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INTERNATIONAL
FIRE CODE ®
 2018 International Fire Code

First Printing: August 2017

ISBN: 978-1-60983-739-6 (soft-cover edition)

ISBN: 978-1-60983-738-9 (loose-leaf edition)

COPYRIGHT  2017
by
INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL, INC.

Date of First Publication: August 31, 2017

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This 2018 International Fire Code is a copyrighted work owned by the International Code Coun-
cil, Inc. Without advance written permission from the copyright owner, no part of this book may be reproduced, distributed or
transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic, optical or mechanical means (by way of
example, and not limitation, photocopying or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system). For information on use
rights and permissions, please contact: Publications, 4051 Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478. Phone 1-888-ICC-
SAFE (422-7233).
Trademarks: “International Code Council,” the “International Code Council” logo, “ICC,” the “ICC” logo, “International Fire
Code,” “IFC” and other names and trademarks appearing in this book are trademarks of the International Code Council, Inc.,
and/or its licensors (as applicable), and may not be used without permission.

PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.

 PREFACE

Introduction
The International Fire Code (IFC) establishes minimum requirements for fire prevention and fire
protection systems using prescriptive and performance-related provisions. It is founded on broad-
based principles that make possible the use of new materials and new system designs. This 2018
edition is fully compatible with all of the International Codes (I-Codes) published by the Interna-
tional Code Council (ICC), including the International Building Code, International Energy Conser-
vation Code, International Existing Building Code, International Fuel Gas Code, International
Green Construction Code, International Mechanical Code, International Plumbing Code, Interna-
tional Private Sewage Disposal Code, International Property Maintenance Code, International Res-
idential Code, International Swimming Pool and Spa Code, International Wildland-Urban Interface
Code, International Zoning Code and International Code Council Performance Code.
The I-Codes, including this International Fire Code, are used in a variety of ways in both the public
and private sectors. Most industry professionals are familiar with the I-Codes as the basis of laws
and regulations in communities across the U.S. and in other countries. However, the impact of the
codes extends well beyond the regulatory arena, as they are used in a variety of nonregulatory set-
tings, including:

• Voluntary compliance programs such as those promoting sustainability, energy efficiency

and disaster resistance.
• The insurance industry, to estimate and manage risk, and as a tool in underwriting and rate
decisions.
• Certification and credentialing of individuals involved in the fields of building design, con-
struction and safety.
• Certification of building and construction-related products.
• U.S. federal agencies, to guide construction in an array of government-owned properties.
• Facilities management.
• “Best practices” benchmarks for designers and builders, including those who are engaged in
projects in jurisdictions that do not have a formal regulatory system or a governmental
enforcement mechanism.
• College, university and professional school textbooks and curricula.
• Reference works related to building design and construction.
In addition to the codes themselves, the code development process brings together building pro-
fessionals on a regular basis. It provides an international forum for discussion and deliberation
about building design, construction methods, safety, performance requirements, technological
advances and innovative products.

Development
This 2018 edition presents the code as originally issued, with changes reflected in the 2003 through
2015 editions and further changes approved through the ICC Code Development Process through
2017. A new edition such as this is promulgated every 3 years.
This code is founded on principles intended to establish provisions consistent with the scope of a
fire code that adequately protects public health, safety and welfare; provisions that do not unneces-
sarily increase construction costs; provisions that do not restrict the use of new materials, products
or methods of construction; and provisions that do not give preferential treatment to particular
types or classes of materials, products or methods of construction.

2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® iii

Maintenance
The International Fire Code is kept up to date through the review of proposed changes submitted by
code enforcement officials, industry representatives, design professionals and other interested par-
ties. Proposed changes are carefully considered through an open code development process in
which all interested and affected parties may participate.
The ICC Code Development Process reflects principles of openness, transparency, balance, due
process and consensus, the principles embodied in OMB Circular A-119, which governs the federal
government’s use of private-sector standards. The ICC process is open to anyone; there is no cost to
participate, and people can participate without travel cost through the ICC’s cloud-based app, cdp-
Access. A broad cross section of interests are represented in the ICC Code Development Process.
The codes, which are updated regularly, include safeguards that allow for emergency action when
required for health and safety reasons.

In order to ensure that organizations with a direct and material interest in the codes have a voice
in the process, the ICC has developed partnerships with key industry segments that support the
ICC’s important public safety mission. Some code development committee members were nomi-
nated by the following industry partners and approved by the ICC Board:

• American Institute of Architects (AIA)

• International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC)
• National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)
• National Association of State Fire Marshals (NASFM)
The code development committees evaluate and make recommendations regarding proposed
changes to the codes. Their recommendations are then subject to public comment and council-wide
votes. The ICC’s governmental members—public safety officials who have no financial or business
interest in the outcome—cast the final votes on proposed changes.

The contents of this work are subject to change through the code development cycles and by any
governmental entity that enacts the code into law. For more information regarding the code devel-
opment process, contact the Codes and Standards Development Department of the International
Code Council.

While the I-Code development procedure is thorough and comprehensive, the ICC, its members
and those participating in the development of the codes disclaim any liability resulting from the
publication or use of the I-Codes, or from compliance or noncompliance with their provisions. The
ICC does not have the power or authority to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this
code.

Code Development Committee Responsibilities

(Letter Designations in Front of Section Numbers)
In each code development cycle, proposed changes to the code are considered at the Committee
Action Hearings by the International Fire Code Development Committee, whose action constitutes a
recommendation to the voting membership for final action on the proposed change. Proposed
changes to a code section that has a number beginning with a letter designation in brackets are con-
sidered by a different code development committee. For example, proposed changes to code sec-
tions that have [BE] in front of them (e.g., [BE] 606.3) are considered by the appropriate
International Building Code Development Committee (IBC—Egress) at the code development hear-
ings.
The content of sections in this code that begin with a letter designation is maintained by another
code development committee in accordance with the following:

[A] = Administrative Code Development Committee;

[BE] = IBC—Egress Code Development Committee;

[BF] = IBC—Fire Safety Code Development Committee;

[BG] = IBC—General Code Development Committee;

iv 2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®

 [BS] = IBC—Structural Code Development Committee;
[EB] = International Existing Building Code Development Committee;
[FG] = International Fuel Gas Code Development Committee;
[M] = International Mechanical Code Development Committee; and
[P] = International Plumbing Code Development Committee.

For the development of the 2021 edition of the I-Codes, there will be two groups of code devel-
opment committees and they will meet in separate years.

Group A Codes Group B Codes

(Heard in 2018, Code Change Proposals (Heard in 2019, Code Change Proposals
Deadline: January 8, 2018) Deadline: January 7, 2019)
International Building Code Administrative Provisions (Chapter 1 of all
– Egress (Chapters 10, 11, Appendix E) codes except IECC, IRC and IgCC, administra-
– Fire Safety (Chapters 7, 8, 9, 14, 26) tive updates to currently referenced stan-
– General (Chapters 2–6, 12, 27–33, dards, and designated definitions)
Appendices A, B, C, D, K, N)
International Fire Code International Building Code
– Structural (Chapters 15–25, Appendices F,
G, H, I, J, L, M)
International Fuel Gas Code International Existing Building Code
International Mechanical Code International Energy Conservation Code—
Commercial
International Plumbing Code International Energy Conservation Code—
Residential
– IECC—Residential
– IRC—Energy (Chapter 11)
International Property Maintenance Code International Green Construction Code
(Chapter 1)
International Private Sewage Disposal Code International Residential Code
– IRC—Building (Chapters 1–10,
Appendices E, F, H, J, K, L, M, O, Q, R, S, T)
International Residential Code
– IRC—Mechanical (Chapters 12–23)
– IRC—Plumbing (Chapters 25–33,
Appendices G, I, N, P)
International Swimming Pool and Spa Code
International Wildland-Urban Interface Code
International Zoning Code
Note: Proposed changes to the ICC Performance Code will be heard by the code development committee noted in brack-
ets [ ] in the text of the ICC Performance Code.

The majority of the sections of Chapter 1 of this code are designated as the responsibility of the
Administrative Code Development Committee, and that committee is part of the Group B portion of
the hearings. This committee will conduct its code development hearings in 2019 to consider most
code change proposals for Chapter 1 of this code and proposals for Chapter 1 of all I-Codes except
the International Energy Conservation Code, International Residential Code and International Green
Construction Code. Therefore, any proposals received for the sections of Chapter 1 preceded by the
designation [A] will be deferred for consideration in 2019 by the Administrative Code Development
Committee.
It is very important that anyone submitting code change proposals understands which code
development committee is responsible for the section of the code that is the subject of the code
change proposal. For further information on the Code Development Committee responsibilities,
please visit the ICC website at www.iccsafe.org/scoping.

2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® v

Marginal Markings
Solid vertical lines in the margins within the body of the code indicate a technical change from the
requirements of the 2015 edition. Deletion indicators in the form of an arrow ( ¬) are provided in
the margin where an entire section, paragraph, exception or table has been deleted or an item in a
list of items or a table has been deleted.
A single asterisk [*] placed in the margin indicates that text or a table has been relocated within
the code. A double asterisk [**] placed in the margin indicates that the text or table immediately
following it has been relocated there from elsewhere in the code. The following table indicates such
relocations in the 2018 edition of the International Fire Code.

