PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH- 160 014 (INDIA)

(Estd. under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947-enacted by the Govt. of India)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

SYLLABI

FOR

M.Sc. (TWO YEAR COURSE) PHYSICS

(Semester System)

EXAMINATIONS 2021-22

--:O:--

1
OUTLINES OF SYLLABI AND COURSES OF READING FOR
st th
M.Sc. (TWO YEAR COURSE) IN PHYSICS (1 to 4 SEMESTER) FOR THE
EXAMINATION 2021-22

st
M.Sc I Semester MAX MARKS (TOTAL = 500)
Teaching hours per week Marks Credits

PHY 8011 Mathematical Physics I 4 15+60 = 75 3

PHY 8012 Classical Mechanics 4 20+80 =100 4

PHY 8013 Quantum Mechanics I 4 20+80 =100 4

PHY 8014 Electronics I 4 15+60 =75 3

PHY 8015 Physics Laboratory I 9 100 4

PHY 8016 Computational Physics I 4 50 2

M.Sc 2nd Semester MAX MARKS (TOTAL= 500)

PHY 8021 Mathematical Physics II 4 15+60 = 75 3

PHY 8022 Statistical Mechanics 4 20+80 =100 4

PHY 8023 Classical Electrodynamics I 4 20+80 =100 4

PHY 8024 Electronics II 4 15+60 =75 3

PHY 8025 Physics Laboratory II 9 100 4

PHY 8026 Computational Physics II 4 50 2

2
 rd
M.Sc 3 Semester MAX MARKS (TOTAL= 500)
Teaching hours per week Marks Credits

PHY 8031 Nuclear Physics I 4 15+60=75 3

PHY 8032 Particle Physics I 4 15+60=75 3

PHY 8033 Condensed Matter Physics I 4 15+60 = 75 3

PHY 8034 Classical Electrodynamics II 4 15+60 = 75 3

PHY 8035 Quantum Mechanics II 4 15+60=75 3

PHY 8036 Physics Laboratory III & Industrial visit 9 125 5

th
M.Sc 4 Semester MAX MARKS (TOTAL= 500)
Teaching hours per week Marks Credits

PHY 8041 Experimental Techniques in Physics 4 20+80=100 4

PHY 8042 Atomic and Molecular Physics 4 15+60=75 3

PHY 8043 Physics Laboratory IV & Project work 9 125 5

Special Paper (Any two of the following)

PHY 8044 Nuclear Physics II 4 20+80=100 4

PHY 8045 Particle Physics II 4 20+80=100 4

PHY 8046 Condensed Matter Physics II 4 20+80=100 4

Note :
(i) Total number of teaching hours for each of theory papers = 60 hrs.
(ii) All Theory Paper and Practical Exams. will be of 3 hours.

3
 st
M. Sc. 1 SEMESTER
st
M. Sc. 1 Semester
PHY8011 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS I

Max. Marks: 15+60 = 75

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week

Objectives: The aim and objective of the course on Mathematical Physics I is to

equip the M.Sc student with the mathematical techniques for understanding
theoretical treatment in different courses, e.g., to evaluate various definite integrals,
to solve various differential equations including Laplace equation, Schroedinger
equation, equations used in electronic circuits, electrical circuits, nuclear decays
etc., Concepts of Complex analysis, Dirac Delta function, beta, gamma functions,
Special functions: Bessel, Legendre, Hermite, Lagurre functions for developing a
strong background if the student chooses to pursue research in Physics as a career.

Note:
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units.
Unit I-IV will have TWO questions each from the corresponding units of
the syllabus. Unit V in the paper will have one compulsory question
consisting of 5 to 8 short answer type questions covering the whole
syllabus. Each question will have a weightage of 12 marks. The
candidates will attempt five questions in all, selecting one each from
the units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.
2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage
of 30 to 40% of the total marks.

UNIT I
Complex Variables: Introduction, Cauchy Riemann conditions. Cauchy’s Integral
theorem, Cauchy’s Integral formula, Laurent expansion, singularities, calculus of
residues, evaluation of definite integrals.Dispersion relation.
(6.1-6.5, 7.1-7.3 of Book1)

UNIT II
Delta and Gamma Functions: Dirac delta function. Delta sequences for one
dimensional function, properties of delta function, Orthogonal function and
Integral representation of Delta function. Gamma function, Weierstrass form,
factorial notation and applications. Beta function. Relation with gamma function.

(8.7, 10.1, 10.4 of Book 1)

4
 UNIT III
Dimensional analysis. Vector algebra and vector calculus. (Book 4)
Linear algebra, matrices, Cayley-Hamilton Theorem. Eigenvalues and
eigenvectors.(Book 4) Differential Equations: Partial differential equations of
theoretical physics, separation of variables, singular points, series
solutions-Frobenius method, second solution.
(8.1, 8.3-8.6 of Book 1)

UNIT IV
Special Functions: Bessel function of first and second kind, Generating function,
integral representation and recurrence relations for Bessel’s functions of first kind,
orthogonality.
Legendre function: generating function, recurrence relations and special properties,
orthogonality. Various Legendre polynomials, Associated Legendre functions:
recurrence relations, parity and orthogonality. Hermite functions and Lagurerre
function. Generating function, Recurrence relations and orthogonality .
(11.1,11.2,12.1-12.5,13.1,13.2 of Book 1)

TUTORIALS: Relevant problems given at the end of each section in the text books.

Books
1. Mathematical methods for Physicists : G. Arfken and H.J. Weber
(Academic Press, SanDiego) (sixth edition) (2005)
2. Matrices and Tensors in Physics: A.W. Joshi (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) (2002)
3. Mathematical Physics: P.K. Chatopadhyay (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) (2005)
4. Introduction to Mathematical Physics: C. Harper (Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi)
(2004).

M. Sc. 1st Semester

PHY8012 CLASSICAL MECHANICS

Max. Marks: 20+80 = 100

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week

Objectives: The aim and objective of the course on Classical Mechanics is to train
the students of M.Sc class in the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism ,
conservation theorems, rigid body motion, Hamilton’s equations , Canonical
Transformations to an extent that they can use these in the modern branches like
Quantum Mechanics, Quantum field theory, Condensed Matter Physics,
Astrophysics etc.
5
Note:
(a) The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will
have TWO questions each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in
the paper will have one compulsory question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer
type questions covering the whole syllabus. Each question will have a weightage
of 16 marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all, selecting one each
from the units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.

(b) The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of

30 to 40% of the total marks.

