ler I do = dxyad 30) | dx | dus xP-1 3a) dg | -Inegrate Gi) wrt x [uexy) = Gary 43 dx © 2 aby 4 8x 4 Cy) a + arya aut Oy) spare vith Ca) Dv 2 124 GY) — up Ba Y' Je Alieriiniyg aan aggn constant! | | =cor | | 3y wv mend + $4) = -1 $c) = Loe ay a Sonia, = wirte dow Ssh 4 xtyi3x-4 =A @ yO2)iaz=h * ja WD * R=BK f mot realy @pbazic" cram — el‘Sample 2 Show trol Cay 4y2 +y dx 4 Gxt dy) dy © O & hol Gach . When . a wns ‘eth _wth_ne_mbeyatng fae, Cea) = sae “Solution: Coys 2 tyldea C4 Dy dy 20 Me xgagtty N= 212y dM eet ay tl ast #0} exact dy oe toothy aihy | eCugayaag dan 4 ef Cxady) dy 20 8 Ms @XCryay? ty)» N= OXCx4 3g) IM = OXCxadyat) dN = OF C1) + O*Cx499). dy & Jo 3M = IN 2 call dy dx O*Cxes aga) + Qo + erGeysyray) 2 Bo = O*Cx4 3g) de ay N chasse caser to wkearle yxy) = 0% Crt ay) dy vmmle final dns + UCxy) = A + O*Cxys Ay?) + Cx) 2 Ox (yaya 2h a Qu_= O*Cy) + Cayay)e* 4 Ce) bx (ee Cys yt ys) 49's = scompare with So oe | eicyaayag?) =€% (4+ 33499) 47) Or +0 cx? = $0 dx 2K Ger) > e* Cy24zy) +6 @Obazic”—Gvehions from _ pst year fest 1 = ea gee ate equthon COMA Daydn 4 Cosy 4 927g) Ay 70 __ Coats) | Salvo + = M+ ONS Inq? N= Oy 4 D7y ‘am hg an iy | dy & am 2 aw ee 8 age bo = OFF Ing? do > cosy 1 207g oe dy LvGery) = Ceres Day? de — 2g ) 7 ee cy) +e 5 x3y2 + O¢y) 4 uCxy) > § cosy 4 3x7y dy siny + 2x2y2 + Cx) 2 i = sings 249? + OG) compare bein v6 %4) [bap 4 oe) =sny, 2 0 Cay) » OXF 4 2742 tony 7 2 fanal answer = 0 (13) > A e 4 xty>4 sing = Ay Qvuie+ ven he ered eaten Cuan) ytdx t DaerymdyO wherg m 16 4 (ohdant. Delermne Me voix of m for omen the eyvahin ts ead, avid hence, _sdive he _dvove_tiierenha Gitar) Ms eX cay? [ams aye™ Cx? a 8 Ne 3x04" yn, mC axe* + 2e*) > 2e2y™ Cz4 1) compatre_g yj" means = | wos eFC dy? Qo = 22e%y = choses eawer to wtegrate!t rN =@ [ Gag) = 934079 dg > ze%ys 4 @Cx) us y2Cxe% +e?) a @Cr) oe compare vii Es Bxlxady? = yO) PCD @'a) =O cay -Sodk PG) = K 2 vCzgd= ee7ye kk >» teryeak + vexed + A “ery? = @pbazic"4 Consider the fre order dierent) quahen Gap ngs eg “0 «Show tal the ena ens 1s pol an eva dteatial eqyabon. Camas) Ne day ays QW + ays 04? “ley _mtplyng. cvery Herm an the dlFerenta) equator {sama Snow Hed the drtferentral equatun 15 excel, od te 4 Ga i. —— | Loop med Campy dy 0 Cents) in ahe_mmtegrating fale at. a Coy) cw ( Guy) Sg = Eg x ‘ 1 aayas4y3) ‘ eames st 2 Inte) = xy? + Oy) asi Wea e Zl j % be 1X =\ntxl ¢y2 4 @ Cy) 3 $ . 