2015 LOCATION 2018 LOCATION

606.12.1 and 606.12.1.1 605.1.1 and 605.1.2
806.2 807.4.1
904.12.5 906.4
908.3–908.7 916
605.11 1204
604 1203
608 1206.2
3104.5–3104.22 3107
5003.2.2.1, Item 6 5005.1.12

Coordination between the International Building and Fire Codes

Because the coordination of technical provisions is one of the benefits of adopting the ICC family of
model codes, users will find the ICC codes to be a very flexible set of model documents. To accom-
plish this flexibility some technical provisions are duplicated in some of the model code documents.
While the International Codes are provided as a comprehensive set of model codes for the built
environment, documents are occasionally adopted as a stand-alone regulation. When one of the
model documents is adopted as the basis of a stand-alone code, that code should provide a com-
plete package of requirements with enforcement assigned to the entity for which the adoption is
being made.
The model codes can also be adopted as a family of complementary codes. When adopted
together, there should be no conflict of any of the technical provisions. When multiple model codes
are adopted in a jurisdiction it is important for the adopting authority to evaluate the provisions in
each code document and determine how and by which agency(ies) they will be enforced. It is
important, therefore, to understand that where technical provisions are duplicated in multiple
model documents that enforcement duties must be clearly assigned by the local adopting jurisdic-
tion. ICC remains committed to providing state-of-the-art model code documents that, when
adopted locally, will reduce the cost to government of code adoption and enforcement and protect
the public health, safety and welfare.

Italicized Terms
Words and terms defined in Chapter 2, Definitions, are italicized where they appear in code text and
the Chapter 2 definition applies. Where such words and terms are not italicized, common-use defi-
nitions apply. The words and terms selected have code-specific definitions that the user should read
carefully to facilitate better understanding of the code.

vi 2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®

Adoption
The International Code Council maintains a copyright in all of its codes and standards. Maintaining
copyright allows ICC to fund its mission through sales of books, in both print and electronic formats.
The ICC welcomes adoption of its codes by jurisdictions that recognize and acknowledge the ICC’s
copyright in the code, and further acknowledge the substantial shared value of the public/private
partnership for code development between jurisdictions and the ICC.
The ICC also recognizes the need for jurisdictions to make laws available to the public. All I-Codes
and I-Standards, along with the laws of many jurisdictions, are available for free in a nondownload-
able form on the ICC’s website. Jurisdictions should contact the ICC at [email protected] to
learn how to adopt and distribute laws based on the International Fire Code in a manner that pro-
vides necessary access, while maintaining the ICC’s copyright.

To facilitate adoption, several sections of this code contain blanks for fill-in information
that needs to be supplied by the adopting jurisdiction as part of the adoption legislation. For
this code, please see:
Section 101.1. Insert: [NAME OF JURISDICTION]

Section 110.4. Insert: [OFFENSE, DOLLAR AMOUNT, NUMBER OF DAYS]

Section 112.4. Insert: [DOLLAR AMOUNT IN TWO LOCATIONS]

Section 1103.5.3. Insert: [DATE BY WHICH SPRINKLER SYSTEM MUST BE INSTALLED]

Section 5704.2.9.6.1. Insert: [JURISDICTION TO SPECIFY]

Section 5706.2.4.4. Insert: [JURISDICTION TO SPECIFY]

Section 5806.2. Insert: [JURISDICTION TO SPECIFY]

Section 6104.2. Insert: [JURISDICTION TO SPECIFY]

2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® vii

viii 2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®
 EFFECTIVE USE OF THE INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE

The International Fire Code (IFC) is a model code that regulates minimum fire safety requirements
for new and existing buildings, facilities, storage and processes. The IFC addresses fire prevention,
fire protection, life safety and safe storage and use of hazardous materials in new and existing build-
ings, facilities and processes. The IFC provides a total approach of controlling hazards in all buildings
and sites, regardless of the hazard being indoors or outdoors.
The IFC is a design document. For example, before one constructs a building, the site must be
provided with an adequate water supply for fire-fighting operations and a means of building access
for emergency responders in the event of a medical emergency, fire or natural or technological
disaster. Depending on the building’s occupancy and uses, the IFC regulates the various hazards that
may be housed within the building, including refrigeration systems, application of flammable fin-
ishes, fueling of motor vehicles, high-piled combustible storage and the storage and use of hazard-
ous materials. The IFC sets forth minimum requirements for these and other hazards and contains
requirements for maintaining the life safety of building occupants, the protection of emergency
responders, and to limit the damage to a building and its contents as the result of a fire, explosion
or unauthorized hazardous material discharge.

As described, the IFC has many types of requirements for buildings and facilities. The applicability
of these requirements varies. An understanding of the applicability of requirements, as addressed in
Sections 102.1 and 102.2, is necessary. Section 102.1 addresses when the construction and design
provisions are applicable whereas Section 102.2 addresses when the administrative, operational
and maintenance provisions are applicable. Generally, the construction and design provisions only
apply to new buildings or existing buildings and occupancies as addressed by Chapter 11. The
administrative, maintenance and operational requirements are applicable to all buildings and facili-
ties whether new or existing.

Arrangement and Format of the 2018 IFC

Before applying the requirements of the IFC it is beneficial to understand its arrangement and for-
mat. The IFC, like other codes published by the International Code Council, is arranged and orga-
nized to follow sequential steps that generally occur during a plan review or inspection. In the 2012
edition, the IFC was reorganized into seven parts as illustrated in the tables below. Each part rep-
resents a broad subject matter and includes the chapters that logically fit under the subject matter
of each part. It is also foreseeable that additional chapters will need to be added in the future as
regulations for new processes or operations are developed. Accordingly, the reorganization was
designed to accommodate such future chapters by providing reserved (unused) chapters in several
of the parts. This will allow the subject matter parts to be conveniently and logically expanded with-
out requiring a major renumbering of the IFC chapters.

ORGANIZATION OF THE IFC

Parts and Chapters Subject Matter
Part I—Chapters 1 and 2 Administrative and definitions
Part II—Chapters 3 and 4 General safety provisions
Part III—Chapters 5 through 12 Building and equipment design features
Part III—Chapters 13 through 19 Reserved for future use
Part IV—Chapters 20 through 39 Special occupancies and operations
Part IV—Chapters 40 through 49; 52 Reserved for future use
Part V—Chapters 50, 51 and 53 through 67 Hazardous materials
Part V—Chapters 68 through 79 Reserved for future use
Part VI—Chapter 80 Referenced standards
Part VII—Appendices A through N Adoptable and informational appendices

2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® ix

 The IFC requirements for fire-resistive construction, interior finish, fire protection systems,
means of egress and construction safeguards are directly correlated to the chapters containing par-
allel requirements in the IBC, as follows:

IFC Chapter Subject

7 Fire and smoke protection features
8 Interior finish, decorative materials and furnishings
9 Fire protection and life safety systems
10 Means of egress
33 Fire safety during construction and demolition

The following is a chapter-by-chapter synopsis of the scope and intent of the provisions of the Inter-
national Fire Code:

PART I–ADMINISTRATIVE
Chapter 1 Scope and Administration. This chapter contains provisions for the application,
enforcement and administration of subsequent requirements of the code. In addition to establish-
ing the scope of the code, Chapter 1 identifies which buildings and structures come under its pur-
view. Chapter 1 is largely concerned with maintaining “due process of law” in enforcing the
regulations contained in the body of the code. Only through careful observation of the administra-
tive provisions can the code official reasonably expect to demonstrate that “equal protection under
the law” has been provided.

Chapter 2 Definitions. All terms that are defined in the code are listed alphabetically in Chapter
2. While a defined term may be used in one chapter or another, the meaning provided in Chapter 2
is applicable throughout the code.
Where understanding of a term’s definition is especially key to or necessary for understanding of
a particular code provision, the term is shown in italics wherever it appears in the code. This is true
only for those terms that have a meaning that is unique to the code. In other words, the generally
understood meaning of a term or phrase might not be sufficient or consistent with the meaning pre-
scribed by the code; therefore, it is essential that the code-defined meaning be known.

Guidance regarding tense, gender and plurality of defined terms as well as guidance regarding
terms not defined in this code are also provided.

PART II–GENERAL SAFETY PROVISIONS

Chapter 3 General Requirements. The open burning, ignition source, vacant building, miscella-
neous storage, roof gardens and landscaped roofs, outdoor pallet storage and hazards to fire fight-
ers requirements and precautions, among other general regulations contained in this chapter, are
intended to improve premises safety for everyone, including construction workers, tenants, opera-
tions and maintenance personnel, and emergency response personnel. As with other chapters of
the International Fire Code, Section 302 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are
applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 4 Emergency Planning and Preparedness. This chapter addresses the human con-
tribution to life safety in buildings when a fire or other emergency occurs. The requirements for
continuous training and scheduled fire, evacuation and lockdown drills can be as important as the
required periodic inspections and maintenance of built-in fire protection features. The level of
preparation by the occupants also improves the emergency responders’ abilities during an emer-
gency. The International Building Code (IBC) focuses on built-in fire protection features, such as
automatic sprinkler systems, fire-resistance-rated construction and properly designed egress sys-
tems, whereas this chapter fully addresses the human element. As with other chapters of the Inter-

x 2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®

 national Fire Code, Section 402 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are
applicable to the chapter contents.