UNIT I
Lagrangian Formulation: Mechanics of a system of particles: constraints of motion.
Generalized coordinates, D’Alembert’s Principle and Lagrange’s velocity –
dependent force and the dissipation function. Application of Lagrangian formulation.
(1.1-1.6 of Book 1)
Hamilton Principle : Calculus of variations. Hamilton principle. Lagrange’s equation rom
Hamilton’s principle. Extension to non-holonomic systems, advantages of variational
principle formulation, symmetry properties of space and time and conservation
theorems.
(2.1-2.6 of Book 1)

UNIT II
Rigid Body Motion : Independent co-ordinates of rigid body, orthogonal
transformation.
Eulerian angles and Euler’s theorems .infinitesimal rotation. Rate of change of vector, Coriolis force,
angular momentum and kinetic energy of a rigid body, the inertia tensor, principal axis transformation.
Euler equations of motion. Torque free motion of rigid body, motion of a symmetrical
top. (4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8 , 4.9, 4.10, 5.1, 5.3, 5.7 of Book 1)

UNIT III
Small Oscillations: Eigenvalue equation. Free vibrations. Normal Coordinates.
Vibrations of a triatomic molecule. (6.1-6.4 of Book 1)
Hamilton’s Equations: Legendre Transformations. Hamilton’s equations of motion.
Cyclic-co-ordinates. Hamilton’s equations from variational principle, principle of least
action. (8.1-8.3, 8.5, 8.6 of Book 1)

UNIT IV
Canonical Transformation and Hamilton- Jacobi Theory: Canonical transformation
and its example, Poission brackets. Equations of motion, Angular momentum.
Possion’s bracket relations, infinitesimal canonical transformation. Conservation
Theorems. Hamilton – Jacobi equations for principal and characteristic functions.
Harmonic oscillator problem, Action angle variables for
system with one degree of freedom. (9.1, 9.2, 9.4-9.6, 10.1, 10.4, of Book 1)
6
TUTORIALS: Relevant problems given at the end of each section in the text books.
Books
1. Classical Mechanics: H. Goldstein (Narosa, New Delhi) (1992).
2. Classical Mechanics of Particles and Rigid Bodies: K.C. Gupta (Wiley
Eastern, New Delhi) (2006)
3. Analytical Mechanics: L.N. Hand and J.D. Finch (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
(1998).
4. Classical Mechanics: V.D. Barger and M.G. Olsson, (McGraw-Hill, New York)
(1973).
5. Classical Mechanics: N.C. Rana and P.J. Joag (Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi)
(2004)

M. Sc. 1st Semester

PHY 8013 QUANTUM MECHANICS I

Max. Marks: 20+80 = 100

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week

Objectives: The aim and objective of the course on Quantum Mechanics I is to

introduce the students of M.Sc to the formal structure of the subject and to equip
them with techniques of linear vector space and matrix mechanics, Stationary state
approximate methods, angular momentum , perturbation theory, Variational method
with the application to ground states of harmonic oscillator, hydrogen atom etc.,
Fermi’s Golden rule so that they can use these in various branches of Physics as per
requirement.

Note:
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will
have TWO questions each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in
the paper will have one compulsory question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer
type questions covering the whole syllabus. Each question will have a weightage
of 16 marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all, selecting one each
from the units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.

2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30

to 40% of the total marks.

7
UNIT I
Linear Vector Space and Matrix Mechanics :Vector spaces, Schwarz inequality,
Orthonormal basis.
Schmidt orthonormalisation method, Operators, projection operator.
Hermitian and Unitary operators, change of basis, Eigenvalue and Eigenvectors of
operators. Dirac’s bra and ket notation, commutators, Simultaneous eigenvectors.
Postulates of quantum mechanics, uncertainty relation. Harmonic oscillator in matrix
mechanics. Time development of states and operators. Heisenberg and
Schroedinger representations. Exchange operator and identical particles.
(Ch,1, 2.3, 2.7, 3.9 of Book 1 and 3.16 of Book 2)

UNIT II
Angular Momentum: Angular part of the Schroedinger equation for a spherically symmetric
2
potential, orbital angular momentum operator, Eigen values and eigenvector of L and Lz, Spin angular
2
momentum. General angular momentum, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of J and Jz..
Representation of general momentum operator. Addition of general angular momentum, C.G.
coefficients.
(3.8, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12 of Book 1 and 8.1-8.3, 8.5, 8.6, 8.9, of Book 2, Book 5)

UNIT III
Stationary State Approximate Methods: Non- Degenerate and degenerate perturbation
theory and its application to anharmonic oscillator, Variational method with application
to the ground states of harmonic oscillator, hydrogen atom, helium and other simple
cases.
(5.1-5.4, 5.6-58, of Book 2 and Ch 4 of Book 1)

UNIT IV
Time Dependent Perturbation: General expression for the probability of transition
from one state to another. Constant and harmonic perturbations. Fermi’s golden
rule and its application to radiative transition in atoms. Selection rules for emission
and absorption of light. (Ch 6 of Book 1 and 9.5-9.8, 9.12- 9.15 of Book 2)

TUTORIALS: Relevant problems given at the end of each section in the text books.

Books :
1. Quantum Mechanics : M.P. Khanna , (HarAnand, New Delhi) (2009).
2. A text book of Quantum Mechanics, P.M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan (Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi) (2004).
3. Quantum Mechanics: V.K Thankappan (New Age, New Delhi) (2005).
4. Quantum Mechanics: J.L. Powell and B. Crasemann (Narosa, New Delhi) (1998).
5. Modern Quantum Mechanics : J.J. Sakurai (Pearson Education, India) (2009).

8
 st
M. Sc. 1 Semester

PHY8014 ELECTRONICS I

Max. Marks: 15+60 = 75

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week

Objectives: The Electronics I course covers basic circuit analysis, two-port network analysis,
analysis of circuits in frequency domain, and basis of various passive filters. It includes
physics of various semiconductor devices; Operational amplifier and its applications in
analogue computation, comparator circuits, active filters, instrumentation amplifier; IC555
based applications and basics of amplitude and frequency modulation and demodulation.

Note:
i. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will have
TWO questions each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in the paper will
have one compulsory question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer type questions covering
the whole syllabus. Each question will have a weightage of 12 marks. The candidates will
attempt five questions in all, selecting one each from the units I to IV and the compulsory
question from unit V.

ii. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a

weightage of 30 to 40% of the total marks.

UNIT I
Semiconductor Devices:
Growth of semiconductor crystals, Direct and indirect semiconductors, Effect of
temperature and doping on Carrier concentration and their mobility, Drift and diffusion of
carriers, Carrier lifetime and Photoconductivity, Energy band diagrams, position of Fermi
level.

Fabrication of p-n junction, Qualitative description of current flow at a junction,

Diffusion and depletion capacitance of p-n junctions, Varactors, Ohmic and rectifying
contacts, Zener and Avalanche diode, Tunnel diode, Light emitting diode, Laser diode,
Photodiodes and Solar cell. Fundamentals of operation of BJT, FET, MOSFET and UJT.
Liquid crystal display. High frequency devices: Gunn diode, IMPATT diode.