4 3 et aga] fads Tepriol ele UGeg) FE cany segs) ay i 2 uy Vet | OD [Ve ow = 74. digg Lx) voy” career a Wt { 7 a | ee oa i | =3yt re aaa i S Tag a Cx) = Ind x) - Pa) + yt i | aM. AN > exalt 4 = Webs 2 vGuy) + Inbdl sy? 94 3 _* i - ous L 73? Final ans: 0 C2) = h 7 we a \oixlag? y Yee h a a du = 4-2 (a xy 1 2743) i] Tyee ¥ a dy i @bazic"Evample Catra) © Salve the exact eyvation = shed to 46) - [5 | _— —- Cueshe) dx 4 Cx chy) -yldy 0 |Setiron: a no need to chow axqd aM» AN becasse Ht gen T a @ ye taney) | as. | by + zcancxy)-4 i [ucey) + § yeoshcxy) dx yg nak Megrde x ene €0- _- whnnCxzy) 4 dy acoencxa) seaye bye mlegrare | x fore | ue [Boe a ceshCayd + OY ee % dy sd Lcempare with Qo acival: 3 | % ewes La’ys-% ad [oy Sy ay 1 osha © [ == W +e ¥ = » annexe) 4 Utzy) > onhtxy -F +e 3 3 UGuy) =A 2 Eeanceadl 2 eningny we te +A ag > + cosncxy) - 4 (xy) Sanczed- 4, =D [O-A-c] | i ® ute) = [G0 > candy) 2-4 > | a ‘sinh Cole) = (a5)" = D = Coehexy) =: | 2 pes a10 =x coenCxy) * soncap— te = a10_yars - are [ean lavear_equchon Wow fo oni @ ‘incgatent mn ‘ne MMAR near DE vs given by Z Oa + pada = od 0 eS | | | |-wnere spexouanig GxdresteMfonetyensannme | Method _of_Seiutron = ')Delenmne The vale of px) and a(x) sxc that he cera of dy ww 1. 8D Gaulle the_tmegrating, father 8G) Ba) 2 Ore a) Unle the equation m the forth of 4 [yG@)yl = NG@)g@) a acx)y = SHG) 4) dx re Qworne geal citen 1 quer by HB) J t f 4+ Vea) de \ @oazic”_ da 4 (UE)S = ee > yay > qemh Ago 2. ox yoo > gebslan Kanan meeti x seiinaya’ Kala adda y, Ay kaedah berov!li “Schon: i Deter ex) and g(x) pads tse = tay een s E UG) = eC * 2 eM e* PETS iy we down the equation © yl a8 | ae! 4p xexy] > 2e*-€ an s ¥ dx. Teer Lee a Le a. | dv 9 + 0% yc ———» =levec a dus dx = “ -J4 o 2 yea 1 2 1 qaneea ec Not boear DE cafe converied nko | 22% € oh 1 yarn C=REC i we Xe ‘i 1 @bazic” | |Gxamnple 2+ Wang 2 = 42, convert the following fon-hnear DE into lear DE. 0 ny? ahi YQ) = 1 - 3 “Solve the Wear equation Salvthon: z= ‘OwFerenhale. 2-y* 40 get da and replace into non tient de ae ga Aya (idan ay. de ae ay ae Ea =(5e) aaael (ya de cn = 1 (x 2) =a jadihan de Covet Coa v a mut gs 2, 32 des ee i change the equation iho the general form ot Mear equahon 2 detenmne pcx) and gx). | | POS +-2 4ex)= 2 = s iis Find ane anegahng faci, AG) « SOF $a eee 2 sg a 7 @bazic"alin) = Ag - cr : Cs se Ce Teel a 3 re i v oa) | = 24 xtde | 8 ax ye -3 ze SS rane o 3 cence 2g? YE 2 cet I [<> vee #ne ankkal_cndtton_guen, gO) ie yo) 1 JP pictiy 30) t Vs -2ye cs a @pbazic"Gueshans _frem Dash Year Test 1. + Satve te amttah vate _preblem | Sahign Cémearks) jaa iy se gene | 1 | | 4dy 4 yas et Cot?) a ae yy + OF a L - qu) = e* [ ect) sw ‘ i + ACL) = OO* Tere I 24 a [ery] = he ae 8 keg = Cyy o* ae J Zz \ t fot frst gis Seer Seq! = € - Seg a Gn ee " Yed=1 7-0 Cindie[Show thal vf ay? the dilierenal qquaton xy dy 4g? 2 1 cosx _ dx a aah be _redyced)_4o_ the equahon Si: a8 [aziege* yb zene 4 cosxte a2: Sydu 2 ax ax Oy = id dx 3 ay * Tede 42 +t eex (x %2) De 3 [da + 32+ feose a2 de ® @z, 23 = cost I ax x x | Tae eo. Ds cosx z % we oe [= [ene a [ese fe XO cose Z Lf e\ gt an ap = \ xt 0st ax \ fal_+ fg = St x \ szanx- Ganzdy 2 Gxcse de xewmx tose te J 2 zeoxacoss +e See = a @pazic"3 Solve the inital valve problem cosx AY 4 gant = Ireos?x @)=5 ae ° 2 Climate) Soshon + cost dys yonz + 310ex Geez a bs gions + dese Taanx > sins az osx. 0 [Peed stone qe) + Decor x [pate ferred > ese ve cone ak waren Seta on [+ G@es! Tt; seex ay sent Ax [roe pec y 2 seex Dees x dx [sex + 2 Qxdx I [cs esa eae’ I eecz, 7 aa zu + -inCwsx) +o wo) +5 Bs Ore Seeley! [e +5 ys £245 4 Sy Secx, @bazic3-8 Bowmovih Equation Gvestions fram past yoo final = du gle + gy nx > gina dian ale ga Chota) a ecto THEIL dy ytonx + sin x ys >= Gs) a Qian 4 yedu .¥4qnx + on de dz, -ay? dy [fy ot de ay ax Pax 2 at * cide wana sanx -> x (-3) a or 4 aptax = -3anx a § + P+ dione ism. dx 0+ 02 XG eds ~sine (one esta ie 7 : 1 \ pipes Ne -iny \ dy = -sazdx_] \ |. em ay = ay =anxdx ) wt t we I ax cose | “eos? a0) ja Zt af wen) cote Joe (dv >= since 4 ENC | Be = Deqgsx + C cosdx {a cutdu aged t= Deeex 4 Cees?x ‘ aiFlre ) 222 Tose Ovi“2. Conder Ane Bertoull eypaton | | ddy 2 y = - ey) = a ey fa, 2, em x Vang 2+ g°9 + shows Atel A can be Aanstonmed Ap a ingar Aiterenha) eatin __ ‘and {ind als solhon Hence, find tne solutot_ for Ihe orrginal_evdhion. aa Bi | C4 mars) a |Soluhon: : =a [day 2 ys 2% ys (x ye je yay az Meihed= 1 nbegraiioo by parks T he ee eee a 2 2g \ de. -2y*dy > 1psay - de 20g Wee ax, a, oa ax NS ae a +2, WER de, og 2 -e™ 3B my a aonesier aiercinie 135 e = a2) 22 = C8 — proved imte@rate get Method: 2 > v+Ss dus5 d+! dy a { ze 5 [Pei Luger negrle = Ceo dy ess Sta -fa-Seg | 8° see Oe (out gise™ | fax qs E85: ex oe fea} the eo ete Gee fed 5 ax 5 5 Oo mez + Sate dx =e 20 (4 953 ¢ ein» x2e5 - xe 4 EHC 5 6? 5 =e 5255 fs ane axe a (om 2 = pst 19% | 20% Lo a 26 5) 5 52 b> ¥ 2p5t 2x08, 2 Ot 2 20 roe = get Jem | ee 5 25 5 > 6 26 @baiicr * [eiaseres | gucte age CS 1354: find _the_ssnhion Jo tne Bermovlt's equahen iz dy 9. Wegner). ae eae Oner ae Cemarks) Selvhon + ot dy y+ Yen C2) Cy") a x way YF. sin Cx) oY: oy Ola ayy az az yr4dy i ds ax 3 oy Vas oipeenz? Gea) z Bax da, 32s -3sn2* au = 23 (-2en2*) 273 ( xtenx? dx Us 2? J dy + axdx = 73 Cyan v dv “dy dx av 2 ==3¢ cogs sin )4 6 +0. sinv 2 = 1 Sts s-2¢ wesxdyen2?)ee 4 S800 2 = Bxreex?- Bsmx*t © 2 = a q ane? =3 aang 2 Sytet= 3y nx? Cx iy @boazic"Example ‘Swe day tg eee ax 3 Soliton, Vy engl Cag ats ryt Cxy") a 2 ty? ee ax 3 zy? ae, -3y tay az, ae dy 2-1 42 az 3 az Sold y be se" (e-3 tanto a da 2 = -3e* ax A_fetiy = C* -20" ze +-3 e™. er dx ae +3 9 dx 207 23S idx 2+ Gaxse) [ yo = e%C-3z 46) @pazic" 4 1 | | Sah ee eT