PART III–BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT DESIGN FEATURES

Chapter 5 Fire Service Features. The requirements of this chapter apply to all buildings and
occupancies and pertain to access roads; access to building openings and roofs; premises identifica-
tion; key boxes; fire protection water supplies; fire command centers; fire department access to
equipment and emergency responder radio coverage in buildings. As with other chapters of the
International Fire Code, Section 502 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are
applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 6 Building Services and Systems. This chapter focuses on building systems and ser-
vices as they relate to potential safety hazards and when and how they should be installed. This
chapter brings together all building system- and service-related issues for convenience and provides
a more systematic view of buildings. The following building services and systems are addressed:
fuel-fired appliances (Section 603), electrical equipment, wiring and hazards (Section 604), mechan-
ical refrigeration (Section 605), elevator recall and maintenance (Section 606), commercial kitchen
hoods (Section 607), commercial kitchen cooking oil storage (608) and hyperbaric facilities (609). As
with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 602 contains a list of terms that are
defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents. Note that building systems focused
on energy systems and components are addressed by Chapter 12.

Chapter 7 Fire and Smoke Protection Features. The maintenance of assemblies required to
be fire-resistance rated is a key component in a passive fire protection philosophy. Chapter 7 sets
forth requirements to maintain required fire-resistance ratings of building elements and limit fire
spread. Section 701 addresses the basics of what construction elements such as fire barriers and
smoke barriers need to be maintained as well as defining the owner’s responsibility. The rest of the
chapter, Sections 703 through 706, deals with various fire and smoke protection features that must
also be maintained. These features include penetrations, joint protection, door and window open-
ings and duct and air transfer opening protection. As with other chapters of the International Fire
Code, Section 702 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the
chapter contents.

Chapter 8 Interior Finish, Decorative Materials and Furnishings. The overall purpose of
Chapter 8 is to regulate interior finishes, decorative materials and furnishings in new and existing
buildings so that they do not significantly add to or create fire hazards within buildings. The provi-
sions tend to focus on occupancies with specific risk characteristics, such as vulnerability of occu-
pants, density of occupants, lack of familiarity with the building and societal expectations of
importance. This chapter is consistent with Chapter 8 of the International Building Code (IBC), which
regulates the interior finishes of new buildings. As with other chapters of the International Fire
Code, Section 802 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the
chapter contents.

Chapter 9 Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems. Chapter 9 prescribes the minimum
requirements for active systems of fire protection equipment to perform the functions of detecting
a fire, alerting the occupants or fire department of a fire emergency, controlling smoke and con-
trolling or extinguishing the fire. There are provisions relating to gas detection and associated
alarms. Mass notification systems are also addressed. Generally, the requirements are based on the
occupancy, the height and the area of the building, because these are the factors that most affect
fire-fighting capabilities and the relative hazard of a specific building or portion thereof. This chap-
ter parallels and is substantially duplicated in Chapter 9 of the International Building Code; however,
this chapter also contains periodic testing criteria that are not contained in the IBC. In addition, the
special fire protection system requirements based on use and occupancy found in Chapter 4 of the
IBC are duplicated in Chapter 9 of the IFC as a user convenience. As with other chapters of the Inter-
national Fire Code, Section 902 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applica-
ble to the chapter contents.

2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® xi

 Chapter 10 Means of Egress. The general criteria set forth in Chapter 10 regulating the design
of the means of egress are established as the primary method for protection of people in buildings
by allowing timely relocation or evacuation of building occupants. Both prescriptive and perfor-
mance language is utilized in this chapter to provide for a basic approach in the determination of a
safe exiting system for all occupancies. It addresses all portions of the egress system (i.e., exit
access, exits and exit discharge) and includes design requirements as well as provisions regulating
individual components. The requirements detail the size, arrangement, number and protection of
means of egress components. Functional and operational characteristics also are specified for the
components that will permit their safe use without special knowledge or effort. The means of
egress protection requirements work in coordination with other sections of the code, such as pro-
tection of vertical openings (see Chapter 7), interior finish (see Chapter 8), fire suppression and
detection systems (see Chapter 9) and numerous others, all having an impact on life safety. Sections
1002 through 1030 duplicate text from Chapter 10 of the IBC; however, the IFC contains an addi-
tional Section 1031 on maintenance of the means of egress system in existing buildings. Retroactive
minimum means of egress requirements for existing buildings are found in Chapter 11.

Chapter 11 Construction Requirements for Existing Buildings. Chapter 11 applies to exist-

ing buildings constructed prior to the adoption of the code and intends to provide a minimum
degree of fire and life safety to persons occupying existing buildings by providing for alterations to
such buildings that do not comply with the minimum requirements of the International Building
Code. Prior to the 2009 edition, its content existed in the IFC but in a random manner that was nei-
ther efficient nor user-friendly. In the 2007/2008 code development cycle, a code change (F294-07/
08) was approved that consolidated the retroactive elements of IFC/2006 Sections 607, 701, 704,
903, 905, 907 and 3406 (then 2506) and all of then-Section 1027 (Means of Egress for Existing Build-
ings) into a single chapter for easier and more efficient reference and application to existing build-
ings. The provisions address general fire safety features such as requirements for fire alarm
systems, CO detection and automatic sprinkler systems in some existing buildings, general means of
egress, and finally, the chapter contains a section dedicated to existing Group I-2 occupancies. As
with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 1102 contains a list of terms that are
defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 12 Energy Systems. Chapter 12 was added to address the current energy systems
found in the IFC. It introduces a wide range of systems that generate and store energy in, on and
adjacent to buildings and facilities. The expansion of such energy systems is related to meeting
today’s energy, environmental and economic challenges. Ensuring appropriate criteria to address
the safety of such systems in building and fire codes is an important part of protecting the public at
large, building occupants and emergency responders. Previously, requirements for energy systems,
such as standby power systems, PV systems and stationary battery systems, were scattered about
in various locations in Chapter 6, which addresses building services and systems. However, with the
addition of fuel cells and capacitor energy storage systems to the IFC, a chapter dedicated to such
related issues needed to be created. This chapter provides an appropriate location for the addition
of future energy systems.
Chapters 13 through 19. Reserved for future use.

PART IV–SPECIAL OCCUPANCIES AND OPERATIONS

Chapter 20 Aviation Facilities. Chapter 20 specifies minimum requirements for the fire-safe
operation of airports, heliports and helistops. The principal nonflight operational hazards associated
with aviation involve fuel, facilities and operations. Therefore, safe use of flammable and combusti-
ble liquids during fueling and maintenance operations is emphasized. Availability of portable Class
B:C-rated fire extinguishers for prompt control or suppression of incipient fires is required. As with
other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 2002 contains a list of terms that are defined
in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 21 Dry Cleaning. The provisions of Chapter 21 are intended to reduce hazards associ-
ated with use of flammable and combustible dry cleaning solvents. These materials, like all volatile
organic chemicals, generate significant quantities of static electricity and are thus readily ignitable.
Many flammable and nonflammable dry cleaning solvents also possess health hazards when
involved in a fire. As with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 2102 contains a list
of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

xii 2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®

 Chapter 22 Combustible Dust-producing Operations. The requirements of Chapter 22 seek
to reduce the likelihood of dust explosions by managing the hazards of ignitable suspensions of
combustible dusts associated with a variety of operations including woodworking, mining, food pro-
cessing, agricultural commodity storage and handling and pharmaceutical manufacturing, among
others. Ignition source control and good housekeeping practices in occupancies containing dust-
producing operations are emphasized. As with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section
2202 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter con-
tents.

Chapter 23 Motor Fuel-dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages. This chapter provides
provisions that regulate the storage and dispensing of both liquid and gaseous motor fuels at public
and private automotive, marine and aircraft motor fuel-dispensing facilities, fleet vehicle motor
fuel-dispensing facilities and repair garages. As with other chapters of the International Fire Code,
Section 2302 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter
contents.

Chapter 24 Flammable Finishes. Chapter 24 requirements govern operations where flamma-

ble or combustible finishes are applied by spraying, dipping, powder coating or flow-coating pro-
cesses. As with all operations involving flammable or combustible liquids and combustible dusts or
vapors, controlling ignition sources and methods of reducing or controlling flammable vapors or
combustible dusts at or near these operations are emphasized. As with other chapters of the Inter-
national Fire Code, Section 2402 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are appli-
cable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 25 Fruit and Crop Ripening. Chapter 25 provides guidance that is intended to reduce
the likelihood of explosions resulting from improper use or handling of ethylene gas used for crop-
ripening and coloring processes. This is accomplished by regulating ethylene gas generation; stor-
age and distribution systems and controlling ignition sources. Design and construction of facilities
for this use are regulated by the International Building Code to reduce the impact of potential acci-
dents on people and buildings.

Chapter 26 Fumigation and Insecticidal Fogging. This chapter regulates fumigation and
insecticidal fogging operations which use toxic pesticide chemicals to kill insects, rodents and other
vermin. Fumigants and insecticidal fogging agents pose little hazard if properly applied; however,
the inherent toxicity of all these agents and the potential flammability of some makes special pre-
cautions necessary when they are used. Requirements of this chapter are intended to protect both
the public and fire fighters from hazards associated with these products. As with other chapters of
the International Fire Code, Section 2602 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and
are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 27 Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities. The requirements of this chapter are

intended to control hazards associated with the manufacture of electrical circuit boards or micro-
chips, commonly called semiconductors. Though the finished product possesses no unusual haz-
ards, materials commonly associated with semiconductor manufacturing are often quite hazardous
and include flammable liquids, pyrophoric and flammable gases, toxic substances and corrosives.
The requirements of this chapter are concerned with both life safety and property protection. How-
ever, the fire code official should recognize that the risk of extraordinary property damages is far
more common than the risk of personal injuries from fire. As with other chapters of the Interna-
tional Fire Code, Section 2702 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applica-
ble to the chapter contents.