UNIT II
Circuit Analysis : Thevenin and Norton theorems, Mesh and Node analysis. (Book
3)
Admittance, Impedance, Hybrid and Transmission matrices for two-port networks
and their applications (Book 4).
Transforming circuit elements to frequency domain (Laplace transforms), Transfer
function, location of poles and stability of circuit, Sinusoidal frequency and phase
response (Bode plot), Analysis of LP, HP, BP, BR and AP passive filters. (Book 3)

9
 UNIT III
OPAMP based Circuits: Differential amplifiers, common mode rejection ratio,
Transfer characteristics of OPAMP, inverting and noninverting configurations, open loop and close
loop gain, Slew rate, Basic internal circuit of IC Opamp. (Book 5 and 6)
Comparators with hysteresis, Window comparator, Rectangular and triangular wave
generators.
555 timer based circuits.
(Book 7)
Analogue computation – Summing amplifier, Integrators and Differentiators, Solving differential
equations and simultaneous linear equations, Logarithmic and antilogarithmic amplifiers, Current-
to- voltage and Voltage-to-current converters.
(Book 6)
Instrumentation amplifiers. (Book 8)

UNIT IV
Active filters : Sallen-key and Multiquad Configurations for LP, HP, BP filters,
Active BR and AP filters. (Book 9)
Power Devices : pnpn devices, SCR and trigger applications. (Book 1 and Book 2)
Communication systems: General communication system, Generation and detection of amplitude
modulated, Single-side band, Double-side band suppressed carrier and Frequency modulated wave.
ASK, PSK and FSK, Satellite and mobile communication - TDMA, FDMA, CDMA. (book 10)

TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given in the recommended books.

Books :
1. Solid State Electronic Devices: Ben Streetman, Sanjay Banerjee (Prentice
Hall India) 6th Edition (2005).
2. Electronic Devices and Circuits Theory : Boylested and Nashelsky, (Pearson
Education) 10th ed. (2009).
3. Circuit theory Fundamentals and Applications : Aram Budak (Prentice-Hall) (1987).
4. Linear and Non-linear Circuits by Chua, Desoer and Kuh (Tata McGraw),
(1987).
5. Electronic Fundamentals and Applications, John D. Ryder (PHI, New Delhi) (1983).
6. Integrated Electronics : Millman and Halkias (Tata McGraw Hill) (1991).
7. Electronic Principles : A.P. Malvino (Tata McGraw, New Delhi), 7th edition, (2009).
8. Operational amplifiers and Linear Integrated circuits, R.F. Coughlin
and F.F. Driscoll, (Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi) (2000).
9. Applications of Laplace Transforms : Leonard R. Geis (Prentice Hall, New Jersey) (1989).
10. Communication Systems : Simon Haykin, (John Wiley and Sons) (2001).

10
 st
M. Sc. I Semester
PHY8015 PHYSICS LABORATORY I

Max. Marks : 100

Teaching hours: 9hrs per
week

Objectives: The aim and objective of the courses on Physics Laboratory I and Physics Laboratory II is
to expose the students of M.Sc. to the experimental techniques in general Physics, electronics, nuclear
Physics and condensed matter Physics so that they can co-relate the theoretical concepts with the
experimental ones and develop confidence to handle sophisticated equipments wherever necessary.

Note :
1. All the contents of unit 1 are compulsory. Students are expected to perform at least
10 experiments in each semester from unit 2 taking 5 from each of sections A and B.
The experiments performed in first semester cannot be repeated in second
Semester.
2. The duration of the examination will be 3 hours.
Unit 1 :
Introduction to experimental techniques : Measurement techniques: Data and error
analysis, Plotting and curve fitting software, Introduction to electronic components & use of
instruments: Oscilloscope, Multimeter, Wave-form generator.

Unit 2:
Section-A
1. To study the dependence of energy transfer on the mass ratio of the
colliding bodies, using air track. OR To verify the law of conservation of
linear momentum in collision with initial momentum zero, using air track.
2. To obtain the potential energy curve due to magnet-magnet
interactions using air track apparatus.
3. To determine Planck’s constant using photocell.
4. To measure heat capacity of solid at high and low temperatures.
5. To determine dielectric constant at high frequency using Leacher Wire.
To study reflected waves in Leacher Wire for different terminating
loads.
6. To determine dipole moment of an organic molecule, Acetone.
7. To study the characteristic of J-H curve using ferromagnetic standards.

8. To determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves in given liquid, using interferometer.

9. To compressibility of a given liquid by Ultrasonic diffraction grating.

10. Measurement of vacuum using the pirani/thermocouple gauge.

11. To study the characteristics and dead time of a GM Counter.
12. To study Poisson and Gaussian distributions using a GM Counter.
13. To study absorption of beta rays in Al and deduce end-point energy of a beta
emitter.
14. Determination of dissociation limit of iodine molecule by constant deviation
spectrograph

11
15. To study the Fresnel’s bi-prism and its applications.

Section- B
16. To study temperature-dependence of conductivity of a given
semiconductor crystal using four probe method.
17. To determine the Hall coefficient for a given semi-conductor.
18. To study the characteristics of a PN junction with varying temperature and to find
the energy band gap of semiconductor. To measure the capacitance of the junction.
19. To study the series and parallel L.C.R. circuit and find its Q factor for different resistances.
20. To study solid state power supply and voltage multiplier circuits (using
breadboard).
21. Design different Clipping and Clamping circuits: positive, negative
and bias (using breadboard )
22. To study characteristics of (a) Si and Ge diodes, Zener diode and (b)
LEDs. solar cell, photodiode and phototransistor.
23. To study dependence of intensity of radiative transitions in LED as a function
of temperature and to deduce energy difference between minima of direct and
indirect conduction bands of the indirect semiconductor.
24. Hybrid parameters of a transistor and design an amplifier. Determination of k/e
ratio.
25. To study Hartley/Colpitts oscillators.
26. To verify the statement: Power dissipation in the side bands in
amplitude modulation is directly proportional to the square of the
modulation.
27. To study the various aspects of frequency modulation and demodulation.
28. To study the astable and monostable multivibrators.
29. To study logic gates and flip flop circuits.
30. To study common cathode and common anode seven segment display IC’s on a bread-board.

12
 st
M.Sc. ISEMESTER
PHYS 8016 COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS I Lab (Practical Paper)

Max. Marks: 50
Teaching hours: 4 hrs per
week
Note : The Computational Physics paper will consist of two parts –
1. Written examination for 40% of the total marks covering Unit I and Unit II with equal
weightage and duration one hour. Question paper will be set by the external examiner.

2. Practical examination for 60% of the total marks and duration two hours.
Unit I
Introduction to Numerical methods: Computer algorithms, interpolations –cubic spline
fitting, Numerical differentiation – Lagrange interpolation, Numerical integration by
Simpson and Weddle's rules, random generators, Numerical solution of differential
equations by Euler, predictor-corrector and Runge-Kutta methods, problems.