Chapter 28 Lumber Yards and Agro-industrial, Solid Biomass and Woodworking

Facilities. Provisions of this chapter are intended to prevent fires and explosions, facilitate fire
control and reduce exposures to and from facilities storing, selling or processing wood and forest
products, including sawdust, wood chips, shavings, bark mulch, shorts, finished planks, sheets,
posts, poles, timber and raw logs and the hazard they represent once ignited. Also included are solid
biomass feedstock and raw products associated with agro-industrial facilities, the outdoor storage
of pallets and manufacturing and recycling facilities. This chapter requires active and passive fire
protection features to reduce on- and off-site exposures, limit fire size and development and facili-
tate fire fighting by employees and the fire service. As with other chapters of the International Fire
Code, Section 2802 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the
chapter contents.

2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® xiii

 Chapter 29 Manufacture of Organic Coatings. This chapter regulates materials and pro-
cesses associated with the manufacture of paints as well as bituminous, asphaltic and other diverse
compounds formulated to protect buildings, machines and objects from the effects of weather, cor-
rosion and hostile environmental exposures. Paint for decorative, architectural and industrial uses
comprises the bulk of organic coating production. Painting and processes related to the manufac-
ture of nonflammable and noncombustible or water-based products are exempt from the provi-
sions of this chapter. The application of organic coatings is covered by Chapter 24. Elimination of
ignition sources, maintenance of fire protection equipment and isolation or segregation of hazard-
ous operations are emphasized. As with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 2902
contains a term that is defined in Chapter 2 and is applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 30 Industrial Ovens. This chapter addresses the fuel supply, ventilation, emergency
shutdown equipment, fire protection and the operation and maintenance of industrial ovens, which
are sometimes referred to as industrial heat enclosures or industrial furnaces. Compliance with this
chapter is intended to reduce the likelihood of fires involving industrial ovens which are usually the
result of the fuel in use or volatile vapors given off by the materials being heated or to manage the
impact if a fire should occur. As with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 3002
contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 31 Tents, Temporary Structures and Other Membrane Structures. The require-
ments in this chapter are intended to protect temporary as well as permanent tents and air-sup-
ported and other membrane structures and temporary special event structures from fire and similar
hazards by regulating structure location and access, anchorage, egress, heat-producing equipment,
hazardous materials and operations, combustible vegetation, ignition sources, waste accumulation
and requiring regular inspections and certifying continued compliance with fire safety regulations.
This chapter also addresses outdoor assembly events, which are not limited to those events where
tents or other membrane structures are used but are regulated due to the number of people, den-
sity of those people and hazards associated with large outdoor events related to egress, fire hazards
from cooking and other related concerns. As with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Sec-
tion 3102 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter
contents.

Chapter 32 High-piled Combustible Storage. This chapter provides guidance for reasonable
protection of life from hazards associated with the storage of combustible materials in closely
packed piles or on pallets, in racks or on shelves where the top of storage is greater than 12 feet in
height. It provides requirements for identifying various classes of commodities; general fire and life
safety features including storage arrangements, smoke and heat venting, and fire department
access; and housekeeping and maintenance requirements. The chapter attempts to define the
potential fire severity and, in turn, determine fire and life safety protection measures needed to
control, and in some cases suppress, a potential fire. This chapter does not cover miscellaneous
combustible materials storage regulated in Section 315. As with other chapters of the International
Fire Code, Section 3202 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to
the chapter contents.

Chapter 33 Fire Safety during Construction and Demolition. Chapter 33 outlines general
fire safety precautions for all structures and all occupancies during construction and demolition
operations. In general, these requirements seek to maintain required levels of fire protection, limit
fire spread, establish the appropriate operation of equipment and promote prompt response to fire
emergencies. Features regulated include fire protection systems, fire fighter access to the site and
building, means of egress, hazardous materials storage and use and temporary heating equipment
and other ignition sources. With the 2012 reorganization, this chapter now correlates with Chapter
33 of the IBC.

Chapter 34 Tire Rebuilding and Tire Storage. The requirements of Chapter 34 are intended
to prevent or control fires and explosions associated with the remanufacture and storage of tires
and tire byproducts. Additionally, the requirements are intended to minimize the impact of indoor
and outdoor tire storage fires by regulating pile volume and location, segregating the various opera-
tions, providing for fire department access and a water supply and controlling ignition sources.

Chapter 35 Welding and Other Hot Work. This chapter covers requirements for safety in
welding and other types of hot work by reducing the potential for fire ignitions that usually result in
large losses. Several different types of hot work would fall under the requirements found in Chapter
35, including both gas and electric arc methods and any open-torch operations. Many of the activi-
ties of this chapter focus on the actions of the occupants. As with other chapters of the Interna-

xiv 2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®

 tional Fire Code, Section 3502 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are
applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 36 Marinas. Chapter 36 addresses the fire protection and prevention requirements for
marinas. It was developed in response to the complications encountered by a number of fire
departments responsible for the protection of marinas as well as fire loss history in marinas that
lacked fire protection. Compliance with this chapter intends to establish safe practices in marina
areas, provide an identification method for mooring spaces in the marina, and provide fire fighters
with safe operational areas and fire protection methods to extend hose lines in a safe manner. As
with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 3602 contains a list of terms that are
defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 37 Combustible Fibers. Chapter 37 establishes the requirements for storage and han-
dling of combustible fibers, including animal, vegetable and synthetic fibers, whether woven into
textiles, baled, packaged or loose. Operations involving combustible fibers are typically associated
with salvage, paper milling, recycling, cloth manufacturing, carpet and textile mills and agricultural
operations, among others. The primary hazard associated with these operations is the abundance
of materials and their ready ignitability. As with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Sec-
tion 3702 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter
contents.

Chapter 38 Higher Education Laboratories. Chapter 38 is a new chapter addressing the

unique needs of laboratories in higher education academic institutions. The advancement of tech-
nologies, science, medicine and our knowledge of the world often relies on having vibrant and suc-
cessful academic institutions. These academic institutions often have chemistry, biology, medical,
engineering and other laboratories where hazardous materials are used. The chapter addresses
both new and existing buildings and new and existing laboratories. Applying the general hazardous
material provisions has been difficult because of the ways these laboratories operate. Often there
are many small laboratories that use very small quantities of hazardous materials that individually
do not exceed the MAQs. However, in aggregate the quantities will exceed the MAQs and could
result in the need for a Group H occupancy classification. It is believed that the lower density of haz-
ardous materials often mitigates the overall risk. Therefore, this lower density along with a package
of additional requirements (including the concept of laboratory suites with fire-resistance-rated
separations) renders a Group H occupancy classification not necessary. This chapter also addresses
the use of certain materials typically prohibited for existing buildings where located in buildings not
protected throughout with a sprinkler system. These allowances come with certain safety measures
such as the use of storage cabinets and fume hoods.
Chapter 39 Processing and Extraction Facilities. Chapter 39 is a new chapter focused on the
processing and extraction of oils and fats from various plants. This process includes the extraction
by use of solvent, desolventizing of the raw material and production of the miscella, and distillation
of the solvent from the miscella and solvent recovery. The processes used are not necessarily typical
hazardous material processes and often the systems and equipment associated with such processes
are not listed. Due to the typical lack of listings, the systems and equipment need specific approvals
for each installation. This chapter provides the tools to appropriately enforce the IFC to meet the
unique needs of industry while providing the appropriate level of safety. This chapter has provisions
for a technical report prepared by a registered design professional. This chapter also requires site
inspections to make sure equipment and systems are installed as designed and approved.
Chapters 40 through 49. Reserved for future use.

PART V–HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Chapter 50 Hazardous Materials—General Provisions. This chapter contains the general
requirements for all hazardous chemicals in all occupancies. Hazardous chemicals are defined as
those that pose an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of operating or emergency personnel,
the public and the environment if not properly controlled during handling, storage, manufacture,
processing, packaging, use, disposal or transportation. The general provisions of this chapter are
intended to be companion provisions with the specific requirements of Chapters 51 through 67
regarding a given hazardous material. As with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section
5002 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter con-
tents.

2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® xv

 Chapter 51 Aerosols. Chapter 51 addresses the prevention, control and extinguishment of fires
and explosions in facilities where retail aerosol products are displayed or stored. It is concerned
with both life safety and property protection from a fire; however, historically, aerosol product fires
have caused property loss more frequently than loss of life. Requirements for storing aerosol prod-
ucts are dependent on the level of aerosol product, level of sprinkler protection, type of storage
condition and quantity of aerosol products. As with other chapters of the International Fire Code,
Section 5102 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter
contents.

Chapter 52. Reserved for future use.

Chapter 53 Compressed Gases. This chapter regulates the storage, use and handling of all
flammable and nonflammable compressed gases, such as those that are used in medical facilities,
air separation plants, industrial plants, agricultural equipment facilities and similar occupancies.
Standards for the design, construction and marking of compressed gas cylinders and pressure ves-
sels are referenced. Compressed gases used in welding and cutting, cryogenic liquids and liquefied
petroleum gases are also regulated under Chapters 35, 55 and 61, respectively. Compressed gases
that are classified as hazardous materials are also regulated in Chapter 50, which includes general
requirements. As with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 5302 contains a list of
terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 54 Corrosive Materials. Chapter 54 addresses the hazards of corrosive materials that
have a destructive effect on living tissues. Although corrosive gases exist, most corrosive materials
are solid or liquid and classified as either acids or bases (alkalis). These materials may pose a wide
range of hazards other than corrosivity, such as combustibility, reactivity or oxidizing hazards, and
must conform to the requirements of this code with respect to all known hazards. The focus of this
chapter is on materials whose primary hazard is corrosivity; that is, the ability to destroy or irrepara-
bly damage living tissue on contact. As with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section
5402 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter con-
tents.

Chapter 55 Cryogenic Fluids. This chapter regulates the hazards associated with the storage,
use and handling of cryogenic fluids through regulation of such things as pressure relief mechanisms
and proper container storage. These hazards are in addition to the code requirements that address
the other hazards of cryogenic fluids such as flammability and toxicity. These other characteristics
are dealt with in Chapter 50 and other chapters, such as Chapter 58 dealing with flammable gases.
Cryogens are hazardous because they are held at extremely low temperatures and high pressures.
Many cryogenic fluids, however, are actually inert gases and would not be regulated elsewhere in
this code. Cryogens are used for many applications but specifically have had widespread use in the
biomedical field and in space programs. As with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Sec-
tion 5502 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter
contents.

Chapter 56 Explosives and Fireworks. This chapter prescribes minimum requirements for the
safe manufacture, storage, handling and use of explosives, ammunition and blasting agents for
commercial and industrial occupancies. These provisions are intended to protect the general public,
emergency responders and individuals who handle explosives. Chapter 56 also regulates the manu-
facturing, retail sale, display and wholesale distribution of fireworks, establishing the requirements
for obtaining approval to manufacture, store, sell, discharge or conduct a public display, and refer-
ences national standards for regulations governing manufacture, storage and public displays. As
with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 5602 contains a list of terms that are
defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 57 Flammable and Combustible Liquids. The requirements of this chapter are
intended to reduce the likelihood of fires involving the storage, handling, use or transportation of
flammable and combustible liquids. Adherence to these practices may also limit damage in the
event of an accidental fire involving these materials. These liquids are used for fuel, lubricants,
cleaners, solvents, medicine and even drinking. The danger associated with flammable and combus-
tible liquids is that the vapors from these liquids, when combined with air in their flammable range,
will burn or explode at temperatures near normal living and working environment. The protection
provided by this code is to prevent the flammable and combustible liquids from being ignited. As

xvi 2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®

 with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 5702 contains a list of terms that are
defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 58 Flammable Gases and Flammable Cryogenic Fluids. Chapter 58 sets require-
ments for the storage and use of flammable gases. For safety purposes, there is a limit on the quan-
tities of flammable gas allowed per control area. Exceeding these limitations increases the
possibility of damage to both property and individuals. The principal hazard posed by flammable gas
is its ready ignitability, or even explosivity, when mixed with air in the proper proportions. Conse-
quently, occupancies storing or handling large quantities of flammable gas are classified as Group H-
2 (high hazard) by the International Building Code. As with other chapters of the International Fire
Code, Section 5802 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the
chapter contents.

Chapter 59 Flammable Solids. This chapter addresses general requirements for storage and
handling of flammable solids, especially magnesium; however, it is important to note that several
other solid materials, primarily metals including, but not limited to, titanium, zirconium, hafnium,
calcium, zinc, sodium, lithium, potassium, sodium/potassium alloys, uranium, thorium and pluto-
nium, can be explosion hazards under the right conditions. Some of these metals are almost exclu-
sively laboratory materials but because of where they are used, fire service personnel must be
trained to handle emergency situations. Because uranium, thorium and plutonium are also radioac-
tive materials, they present still more specialized problems for fire service personnel. As with other
chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 5902 contains a list of terms that are defined in
Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 60 Highly Toxic and Toxic Materials. The main purpose of this chapter is to protect
occupants, emergency responders and those in the immediate area of the building and facility from
short-term, acute hazards associated with a release or general exposure to toxic and highly toxic
materials. This chapter deals with all three states of toxic and highly toxic materials: solids, liquids
and gases. This code does not address long-term exposure effects of these materials, which are
addressed by agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA). As with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section
6002 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter con-
tents.

Chapter 61 Liquefied Petroleum Gases. Chapter 61 establishes requirements for the safe han-
dling, storing and use of LP-gas to reduce the possibility of damage to containers, accidental
releases of LP-gas and exposure of flammable concentrations of LP-gas to ignition sources. LP-gas
(notably propane) is well known as a camping fuel for cooking, lighting, heating and refrigerating
and also remains a popular standby fuel supply for auxiliary generators as well as being widely used
as an alternative motor vehicle fuel. Its characteristic as a clean-burning fuel has resulted in the
addition of propane dispensers to service stations throughout the country. As with other chapters
of the International Fire Code, Section 6102 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and
are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 62 Organic Peroxides. This chapter addresses the hazards associated with the storage,
handling and use of organic peroxides and intends to manage the fire and oxidation hazards of
organic peroxides by preventing their uncontrolled release. These chemicals possess the character-
istics of flammable or combustible liquids and are also strong oxidizers. This unusual combination of
properties requires special storage and handling precautions to prevent uncontrolled release, con-
tamination, hazardous chemical reactions, fires or explosions. The requirements of this chapter per-
tain to industrial applications in which significant quantities of organic peroxides are stored or used;
however, smaller quantities of organic peroxides still pose a significant hazard and, therefore, must
be stored and used in accordance with the applicable provisions of this chapter and Chapter 50. As
with other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 6202 contains a list of terms that are
defined in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 63 Oxidizers, Oxidizing Gases and Oxidizing Cryogenic Fluids. Chapter 63

addresses the hazards associated with solid, liquid, gaseous and cryogenic fluid oxidizing materials,
including oxygen in home use, and establishes criteria for their safe storage and protection in indoor
and outdoor storage facilities, minimizing the potential for uncontrolled releases and contact with
fuel sources. Although oxidizers themselves do not burn, they pose unique fire hazards because of
their ability to support combustion by breaking down and giving off oxygen. As with other chapters

2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® xvii

 of the International Fire Code, Section 6302 contains a list of terms that are defined in Chapter 2 and
are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 64 Pyrophoric Materials. This chapter regulates the hazards associated with pyro-
phoric materials, which are capable of spontaneously igniting in the air at or below a temperature of
130°F (54°C). Many pyrophoric materials also pose severe flammability or reactivity hazards. This
chapter addresses only the hazards associated with pyrophoric materials. Materials that pose multi-
ple hazards must conform to the requirements of the code with respect to all hazards. As with other
chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 6402 contains a list of terms that are defined in
Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 65 Pyroxylin (Cellulose Nitrate) Plastics. This chapter addresses the significant
hazards associated with pyroxylin (cellulose nitrate) plastics, which are the most dangerous and
unstable of all plastic compounds. The chemically bound oxygen in their structure permits them to
burn vigorously in the absence of atmospheric oxygen at a rate 15 times greater than comparable
common combustibles. Strict compliance with the provisions of this chapter, along with proper
housekeeping and storage arrangements, helps to reduce the hazards associated with pyroxylin
(cellulose nitrate) plastics in a fire or other emergencies.

Chapter 66 Unstable (Reactive) Materials. This chapter addresses the hazards of unstable
(reactive) liquid and solid materials as well as unstable (reactive) compressed gases. In addition to
their unstable reactivity, these materials may pose other hazards, such as toxicity, corrosivity,
explosivity, flammability or oxidizing potential. This chapter, however, intends to address those
materials whose primary hazard is unstable reactivity. Materials that pose multiple hazards must
conform to the requirements of the code with respect to all hazards. Strict compliance with the pro-
visions of this chapter, along with proper housekeeping and storage arrangements, help reduce the
exposure hazards associated with unstable (reactive) materials in a fire or other emergency. As with
other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 6602 contains a list of terms that are defined
in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapter 67 Water-reactive Solids and Liquids. This chapter addresses the hazards associ-
ated with water-reactive materials that are solid or liquid at normal temperatures and pressures. In
addition to their water reactivity, these materials may pose a wide range of other hazards, such as
toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness or oxidizing potential. This chapter addresses only those mate-
rials whose primary hazard is water reactivity. Materials that pose multiple hazards must conform
to the requirements of the code with respect to all hazards. Strict compliance with the require-
ments of this chapter, along with proper housekeeping and storage arrangements, helps to reduce
the exposure hazards associated with water-reactive materials in a fire or other emergency. As with
other chapters of the International Fire Code, Section 6702 contains a list of terms that are defined
in Chapter 2 and are applicable to the chapter contents.

Chapters 68 through 79. Reserved for future use.

PART VI–REFERENCED STANDARDS

Chapter 80 Referenced Standards. This code contains several references to standards that
are used to regulate materials and methods of construction. Chapter 80 contains a comprehensive
list of all standards that are referenced in this code. The standards are part of the code to the extent
of the reference to the standard (see Section 102.7). Compliance with the referenced standard is
necessary for compliance with this code. By providing specifically adopted standards, the construc-
tion and installation requirements necessary for compliance with this code can be readily deter-
mined. The basis for code compliance is, therefore, established and available on an equal basis to
the code official, contractor, designer and owner.
Chapter 80 is organized in a manner that makes it easy to locate specific standards. It lists all of
the referenced standards alphabetically by acronym of the promulgating agency of the standard.
Each agency’s standards are then listed in either alphabetical or numeric order based upon the stan-
dard identification. The list also contains the title of the standard; the edition (date) of the standard
referenced; any addenda included as part of the ICC adoption; and the section or sections of this
code that reference the standard.

xviii 2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®

PART VII–APPENDICES
Appendix A Board of Appeals. This appendix contains optional criteria that, when adopted,
provide jurisdictions with detailed appeals, board member qualifications and administrative proce-
dures to supplement the basic requirements found in Section 108 of this code. Note that the provi-
sions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting
ordinance.