Unit II
Computer hardware, software, C++
Programming Language Algorithms, Structured
Programming.
Data and Statements : Data Types. Constants and Variables. Mathematical,
Relational, Logical and Bitwise Operators. Expressions and Statements.
Block, Local and Global variables. Auto, Static and External Variables.

I/O Statements : printf, scanf, getc, getch, getchar, getche, etc. Streams : cin and
cout.
Manipulators for Data Formatting: setw, width, endl and setprecision etc. ASCII Files
I/O.
Preprocessor : #include and #define directives.
Control Statements :- If-statement. If-else Statement. Nested if Structure.
Else-if Statement. Ternary Operator. Goto Statement. Switch Statement.
Unconditional and Conditional Looping. While Loop. Do-while Loop. For
Loop. Break and Continue Statements. Nested Loops.

Arrays and Structures :- One and Two Dimensional Arrays. Idea of

Structures.

Unit III
List of Numerical Problems:
1. Data handling: find standard deviation, mean, variance, moments etc. of at least 25
entries.
2. Choose a set of 10 values and find the least squared fitted curve.
3. Generation of waves on superposition like stationary waves and beats.
4. Fourier analysis of square waves.

13
5. To find the roots of quadratic equations.
6. Wave packet and uncertainty principle.
7. Find first order derivative at given x for a set of 10 values with the
help of Lagrange interpolation.
8. To generate random numbers between (i) 1 and 0, (ii) 1 and 100.
9. Perform numerical integration on 1-D function using Simpson and Weddle rules.
10. To find determinant of a matrix - its eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

Books
1. Numerical Mathematical Analysis, J.B. Scarborough (Oxford Book Co.) 4th edition.
2. A first course in Computational Physics: P.L. DeVries (Wiley) 2nd edition 2011.
3. Computer Applications in Physics: S. Chandra (Narosa)2 nd edition (2008).
4. Computational Physics: R.C.Verma, P.K. Ahluwalia and K.C. Sharma
(New Age) 1st edition (2005).
5. Object Oriented Programming with C++: Balagurusamy, (Tata
McGrawHill) 2nd edition (2002).

nd
M. Sc. 2 SEMESTER
nd
M. Sc. 2 Semester
PHY 8021 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS II

Max. Marks: 15+60 = 75

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week

Objectives: The aim and objective of the course on Mathematical Physics II is to equip
the M.Sc student with the mathematical techniques for understanding theoretical
treatment indifferent courses. The knowledge of Fourier analysis, Laplace transforms,
tensor analysis, integral equations help to solve plenty of problems in higher Physics.
Numerical analysis helps to solve problems of computational physics and develop a
strong background if he chooses to pursue research in Physics as a career.

Note:
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will have TWO questions
each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in the paper will have one compulsory
question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer type questions covering the whole syllabus. Each question
will have a weightage of 12 marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all, selecting one each
from the units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.
2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30
to 40% of the total marks.

14
UNIT I
Group Theory: Basic definitions, Multiplication table, conjugate elements and classes.
Subgroups, Direct product of groups, Isomorphism and Homomorphism. Permutation groups,
Definition of representation and its properties. Reducible and irreducible presentation. Schurs’
Lemmas (Statement only), Orthogonal theorem, Characters of a representation. Example of
C4ν.Topological groups and Lie groups, three dimensional rotation group. Unitary groups:
SU(2), O(3), the axial rotation group SO(2). Applications of group theory.

[1.1-1.7, 3.1-3.3, 3.5, 3.6, 4.1-4.3(excluding 4.3.2 and 4.3.3), 4.5 (excluding its
subsections)and based on Chapters 5-8 of Book 2]

UNIT II
II Fourier Series and Integral Transforms: Fourier series, General properties,
Advantages and applications, Gibbs phenomenon. Development of the Fourier
integral, Inversion theorem, Fourier transform, Fourier transforms of derivatives,
Momentum representation. Laplace transforms, Laplace transforms of derivatives,
Properties of Laplace transform, Faltung theorem, Inverse Laplace transformation.
(14.1-14.5, 15.1-15.6, 15.8-15.10, 15.12 of Book 1)

UNIT III
III Integral Equations: Definitions and classifications, Neumann series,
Separable kernels, Hilbert-Schmidt theory. Green’s function in one dimension.
(16.1, 16.3, 16.4, 9.5 of Book 1)
IV Tensors: Introduction, definitions, contraction, direct product, Quotient rule. Pseudo tensors, Levi-
Civita symbol, irreducible tensors, Non Cartesian tensors - metric tensor. Christoffel
symbols,
Covariant differentiation.
(2.6-2.10 of Book 1)

UNIT IV
V Elementary Numerical Analysis: Numerical differentiation, Numerical integration by Simpson and
Weddle’s rules. Numerical solution of differential equations by Euler and Runge-Kutta Method,
Linear and non-linear least square fitting, generation of random numbers, Monte-Carlo technique,
integration, simulations.
(Books 3 and 4)
Elementary probability theory, random variables, binomial, Poisson and normal distributions. Central
limit theorem.
(Book 1)

TUTORIALS: Relevant problems given at the end of each section in the text books.
Books
1. Mathematical methods for Physicists: G. Arfken and H.J. Weber
(Academic Press, San Diego) (sixth edition) (2005).
2. Group Theory for Physicists: A.W. Joshi (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) (2005).

15
 3. Numerical Mathematical Analysis, J.B. Scarborough (Oxford Book Co. Kolkata)
(1961).
4. A First Course in Computational Physics: P.L. Devries (Wiley, New York) (1994).
5. Matrices and Tensors in Physics : A.W. Joshi (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) (2002).
6. Mathematical Physics : P.K. Chatopadhyay (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) (2005).
7. Introduction to Mathematical Physics: C. Harper (Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi) (2004).

nd
M. Sc. 2 SEMESTER
PHY 8022 STATISTICAL MECHANICS

Max. Marks: 20+80 = 100

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week
Objectives:
The aim of the course is to familiarize the students with the techniques of ensemble theory and
relate the statistics and thermodynamics, Gibbs paradox, micro canonical ensemble theory
and its application to ideal gas of monatomic particles, equipartition and virial theorems,
physical significance of various statistical quantities, energy fluctuations, a system of
harmonic oscillators as canonical ensemble, statistics of paramagnetism, thermodynamics of
magnetic systems and negative temperatures, significance of statistical quantities, Ising model
and Heisenberg models, Fluctuations so that he/she can use these to understand the
macroscopic properties of the matter in bulk in terms of its microscopic constituents.

Note :
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will have TWO
questions each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in the paper will have one
compulsory question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer type questions covering the whole syllabus.
Each question will have a weightage of 16 marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all,
selecting one each from the units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.
2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30
to 40% of the total marks.