Appendix B Fire-flow Requirements for Buildings. This appendix provides a tool for the use
of jurisdictions in establishing a policy for determining fire-flow requirements in accordance with
Section 507.3. The determination of required fire flow is not an exact science, but having some level
of information provides a consistent way of choosing the appropriate fire flow for buildings
throughout a jurisdiction. The primary tool used in this appendix is a table that presents fire flow
based on construction type and building area based on the correlation of the Insurance Services
Office (ISO) method and the construction types used in the International Building Code. Note that
the provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the
adopting ordinance.

Appendix C Fire Hydrant Locations and Distribution. This appendix focuses on the location
and spacing of fire hydrants, which is important to the success of fire-fighting operations. The diffi-
culty with determining the spacing of fire hydrants is that every situation is unique and has unique
challenges. Finding one methodology for determining hydrant spacing is difficult. This particular
appendix gives one methodology based on the required fire flow that fire departments can work
with to set a policy for hydrant distribution around new buildings and facilities in conjunction with
Section 507.5. Note that the provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specif-
ically referenced in the adopting ordinance.

Appendix D Fire Apparatus Access Roads. This appendix contains more detailed elements for
use with the basic access requirements found in Section 503, which gives some minimum criteria,
such as a maximum length of 150 feet and a minimum width of 20 feet, but in many cases does not
state specific criteria. This appendix, like Appendices B and C, is a tool for jurisdictions looking for
guidance in establishing access requirements and includes criteria for multiple-family residential
developments, large one- and two-family subdivisions, specific examples for various types of turn-
arounds for fire department apparatus and parking regulatory signage. Note that the provisions
contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordi-
nance.

Appendix E Hazard Categories. This appendix contains guidance for designers, engineers,
architects, code officials, plans reviewers and inspectors in the classifying of hazardous materials so
that proposed designs can be evaluated intelligently and accurately. The descriptive materials and
explanations of hazardous materials and how to report and evaluate them on a Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS) are intended to be instructional as well as informative. Note that this appendix is for
information purposes and is not intended for adoption.

Appendix F Hazard Ranking. The information in this appendix is intended to be a companion to

the specific requirements of Chapters 51 through 67, which regulate the storage, handling and use
of all hazardous materials classified as either physical or health hazards. These materials pose
diverse hazards, including instability, reactivity, flammability, oxidizing potential or toxicity; there-
fore, identifying them by hazard ranking is essential. This appendix lists the various hazardous mate-
rials categories that are defined in this code, along with the NFPA 704 hazard ranking for each. Note
that the provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in
the adopting ordinance.

Appendix G Cryogenic Fluids—Weight and Volume Equivalents. This appendix gives the
fire code official and design professional a ready reference tool for the conversion of the liquid
weight and volume of cryogenic fluid to their corresponding volume of gas and vice versa and is a
companion to the provisions of Chapter 55 of this code. Note that this appendix is for information
purposes and is not intended for adoption.

2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® xix

 Appendix H Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP) and Hazardous Materi-
als Inventory Statement (HMIS) Instructions. This appendix is intended to assist businesses
in establishing a Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP) and Hazardous Materials Inven-
tory Statement (HMIS) based on the classification and quantities of materials that would be found
on-site, in storage or in use. The sample forms and available Safety Data Sheets (SDS) provide the
basis for the evaluations. It is also a companion to IFC Sections 407.5 and 407.6, which provide the
requirement that the HMIS and HMMP be submitted when required by the fire code official. Note
that the provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in
the adopting ordinance.

Appendix I Fire Protection Systems—Noncompliant Conditions. The purpose of this

appendix, which was developed by the ICC Hazard Abatement in Existing Buildings Committee, is to
provide the fire code official with a list of conditions that are readily identifiable by the inspector
during the course of an inspection utilizing the International Fire Code. The specific conditions iden-
tified in this appendix are primarily derived from applicable NFPA standards and pose a hazard to
the proper operation of the respective systems. While these do not represent all of the conditions
that pose a hazard or otherwise may impair the proper operation of fire protection systems, their
identification in this adoptable appendix will provide a more direct path for enforcement by the fire
code official. Note that the provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifi-
cally referenced in the adopting ordinance.

Appendix J Building Information Sign. This appendix provides design, installation and main-
tenance requirements for a Building Information Sign (BIS), a fire service tool to be utilized in the
crucial, initial response of fire fighters to a structure fire. The BIS placard is designed to be utilized
within the initial response time frame of an incident to assist fire fighters in their tactical size-up of a
situation as soon as possible after arrival on the scene of a fire emergency. The BIS design is in the
shape of a fire service Maltese Cross and includes five spaces (the four wings plus the centerpiece of
the cross symbol) in which information is placed about the tactical considerations of construction
type and hourly rating, fire protection systems, occupancy type, content hazards and special fea-
tures that could affect tactical decisions and operations. Note that the provisions contained in this
appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordinance.

Appendix K Construction Requirements for Existing Ambulatory Care Facilities. This

appendix was created by the ICC Ad Hoc Committee on Healthcare (AHC) and its intent is to provide
jurisdictions with an option for assessing minimum fire and life safety requirements for buildings
containing ambulatory care facilities. While this appendix is written with the intent to apply retroac-
tive minimum standards, the AHC recognized that the ambulatory care requirements are relatively
recent additions to the International Building Code. For that reason, these requirements are pre-
sented as an appendix so that the adopting authority can exercise judgment in the adoption and
application of this section. This appendix would also be useful for those local and state jurisdictions
that are specifically focused on ensuring the safety for existing ambulatory care facilities by provid-
ing minimum criteria that could be used to bring older facilities into compliance with the current
standards at the discretion of the adopting jurisdiction. The technical requirements are based on
the current IBC language, which is consistent with the overall concept of the current federal
requirements. Note that the provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specif-
ically referenced in the adopting ordinance.

Appendix L Requirements for Fire Fighter Air Replenishment Systems. This appendix
provides for the design, installation and maintenance of permanently installed fire fighter breathing
air systems in buildings designated by the jurisdiction. Breathing air is critical for fire-fighting opera-
tions. Historically, fire departments have supplied air bottles by means of a “bottle brigade,”
whereby fire fighters manually transport air bottles up stairways, which is an extraordinarily fire
fighter-intensive process and takes fire fighters away from their primary mission of rescue and fire
fighting. Technology now exists to address the issue using in-building air supply systems. Fire fighter
breathing air systems were introduced in the late 1980s and are now required in a number of com-
munities throughout the United States. The system has been called a “standpipe for air” and con-
sists of stainless steel, high-pressure piping that is supplied by on-site air storage or fire department
air supply units. Air filling stations are then strategically located throughout the building allowing
fire fighters to refill breathing air cylinders inside the fire building, negating the required “bottle bri-
gade,” and making more fire fighters available for search, rescue and fire suppression operations.
Note that the provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically refer-
enced in the adopting ordinance.

xx 2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®

 Appendix M High-rise Buildings—Retroactive Automatic Sprinkler Requirement. This
appendix was created with the intent to provide an option for adoption by jurisdictions that choose
to require existing high-rise buildings to be retrofitted with automatic sprinklers. Modern fire and
building codes require complete automatic fire sprinkler protection and a variety of other safety
features in new high-rise construction. Many older high-rise buildings lack automatic sprinkler pro-
tection and other basic fire protection features necessary to protect the occupants, emergency
responders and the structure itself. Without complete automatic sprinkler protection, fire depart-
ments cannot provide the level of protection that high-rise buildings demand. Existing high-rise
buildings that are not protected with automatic sprinklers represent a significant hazard to occu-
pants and fire fighters, and can significantly impact a community’s infrastructure and economic via-
bility in the event of a fire loss. Note that the provisions contained in this appendix are not
mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordinance.
Appendix N Indoor Trade Shows and Exhibitions. This appendix was created to address the
hazards that are associated with larger, more complex trade shows and exhibitions. Although many
of these requirements are already included in various locations in this code, some of the more
important items, such as requirements for covered booths and multiple-story booths, are not. The
intent is to have the requirements covering these events in a single location. The provisions are
essentially a series of pointers to other locations within this code. This assists those organizing exhi-
bitions and individual exhibitors unfamiliar with the fire code. The appendix can be adopted by juris-
dictions looking for specific regulations on this subject or used as a guide where it is not. Note that
the provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the
adopting ordinance.

2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® xxi

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Part I—Administrative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 312 Vehicle Impact Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

313 Fueled Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
CHAPTER 1 SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION . . . . 1 314 Indoor Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
315 General Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
PART 1—GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
316 Hazards to Fire Fighters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Section
317 Rooftop Gardens and Landscaped Roofs. . . . . . . . . 60
101 Scope and General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
318 Laundry Carts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
102 Applicability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
319 Mobile Food Preparation Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

PART 2—ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS. . . . . . . . 2

CHAPTER 4 EMERGENCY PLANNING
103 Department of Fire Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 AND PREPAREDNESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
104 General Authority and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Section
105 Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 401 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
106 Fees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 402 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
107 Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 403 Emergency Preparedness Requirements . . . . . . . . . 63
108 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 404 Fire Safety, Evacuation and Lockdown Plans . . . . . 69
109 Board of Appeals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 405 Emergency Evacuation Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
110 Violations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 406 Employee Training and Response Procedures. . . . . 71
111 Unsafe Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 407 Hazard Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
112 Stop Work Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
113 Service Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Part III—Building and Equipment Design Features . . . 73

CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 CHAPTER 5 FIRE SERVICE FEATURES . . . . . . . . 73

Section Section
201 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 501 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
202 General Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 502 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
503 Fire Apparatus Access Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Part II—General Safety Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 504 Access to Building Openings and Roofs . . . . . . . . . 74
505 Premises Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
CHAPTER 3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. . . . . . . 51
506 Key Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Section
507 Fire Protection Water Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
301 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
508 Fire Command Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
302 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
509 Fire Protection and Utility Equipment
303 Asphalt Kettles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Identification and Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
304 Combustible Waste Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 510 Emergency Responder Radio Coverage . . . . . . . . . 77
305 Ignition Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
306 Motion Picture Projection Rooms and Film. . . . . . . 53 CHAPTER 6 BUILDING SERVICES
307 Open Burning, Recreational Fires AND SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
and Portable Outdoor Fireplaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Section
308 Open Flames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 601 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
309 Powered Industrial Trucks and Equipment . . . . . . . 55 602 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
310 Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 603 Fuel-fired Appliances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
311 Vacant Premises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 604 Electrical Equipment, Wiring and Hazards . . . . . . . 84

2018 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® xxiii

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605 Mechanical Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 905 Standpipe Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

606 Elevator Operation, Maintenance 906 Portable Fire Extinguishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
and Fire Service Keys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 907 Fire Alarm and Detection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
607 Commercial Kitchen Hoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 908 Emergency Alarm Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
608 Commercial Kitchen Cooking Oil Storage . . . . . . . 90 909 Smoke Control Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
609 Hyperbaric Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 910 Smoke and Heat Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
911 Explosion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
CHAPTER 7 FIRE AND SMOKE
912 Fire Department Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
PROTECTION FEATURES . . . . . . . . . 91
913 Fire Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Section
914 Fire Protection Based on Special Detailed
701 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Requirements of Use and Occupancy . . . . . . . . 143
702 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
915 Carbon Monoxide Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
703 Penetrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
916 Gas Detection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
704 Joints and Voids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
917 Mass Notification Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
705 Door and Window Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
706 Duct and Air Transfer Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 CHAPTER 10 MEANS OF EGRESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
707 Concealed Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Section
1001 Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
CHAPTER 8 INTERIOR FINISH,
1002 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
DECORATIVE MATERIALS
AND FURNISHINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 1003 General Means of Egress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Section 1004 Occupant Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
801 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 1005 Means of Egress Sizing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
802 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 1006 Numbers of Exits and Exit Access Doorways . . . 153
803 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish 1007 Exit and Exit Access Doorway Configuration . . . 156
in Existing Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 1008 Means of Egress Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
804 Interior Wall and Ceiling Trim and 1009 Accessible Means of Egress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Interior Floor Finish in New and 1010 Doors, Gates and Turnstiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Existing Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1011 Stairways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
805 Upholstered Furniture and Mattresses in
1012 Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
New and Exisiting Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
1013 Exit Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
806 Natural Decorative Vegetation in New and
Existing Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 1014 Handrails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
807 Decorative Materials and Artificial Decorative 1015 Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Vegetation in New and Existing Buildings . . . . . 99 1016 Exit Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
808 Furnishings Other than Upholstered 1017 Exit Access Travel Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Furniture and Mattresses or Decorative 1018 Aisles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Materials in New and Existing Buildings. . . . . . 101
1019 Exit Access Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
1020 Corridors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
CHAPTER 9 FIRE PROTECTION AND
LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . 103 1021 Egress Balconies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Section 1022 Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
901 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 1023 Interior Exit Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
902 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 1024 Exit Passageways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
903 Automatic Sprinkler Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 1025 Luminous Egress Path Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
904 Alternative Automatic 1026 Horizontal Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Fire-extinguishing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 1027 Exterior Exit Stairways and Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . 187

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1028 Exit Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 2103 Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

1029 Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 2104 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
1030 Emergency Escape and Rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 2105 Operating Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
1031 Maintenance of the Means of Egress . . . . . . . . . . 196 2106 Spotting and Pretreating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
2107 Dry Cleaning Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
CHAPTER 11 CONSTRUCTION 2108 Fire Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
REQUIREMENTS FOR
EXISTING BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . 199 CHAPTER 22 COMBUSTIBLE DUST-
Section PRODUCING OPERATIONS . . . . . 245
1101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Section
1102 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 2201 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
1103 Fire Safety Requirements for 2202 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Existing Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 2203 Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
1104 Means of Egress for Existing Buildings . . . . . . . . 206 2204 Additional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
1105 Construction Requirements for
Existing Group I-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 CHAPTER 23 MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING
1106 Requirements for Outdoor Operations . . . . . . . . . 215 FACILITIES AND REPAIR
GARAGES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
CHAPTER 12 ENERGY SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Section
Section 2301 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
1201 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 2302 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
1202 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 2303 Location of Dispensing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
1203 Emergency and Standby Power Systems . . . . . . . 217 2304 Dispensing Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
1204 Solar Photovoltaic Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 2305 Operational Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
1205 Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 221 2306 Flammable and Combustible Liquid Motor
Fuel-dispensing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
1206 Electrical Energy Storage Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
2307 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Motor
Fuel-dispensing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
CHAPTERS 13 through 19 RESERVED . . . . . . . . . . . 231
2308 Compressed Natural Gas Motor
Fuel-dispensing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Part IV—Special Occupancies and Operations . . . . . . . 233
2309 Hydrogen Motor Fuel-dispensing
and Generation Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
CHAPTER 20 AVIATION FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . 233
2310 Marine Motor Fuel-dispensing Facilities . . . . . . . 258
Section
2311 Repair Garages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
2001 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
2002 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 CHAPTER 24 FLAMMABLE FINISHES . . . . . . . . 263
2003 General Precautions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Section
2004 Aircraft Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 2401 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2005 Portable Fire Extinguishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 2402 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2006 Aircraft Fueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 2403 Protection of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
2007 Helistops and Heliports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 2404 Spray Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
2405 Dipping Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
CHAPTER 21 DRY CLEANING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 2406 Powder Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Section 2407 Electrostatic Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
2101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 2408 Organic Peroxides and
2102 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Dual-component Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

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2409 Indoor Manufacturing of 2807 Storage of Wood Chips and Hogged Material
Reinforced Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Associated with Timber and Lumber
2410 Floor Surfacing and Finishing Operations . . . . . . 273 Production Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
2808 Storage and Processing of Wood Chips,
CHAPTER 25 FRUIT AND CROP RIPENING . . . . 275 Hogged Material, Fines, Compost,
Solid Biomass Feedstock and Raw Product
Section
Associated with Yard Waste,
2501 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Agro-industrial and Recycling Facilities . . . . . 291
2502 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 2809 Exterior Storage of Finished
2503 Ethylene Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Lumber and Solid Biofuel Products . . . . . . . . . 291
2504 Sources of Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 2810 Outdoor Storage of Pallets at Pallet Manufacturing
2505 Combustible Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 and Recycling Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
2506 Ethylene Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
CHAPTER 29 MANUFACTURE OF
2507 Warning Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 ORGANIC COATINGS. . . . . . . . . . . 293
Section
CHAPTER 26 FUMIGATION AND 2901 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
INSECTICIDAL FOGGING . . . . . . . 277
2902 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Section 2903 General Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
2601 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 2904 Electrical Equipment and Protection . . . . . . . . . . 293
2602 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 2905 Process Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
2603 Fire Safety Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 2906 Process Mills and Kettles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
2907 Process Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
CHAPTER 27 SEMICONDUCTOR 2908 Raw Materials in Process Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
FABRICATION FACILITIES . . . . . 279 2909 Raw Materials and Finished Products . . . . . . . . . 295
Section
CHAPTER 30 INDUSTRIAL OVENS . . . . . . . . . . . 297
2701 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Section
2702 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
3001 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
2703 General Safety Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
3002 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
2704 Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 3003 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
2705 Use and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 3004 Fuel Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
3005 Interlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
CHAPTER 28 LUMBER YARDS AND 3006 Fire Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL, 3007 Operation and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
SOLID BIOMASS AND
WOODWORKING FACILITIES. . . 289 CHAPTER 31 TENTS, TEMPORARY SPECIAL
Section EVENT STRUCTURES AND OTHER
2801 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 MEMBRANE STRUCTURES . . . . . 299
2802 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Section
2803 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 3101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
3102 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
2804 Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
3103 Temporary Tents and Membrane Structures. . . . . 299
2805 Plywood, Veneer and Composite 3104 Temporary and Permanent Tents
Board Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 and Membrane Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
2806 Log Storage Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 3105 Temporary Special Event Structures . . . . . . . . . . 302