UNIT I
The Statistical Basis of Thermodynamics : The macroscopic and microscopic states, contact
between statistics and thermodynamics, classical ideal gas, Gibbs paradox and its solution.
(1.1-1.6 of Book 1).
Elements of Ensemble Theory : Phase space and Liouville's Theorem, The micro canonical
ensemble theory and its application to ideal gas of monatomic particles, equipartition and
virial theorems, canonical ensemble and its thermodynamics, partition function, classical
ideal gas in canonical ensemble theory, energy fluctuations.
(2.1-2.4, 3.1-3.7 of Book 1)

UNIT II
The grand canonical ensemble : Equilibrium between a system and a particle-energy
reservoir and significance of statistical quantities. Classical ideal gas in grand
canonical ensemble theory. Density and energy fluctuations.
(4.1-4.5 of Book 1).

16
Elements of Quantum Statistics :Quantum states and phase space, quantum statistics of various
ensembles. An ideal gas in quantum mechanical ensembles, statistics of occupation numbers.
(2.5, 6.1- 6.3 of Book 1 )

UNIT III
Ideal Bose Systems :Basic concepts and thermodynamic behaviour of an ideal Bose
gas, Bose-Einstein condensation, Discussion of gas of photons (the radiation fields)
and phonons (TheDebye field).
(7.1- 7.3 of Book 2).

Ideal Fermi Systems : Thermodynamic behaviour of an ideal fermi gas, discussion of

heat capacity of a free-electron gas at low temperatures, Pauli paramagnetism [8.1,
8.2A, 8.3 (omit sub sections A and B)].

UNIT IV
Elements of Phase Transitions: First- and second-order phase transitions
(Introduction), Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism. a dynamical
model of phase transitions, Ising and Heisenberg models.
(11.3 of Book 1)
Fluctuations: Thermodynamic Fluctuations, random walk and Brownian motion, introduction to
non- equilibrium processes, diffusion equation
(14.1-14.3 of Book 1)

TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given in the end of each chapter in the text book.

Books
1. Statistical Mechanics : R.K. Pathria (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford) 2nd edition
(2005).
2. Statistical Mechanics : K. Huang (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) 2011.
3. Statistical Mechanics : B.K. Agarwal and M. Eisner (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi)
(1988).
4. Elementary Statistical Physics : C. Kittel (Wiley, New York) (1958).
5. Statistical Mechanics : S.K. Sinha (Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi) (1990).

nd
M. Sc. 2 Semester
PHY 8023 CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS I

Max. Marks: 20+80 = 100

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week

Objectives: The Classical Electrodynamics course covers Electrostatics and Magnetostatics, Multipole
expansion, concepts of dielectrics: Molecular polarizability, Clasusius Mossetti equation, boundary
value problems: Green’s theorem, Method of images, Maxwell equations and their
applications to propagation of electromagnetic waves in dielectrics, metals and
plasma media, EM waves in bounded media: Fresnel amplitude relations, polarization,
Total internal reflection, wave guides, radiation from localized time varying sources.

Note:
17
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will have TWO
questions each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in the paper will have one
compulsory question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer type questions covering the whole syllabus.
Each question will have a weightage of 16 marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all,
selecting one each from the units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.

2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30

to 40% of the total marks.

UNIT I
Electrostatics in Vacuum : Coulomb’s Law, Gauss Law, Scalar potential. Laplace and Poisson’s
equations. Electrostatic potentials, energy and energy density of the electromagnetic field.

(1.1-1.4 and 1.6 of Book 1 and 1.1-1.7 of Book 2)

Multipole Expansion : Multipole expansion of the scalar potential of a charge distribution.

Dipole moment, quadrupole moment. Multipole expansion pf the energy of a charge

distributionin an external field.
(1.5, 1.7 of Book 1 : 4.1-4.2 of Book 2 )
Magnetostatics: the differential equations of magnetostatics, Vector potential.
Magnetic field of a localized current distribution.
(3.1-3.5 of Book 1 , 5.1 – 5.7 of Book 2 )

UNIT II
Electrostatics of Dielectrics : Static fields in material media. Polarization vector macroscopic
equations. Molecular polarizability and electric susceptibility. Clasusius-Mossetti relations.
Models of Molecular Polarizability. Energy of charges in dielectric media.
(2.1-2.5 of Book 1 : 4.3, 4.5-4.7 of Book 2 )
Boundary value Problems : Uniqueness Theorem. Dirichlet and Neumann Boundary conditions,
Green’s Theorem, Formal solution of Electrostatic Boundary value problem with Green function.
Method of images with examples. Magnetostatic Boundary value problems.
(4.1-4.3 of Book 1: 1.8-1.10, 2.1-2.7, 3.12, 5.9-5.12 of Book 2)

UNIT III
Time Varying Fields and Maxwell Equations : Faraday’s Law of induction. Displacement
current. Maxwell equations. Scalar and vector potentials. Gauge transformation, Lorentz
and Coulomb gauges, General Expression for the electromagnetic fields energy,
conservation of energy, Poynting’s Theorem. Conservation of momentum.
( 5.1-5.5 of Book 1: 6.1-6.5, 6.8-6.9 of Book 2)

EM waves in various unbounded media: Wave equation, plane waves in free space and
isotropic dielectrics, polarization, energy transmitted by a plane wave, Poynting’s
theorem for a complex vector field. Waves in conducting media, skin depth, EM waves
in rare field plasma and their propagation in ionosphere.
(6.1-6.8 of Book 1; 7.1-7.5, 7.7 of book 2)

18
UNIT IV
EM waves in bounded media-Applications : Reflection and Refraction of EM waves at
plane dielectrics interface, Fresnel’s amplitude relations. Reflection and transmission
coefficients. Polarization by reflection. Brewster’s angle, Total internal reflection,
Parallel plate transmission lines, Wave guides, TE and TM waves, Rectangular wave
guides and cavity resonators. ( 7.1-7.3 of Book 1 ; 8.1-8.8 of Book 2, 9.1, 9.2 of book 4)

Radiation from Localized Time Varying Sources: Solutions of the inhomogeneous wave
equation in the absence of boundaries. Fields and Radiation of a localized oscillating
source. Electric dipole and electric quadrupole fields, centre fed linear antenna.
(8.1-8.6 of Book 1: 9.1-9.4 of Book 2)

TUTORIALS: Relevant problems given at the end of each section

in the text books. Books
1. Classical Electrodynamics : S.P. Puri, (Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi) (2 nd
edition)1997, Alpha Science International Ltd., India (2011).
2. Classical Electrodynamics : J.D. Jackson, (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) (1998).
3. Introduction to Electrodynamics: D.J. Griffiths, (Prentice Hall India, New Delhi)
(2008).
4. Electromagnetic Field Theory Fundamentals: Bhag Singh Guru and H.R.
Hiziroglu (Cambridge University Press) 2nd edition, (2004).

nd
M.Sc. 2 Semester
PHY 8024 ELECTRONICS-II

Max. Marks: 15+60=75

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week

Objectives: The Electronics II covers the logic systems : concepts of dc positive, negative systems,
logic gates in DL, RTL, DTL and TTL logic families, number systems, Karnaugh map representation
of logic functions, Multiplexers and Flip Flops, Registers , Analog to digital converters, digital to
analog converters, Semiconductor memory devices : Organizations, operations, classification and
characteristics of memories, digital display, Seven segment display, charged couple device memory
and applications , Fundamentals, types and various concepts of Microprocessors

Note:
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will have TWO questions
each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in the paper will have one compulsory
question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer type questions covering the whole syllabus. Each question
will have a weightage of 12 marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all, selecting one each
from the units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.
2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30
to 40% of the total marks.