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3106 Outdoor Assembly Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 3406 Fire Department Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
3107 Operational Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 3407 Fencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
3408 Fire Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
CHAPTER 32 HIGH-PILED
COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE . . . . . . 307 3409 Indoor Storage Arrangement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Section
CHAPTER 35 WELDING AND
3201 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 OTHER HOT WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
3202 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Section
3203 Commodity Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
3204 Designation of High-piled Storage Areas . . . . . . . 319 3501 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
3205 Housekeeping and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 3502 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
3206 General Fire Protection and 3503 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Life Safety Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 3504 Fire Safety Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
3207 Solid-piled and Shelf Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
3505 Gas Welding and Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
3208 Rack Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
3209 Automated Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 3506 Electric Arc Hot Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
3210 Specialty Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 3507 Calcium Carbide Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
3508 Acetylene Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
CHAPTER 33 FIRE SAFETY DURING 3509 Piping Manifolds and Hose Systems for
CONSTRUCTION AND Fuel Gases and Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
DEMOLITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
3510 Hot Work on Flammable and
Section Combustible Liquid Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . 334
3301 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
3302 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 CHAPTER 36 MARINAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
3303 Temporary Heating Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Section
3304 Precautions Against Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 3601 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
3305 Flammable and Combustible Liquids . . . . . . . . . . 326 3602 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
3306 Flammable Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 3603 General Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
3307 Explosive Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 3604 Fire Protection Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
3308 Owner’s Responsibility for Fire Protection. . . . . . 326 3605 Marine Motor Fuel-dispensing Facilities . . . . . . . 336
3309 Fire Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
3310 Access for Fire Fighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 CHAPTER 37 COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS . . . . . . . . . 337
3311 Means of Egress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Section
3312 Water Supply for Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 3701 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
3313 Standpipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 3702 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
3314 Automatic Sprinkler System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 3703 General Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
3315 Portable Fire Extinguishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 3704 Loose Fiber Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
3316 Motorized Construction Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 328 3705 Baled Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
3317 Safeguarding Roofing Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
CHAPTER 38 HIGHER EDUCATION
CHAPTER 34 TIRE REBUILDING LABORATORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
AND TIRE STORAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Section
Section 3801 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
3401 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 3802 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
3402 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 3803 General Safety Provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
3403 Tire Rebuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 3804 Laboratory Suite Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
3404 Precautions Against Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 3805 Nonsprinklered Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
3405 Outdoor Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 3806 Existing Sprinklered Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

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CHAPTER 39 PROCESSING AND EXTRACTION 5306 Medical Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

FACILITITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 5307 Compressed Gases Not Otherwise Regulated. . . . 388
Section
3901 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 CHAPTER 54 CORROSIVE MATERIALS. . . . . . . 391
3902 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Section
3903 Processing and Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 5401 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
3904 Systems and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 5402 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
3905 Safety Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 5403 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
5404 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
CHAPTERS 40 through 49 RESERVED . . . . . . . . . . . 347 5405 Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Part V—Hazardous Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 CHAPTER 55 CRYOGENIC FLUIDS . . . . . . . . . . . 393

Section
CHAPTER 50 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— 5501 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . 349 5502 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Section 5503 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
5001 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 5504 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
5002 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 5505 Use and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
5003 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
5004 Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 CHAPTER 56 EXPLOSIVES
5005 Use, Dispensing and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 AND FIREWORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Section
CHAPTER 51 AEROSOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 5601 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Section 5602 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
5101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 5603 Record Keeping and Reporting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
5102 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 5604 Explosive Materials Storage and Handling . . . . . 403
5103 Classification of Aerosol Products . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 5605 Manufacture, Assembly and Testing of
Explosives, Explosive Materials and
5104 Inside Storage of Aerosol Products . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Fireworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
5105 Outside Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
5606 Small Arms Ammunition and Small
5106 Retail Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Arms Ammunition Components. . . . . . . . . . . . 412
5107 Manufacturing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 5607 Blasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
5608 Fireworks Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
CHAPTER 52 RESERVED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
5609 Temporary Storage of Consumer Fireworks. . . . . 416

CHAPTER 53 COMPRESSED GASES . . . . . . . . . . . 383

CHAPTER 57 FLAMMABLE AND
Section COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS. . . . . . . . 417
5301 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Section
5302 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 5701 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
5303 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 5702 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
5304 Storage of Compressed Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 5703 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
5305 Use and Handling of Compressed Gases . . . . . . . 387 5704 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

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5705 Dispensing, Use, Mixing and Handling . . . . . . . . 442 6109 Storage of Portable LP-gas Containers
5706 Special Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Awaiting Use or Resale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
5707 On-demand Mobile Fueling Operations . . . . . . . . 457 6110 LP-gas Containers Not in Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
6111 Parking and Garaging of
CHAPTER 58 FLAMMABLE GASES LP-gas Tank Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
AND FLAMMABLE
CRYOGENIC FLUIDS . . . . . . . . . . . 459 CHAPTER 62 ORGANIC PEROXIDES. . . . . . . . . . 483
Section Section
5801 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 6201 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
5802 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 6202 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
5803 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 6203 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
5804 Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 6204 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
5805 Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 6205 Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
5806 Flammable Cryogenic Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
5807 Metal Hydride Storage Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 CHAPTER 63 OXIDIZERS, OXIDIZING
GASES AND OXIDIZING
5808 Hydrogen Fuel Gas Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
CRYOGENIC FLUIDS . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Section
CHAPTER 59 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS. . . . . . . . . . . 465
6301 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Section
6302 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
5901 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
5902 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 6303 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
5903 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 6304 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
5904 Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 6305 Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
5905 Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 6306 Liquid Oxygen in Home Health Care . . . . . . . . . . 489
5906 Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
CHAPTER 64 PYROPHORIC MATERIALS . . . . . 493
CHAPTER 60 HIGHLY TOXIC AND Section
TOXIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
6401 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Section
6402 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
6001 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
6403 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
6002 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
6404 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
6003 Highly Toxic and Toxic Solids and Liquids . . . . . 469
6405 Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
6004 Highly Toxic and Toxic Compressed Gases . . . . . 470
6005 Ozone Gas Generators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 CHAPTER 65 PYROXYLIN (CELLULOSE
NITRATE) PLASTICS . . . . . . . . . . . 495
CHAPTER 61 LIQUEFIED Section
PETROLEUM GASES . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
6501 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Section
6502 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
6101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
6503 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
6102 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
6504 Storage and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
6103 Installation of Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
6104 Location of LP-gas Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 CHAPTER 66 UNSTABLE
6105 Prohibited Use of LP-gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 (REACTIVE) MATERIALS . . . . . . . 497
6106 Dispensing and Overfilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 Section
6107 Safety Precautions and Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 6601 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
6108 Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 6602 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

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6603 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 D103 Minimum Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

6604 Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 D104 Commercial and Industrial Developments . . . . . . 528
6605 Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 D105 Aerial Fire Apparatus Access Roads . . . . . . . . . . 528
D106 Multiple-family Residential Developments . . . . . 529
CHAPTER 67 WATER-REACTIVE D107 One- or Two-family Residential Developments . . 529
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS. . . . . . . . . . . 499 D108 Referenced Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Section
6701 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 APPENDIX E HAZARD CATEGORIES . . . . . . . . . 531
6702 Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Section
6703 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 E101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
6704 Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 E102 Hazard Categories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
6705 Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 E103 Evaluation of Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
E104 Referenced Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
CHAPTERS 68 through 79 RESERVED . . . . . . . . . . . 501
APPENDIX F HAZARD RANKING. . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Part VI—Referenced Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Section
F101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
CHAPTER 80 REFERENCED STANDARDS . . . . . 503
F102 Referenced Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Part VII—Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
APPENDIX G CRYOGENIC FLUIDS—
APPENDIX A BOARD OF APPEALS. . . . . . . . . . . . 519 WEIGHT AND VOLUME
EQUIVALENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Section
Section
A101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
G101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
APPENDIX B FIRE-FLOW REQUIREMENTS
FOR BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 APPENDIX H HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Section MANAGEMENT PLAN (HMMP)
AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
B101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 INVENTORY STATEMENT (HMIS)
B102 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 INSTRUCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
B103 Modifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Section
B104 Fire-flow Calculation Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
H101 HMMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
B105 Fire-flow Requirements for Buildings . . . . . . . . . 521
B106 Referenced Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 H102 HMIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
H103 Emergency Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
APPENDIX C FIRE HYDRANT LOCATIONS H104 Referenced Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
AND DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Section APPENDIX I FIRE PROTECTION
C101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 SYSTEMS—NONCOMPLIANT
C102 Number of Fire Hydrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 CONDITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
C103 Fire Hydrant Spacing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 Section
C104 Consideration of Existing Fire Hydrants. . . . . . . . 526 I101 Noncompliant Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
C105 Referenced Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 I102 Referenced Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

APPENDIX D FIRE APPARATUS APPENDIX J BUILDING

ACCESS ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 INFORMATION SIGN . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Section Section
D101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 J101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
D102 Required Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 J102 Referenced Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPENDIX K CONSTRUCTION
REQUIREMENTS FOR
EXISTING AMBULATORY
CARE FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Section
K101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
K102 Fire Safety Requirements for Existing
Ambulatory Care Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
K103 Incidental Uses in Existing
Ambulatory Care Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
K104 Means of Egress Requirements for
Existing Ambulatory Care Facilities . . . . . . . . . 557
K105 Referenced Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

APPENDIX L REQUIREMENTS FOR

FIRE FIGHTER AIR
REPLENISHMENT SYSTEMS . . . . 559
Section
L101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
L102 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
L103 Permits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
L104 Design and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
L105 Acceptance Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
L106 Inspection, Testing and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . 561
L107 Referenced Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

APPENDIX M HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS—

RETROACTIVE AUTOMATIC
SPRINKLER
REQUIREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Section
M101 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
M102 Where Required. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
M103 Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

APPENDIX N INDOOR TRADE SHOWS

AND EXHIBITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Section
N101 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
N102 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
N103 Public Safety for Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
N104 Interior Finish and Decorative Materials. . . . . . . . 566
N105 Multiple-level Booths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
N106 Covered Booths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
N107 Display and Storage of Hazardous
and Combustible Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
N108 Means of Egress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
N109 Referenced Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

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