19
UNIT I
Digital circuits : Boolean algebra, de Morgans theorem, Karnaugh maps.
Data processing circuits : Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Arithmetic building
blocks, Encoders, Decoders, Parity generators, PLA.

Digital logic families : RTL, DTL, TTL, ECL, CMOS, MOS, Tri-state logic -
switching and propagation delay, fan out and fan in, TTL-CMOS and CMOS-
TTL interfaces. (Book 1 and Book 2)

UNIT II
Sequential circuits : Flip-Flops – RS, JK, T, D; clocked, preset and clear operation, race-
around conditions in JK Flip-flops, master-slave JK flip-flops, Switch contact bounce
circuit.
Shift registers, Asynchronous and Synchronous counters (up, down, up-
down, decade), Counter design and applications.
(Book 1 and Book 2)

UNIT III
A/D Converters : Successive approximation, Counter-type, Dual slope, voltage to frequency
and voltage to time conversion techniques, accuracy and resolution. Sample-and-hold
circuit. D/A converter using resistive network, accuracy and resolution. (Book 1 and Book
2)
Semiconductor memory devices: Organizations, operations, Classification and
characteristics of memories, read only memory (ROM organization, PROM, EEPROM),
RAM (Bipolar RAM, MOS RAM), Static and Dynamic Random Access Memories,
Charged Couple Device Memory, Applications

UNIT IV
Microprocessor : Fundamentals of Microprocessors, Buffer registers, Bus
oraganised computers, SAP-I, Microprocessor (μP) 8085 Architecture, memory
interfacing, interfacing I/O devices. Instruction classification, addressing modes,
timing diagram, Data transfer, Logic and Branch operations.
Microcontroller : Overview of the 8051 family and Architecture.
(Book 4 and Book 5)
IC Fabrication: Basic ideas of integrated circuits, Epitaxial growth,
Diffusion, Masking, Etching, Fabrication of Monolithic Integrated circuits.
(Book 6)

TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given at the end of each chapter in the books listed below.

Books :

1. Digital Principles and Applications : Malvino and Leach (Tata McGraw Hill) (2010).
2. Modern Digital electronics, R. P. Jain (Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi) (2006).
3. Digital Computer Electronics : Albert P. Malvino, Jerald A Brown (Tata-McGraw Hill) 3rd ed.
4. Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications
with 8085 : R.S. Gaonkar (Prentice Hall) (2002).
5. The 8051 Microcontroller and embedded Systems by M. Ali Mazidi, J.G.
Mazidi and R.D.M. Mckinley (Pearson Education) (2009).
6. Integrated Electronics, J. Millman and C.C. Halkias (Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi)
(2008)

20
 nd
M. Sc. 2 Semester
PHY 8025 PHYSICS LABORATORY II

Max. Marks: 100

Teaching hours: 9 hrs per
week

Objectives: The aim and objective of the courses on Physics Laboratory I and Physics Laboratory II is to
expose the students of M.Sc. to the experimental techniques in general Physics, electronics, nuclear
Physics and condensed matter Physics so that they can co-relate the theoretical concepts with the
experimental ones and develop confidence to handle sophisticated equipments wherever necessary.

Note :
1. All the contents of unit 1 are compulsory. Students are expected to perform at least 10
experiments in each semester from unit 2 taking 5 from each of sections A and B. The
experiments performed in first semester cannot be repeated in second Semester.

2. The duration of the examination will be 3 hours.

Unit 1 :
Introduction to experimental techniques : Measurement techniques: Data and error
analysis, Plotting and curve fitting software, Introduction to electronic components & use of
instruments: Oscilloscope, Multimeter, Wave-form generator.
Unit 2:
Section-A
1. To study the dependence of energy transfer on the mass ratio of the colliding
bodies, using air track. OR To verify the law of conservation of linear
momentum in collision with initial momentum zero, using air track.
2. To obtain the potential energy curve due to magnet-magnet
interactions using air track apparatus.
3. To determine Planck’s constant using photocell.
4. To measure heat capacity of solid at high and low temperatures.
5. To determine dielectric constant at high frequency using Leacher Wire.
To study reflected waves in Leacher Wire for different terminating loads.
6. To determine dipole moment of an organic molecule, Acetone.
7. To study the characteristic of J-H curve using ferromagnetic standards.
8. To determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves in given liquid, using
interferometer.
9. To compressibility of a given liquid by Ultrasonic diffraction grating.
10. Measurement of vacuum using the Pirani/thermocouple gauge.
11. To study the characteristics and dead time of a GM Counter.
12. To study Poisson and Gaussian distributions using a GM Counter.
13. To study absorption of beta rays in Al and deduce end-point energy of a beta emitter.
14. Determination of dissociation limit of iodine molecule by constant deviation spectrograph
15. To study the Fresnel’s bi-prism and its applications.

21
 Section- B
1. To study temperature-dependence of conductivity of a given
semiconductor crystal using four probe method.
2. To determine the Hall coefficient for a given semi-conductor.
3. To study the characteristics of a PN junction with varying temperature and to find
the energy band gap of semiconductor. To measure the capacitance of the junction.
4. To study the series and parallel L.C.R. circuit and find its Q factor for different resistances.
5. To study solid state power supply and voltage multiplier circuits (using breadboard ).

6. Design different Clipping and Clamping circuits: positive, negative

and bias (using breadboard )
7. To study characteristics of (a) Si and Ge diodes, Zener diode and (b)
LEDs. solar cell, photodiode and phototransistor.
8. To study dependence of intensity of radiative transitions in LED as a function
of temperature and to deduce energy difference between minima of direct and
indirect conduction bands of the indirect semiconductor.
9. Hybrid parameters of a transistor and design an amplifier. Determination of k/e
ratio.
10. To study Hartley/Colpitts oscillators.
11. To verify the statement: Power dissipation in the side bands in
amplitude modulation is directly proportional to the square of the
modulation.
12. To study the various aspects of frequency modulation and demodulation.
13. To study the astable and monostable multivibrators.
14. To study logic gates and flip flop circuits.
15. To study common cathode and common anode seven segment display IC’s on a bread-board.

22
 nd
M. Sc. 2 Semester
PHYS 8026 COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS II

Max. Marks: 50
Teaching hours: 4 hrs per
week

Note : The Computational Physics paper will consist of two parts –

1. Written examination for 30% of the total marks covering Unit I and
duration one hour. Question paper will be set by the external
examiner.
2. Practical examination for 70% of the total marks and duration two
hours.

Unit I
C++ Programming Language
Functions :- Standard Library Functions and User-defined Functions.
Void Functions and Functions returning Values. Function Prototypes.
Function Call by Value and by Reference. Recursion. Idea of Function
Overloading.
Idea of Classes, Objects and Inheritance :- Classes and Objects.
Member Functions in a class. Private and Public Qualifiers and Data
Security. Constructors and Destructors. Inheritance.
Idea of Strings and Pointers.

Unit II
List of Physics Problems.
++
Note: Do at least 10 problems using C programming.
1. Study the charging and discharging of a capacitor in RC circuit with a DC source
using Eulermethod. Graphically demonstrate the variation of charge with time for two
values of time step size. Modify the program to include AC source instead of D.C.
Source.
2. Study the growth and decay of current in RL circuit containing (a) DC source and
(b) AC source using Runge Kutta method. Draw graphs between current and time in
each case. Perform power analysis in the circuit for two values of time step size for
the case.
3. Write a program to study graphically the EM oscillations in a LCR Circuit (use
Runge-Kutta method). Show the variations of (a) charge vs time, (b) current vs
time.
4. Study graphically the motion of a falling spherical body under various
effects of the medium (viscous drag, buoyancy and air drag) using Euler
method.
5. Study graphically the path of a projectile with and without air drag,
using FN method. Find the horizontal range and maximum height in either
case. Write your comments on the findings.
6. Motion of artificial satellite.

23
7. Study of motion of a one-dimensional harmonic-oscillator without and
with damping effect (use Euler method). Draw graphs showing the
relations (a) velocity vs time (b) acceleration vs time (c) position vs time.
8. Obtain the energy eigen values of a quantum oscillator using Runge-Kutta
method.
9. Study the motion of a charged particle in (a) uniform electric field (b) in uniform
magnetic field (c) in combined electric and magnetic fields (cyclotron). Draw graphs in
each case.
10. Monte-Carlo technique to simulate phenomenon of Nuclear
radioactivity. Modify your program to a case when daughter nucleus is
also unstable.
11. Study the motion of two coupled harmonic oscillators. Compare the
numerical results with analytic results.

Books

1. Numerical Mathematical Analysis, J.B. Scarborough (Oxford Book Co.) 5 th edition,

(1964).
2. A first course in Computational Physics: P.L. DeVries (Wiley) (1994).
3. Computer Applications in Physics: S. Chandra (Narosa) 2 nd edition,
(2008).
4. Computational Physics: R.C. Verma, P.K. Ahluwalia and K.C.
Sharma (New Age) 1st edition (1999).

24
 rd
M. Sc. 3 SEMESTER
rd
M. Sc. 3 Semester
PHY 8031 NUCLEAR PHYSICS I

Max. Marks: 15+60=75

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week

Objectives: The aim and objective of the course on Nuclear Physics is to

familiarize the students of M.Sc class to the basic aspects of Nuclear Physics like
wave mechanical properties of nuclei, electric and magnetic moments, nuclear
shapes, nuclear forces, basic properties of neutrons, detection, Nuclear reactions,
types of reactions, conservation laws so that they are equipped with the techniques
used in studying these things.
Note:
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will
have TWO questions each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in
the paper will have one compulsory question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer
type questions covering the whole syllabus. Each question will have a weightage
of 12 marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all, selecting one each
from the units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.

2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30 to

40% of the total marks.
UNIT I
Global nuclear properties
Systematics in nuclear masses and binding energies, Nuclear sizes, Methods to
determine nuclear radii, Nuclear electric and magnetic multipole moments,
Quantum properties of nuclear states. (Book 1, Book 2, Book 3)
Nuclear Reactions
Types of nuclear reactions, Coulomb barrier, Conversation laws, nuclear
reaction kinematics and Q-value, Laboratory and Centre of mass coordinates
and their relationship, Reaction cross section, Classical analysis of cross
section, Partial wave analysis, thick target yield (Book 1)

UNIT II
Radio Active Decays
Kinematics of alpha-decay (HYDE), naturally occurring decay chains, Range of
alpha particles (Bragg Curve), Geiger-Nuttal law, Gammow’s theory of alpha decay,
Cluster decay.
(Book 2, Book 3)
- +
Beta decays : β , β and electron capture decays, Energy relations and Q-values in
beta decays, Fermi theory of beta decay, Kurie plots, Comparative half-life,
Classification of beta transitions, selection rules for allowed and forbidden
25
transitions, violation of parity conservation, Wu-Ambler experiment, helicity of
electron and of neutrino.
Electric and magnetic multipole gamma transitions, selection rules, Internal
Conversion process, Transition rates, directional correlation in gamma emission.
(Book 3, Book 4)

UNIT III
Nuclear Forces- Two-nucleon interaction potential,
Ground state of deuteron, excited states of deuteron, magnetic dipole and electric
quadrupole moment of deuteron and tensor forces.
Neutron-proton (n-p) scattering at low energies, Scattering length, spin
dependence, Effective range theory in n-p scattering, Coherent and incoherent
scattering, tensor forces, proton-proton (p-p) scattering at low energy, comparison
of n-p and p-p scattering. (Book 1)

UNIT IV
Neutron Physics
Basic properties of neutrons, Neutron sources, Slowing down of neutrons, Energy
distribution of thermal neutrons, Neutron diffusion, detection of neutrons, time of
flight. (Book 3, Book 5)

Nuclear Fission – Types of fission, Fission cross section, Mass and energy
distribution of
fragments, Spontaneous fission, Nuclear Fission Reactors - Four factor formula,
General aspects of
reactor design, Classification of nuclear reactors.
(Book 1, Book 3, Book 5)

TUTORIALS: Relevant problems given at the end of each section in the text books.

Books:
1. Nuclear Physics : Theory and Experiment R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam (New Age
International (P) Ltd., Publishers) (2008).
2. Nuclear Physics: Experimental and Theoretical: H.S. Hans, (New Academic
Science Ltd., Second revised edition) (2010).
3. Nuclear Physics: D.C. Tayal, (Himalaya Publishing House) (2011).
4. Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics, Second Edition: K. Heyde
(Overseas Press, India) Private Ltd.) (2005).
5. Nuclear Physics: Irving Kaplan (Addison Wesley, Reading) (2002): Indian
edition from Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi (2002).

26
 rd
M. Sc. 3 Semester
PHY8032 PARTICLE PHYSICS I

Max. Marks: 15+60=75

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week

Objectives: The aim and objective of particle Physics is to familiarize with the
concepts of Fermions, bosons and other particles and their interactions with fields in
particle physics, Yukawa picture, Invariance principles and conservation laws: parity,
Charge conjugation, CPT theorem, Hadron-Hadron Interactions: Strangeness, G-
Parity, Relativistic Kinematics and Phase Space: Dalitz plots, Static Quark Model of
Hadrons : Baryon decuplet, Baryon octet, spin, colour, quark- anti quark combination,
Weak Interaction: Classification, Fermi theory, cabobbo theory, CP violation In K-
decay and its experimental determinations and develop a strong background if the
student pursue research in particle physics.

Note:
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will
have TWO questions each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in
the paper will have one compulsory question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer type
questions covering the whole syllabus. Each question will have a weightage of 12
marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all, selecting one each from
the units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.
2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30 to
40% of the total marks.

UNIT I
Introduction : Fermions and Bosons, particles and antiparticles, quarks and
leptons, interactions and fields in particles physics, classical and quantum
pictures. Yukawa Picture, types of interactions-electromagnetic, weak, strong and
gravitational, Natural unit. (Books 1-4)

UNIT II
Invariance Principles and Conservation Laws: Invariance in classical mechanics and
in quantum mechanics, parity, pion parity, Charge conjugation, Positronium decay,
Time reversal invariance, CPT
theorem.
(Books 1-4)
Hadron-Hadron Interactions: Cross section and decay rates, Pion spin, Isospin, Two
nucleon system, Pion-nucleon system, Strangeness and Isospin , G-parity, Total and
Elastics cross section, Particle Production at high energy.
(Books 1-4)

UNIT III
Relativistic Kinematics and Phase Space: Introduction to relativistic kinematics.
Dalitz K-3π decay,

27
Dalitz plots for dissimilar particles. -θ puzzle. Wave optical discussion of hadron
scattering, Breit – Wigner response formula, Example of baryon resonance-Δ++.
Mandelstem variables.
(Books 1-4)

Static Quark Model of Hadrons: The Baryon decuplet, baryon octet, meson octet,
quark spin and color, quark-antiquark combination.
(Book 1-4)

UNIT IV
Weak Interaction : Classification of weak interactions, Fermi theory, Cabibbo
theory, Parity non-conservation in ß-decay, experimental determination of parity
violation. Helicity of neutrino, CP violation in K- decay and its experimental
determination. (Books 1-4)

TUTORIALS: Relevant problems given at the end of each section in the text books.

Books:
1. Introduction to High Energy Physics : D.H. Perkins (Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge) (2001).
2. Elementary Particles: I.S. Hughes (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
(1996).
3. Introduction to Quarks and Partons : F. E. Close (Academic Press, London)
(1981).
4. Introduction to Particle Physics: M.P. Khanna (Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi)
(2004).
5. Introduction to Electrodynamics and Particle Physics: Deep Chandra Joshi (I.K.
International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi) (2006).

rd
M. Sc. 3 Semester
PHY 8033 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS-I

Max. Marks: 15+60=75

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week
Objectives:
The aim and objective of the course on Condensed Matter Physics I is to make
the students of M.Sc class familiar to the Solid structure, lattice dynamics,
elastic constants, dielectric properties, energy band theory and transport
theory so that they are prepared with the techniques used in investigating
these aspects of the matter in condensed phase.

Note :
1.The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will
have TWO questions each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in
the paper will have one compulsory question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer type
questions covering the whole syllabus. Each question will have a weightage of 12
marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all, selecting one each from the
units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.

28
3. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30 to
40% of the total marks.

UNIT I
Structure and lattice dynamics
Bragg Law, Reciprocal lattice vectors, Structure factor, Form factor [Book 1] Forces
between atom: ionic bonding, cohesive energy of ionic crystal, evaluation of
Madelung constant of NaCl structure, covalent bonding, metallic bonding, hydrogen
bonding, van der waals bonding [Book 2]
Stress components, displacement and strain components, work done by elastic
forces in a solid, reduction of no. of elastic constant due to existence of potential of
elastic forces. Elastic stiffness constant for isotropic body, elastic waves, waves in
[100] and [110] directions [Book 3]
Dynamics of the chain of identical atoms, dynamics of a diatomic linear chain,
dynamics of identical atoms in three dimensions, experimental measurements of
dispersion relations, anharmonicity and thermal expansion. [Book 2]

UNIT II
Band theory
Bloch theorem, the Kronig-Penney model, zone schemes, effective mass of electron,
nearly free electron model, tight binding approximation, OPW method, pseudo
potential method, conductors semiconductors insulators [Book 2]

UNIT III
Transport theory
Electronic transport from classical kinetic theory; Boltzmann transport equation,
electrical conductivity, calculation of relaxation time in metals, thermal conductivity of
metals and insulators, thermoelectric effects; Hall effect and magnetoresistance;
Transport in semiconductors. [Book 4]

UNIT IV
Dielectric properties
Polarization mechanisms, Dielectric function from oscillator strength, dielectric
constant and its measurements, ploarizability, the classical theory of electronic
ploarizabilty, Clausius-Mosotti relation; dipolar polarizability.
Piezo- pyro and ferroelectric properties of crystals, ferroelectricity, ferroelectric
domain, antiferroelectricity and ferrielectricity [Book 1 and Book 2]

Books
th
1. Introduction to Solid state Physics: C Kittel (7 edition, New York) (2007)
nd
2. Solid state Physics: M A Wahab (2 edition , Narosa, New Delhi) (2006)
3. Solid State Physics: Theory, Applications & Problems, S. L. Kakani and C
Hemrajajani (Sultan Chand & Sons, Delhi) (2014)
nd
4. Principles of the theory of solids: J M Ziman (2 edition, Cambridge
Univ. press) (1979)

29
 rd
M. Sc. 3 Semester
PHY 8034 CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS II

Max. Marks: 15+60 = 75

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week
Objectives:
The course of classical electrodynamics includes the postulates of special theory of
relativity, Lorentz transformations, motion of particle in various aspects of electric and
magnetic fields like constant and varying fields including non-relativistic and
relativistic motions of charge particle and magnetic mirroring. The Covariant
Formulation of Electrodynamics in Vacuum gives information of Four vectors in
Electrodynamics, covariant continuity equation, wave equation, covariance of Maxwell
equations. Electromagnetic field tensor, Energy momentum tensor of the EM fields
and the conservation laws. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of a charged particle in an EM

field. The aim of the course is to take a glimpse of radiation from accelerated charges,
Thomson scattering, Rayleigh scattering, absorption of radiation by bound electron.

Note :
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will
have TWO questions each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in
the paper will have one compulsory question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer type
questions covering the whole syllabus. Each question will have a weightage of
12marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all, selecting one each from
the units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.
2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30 to
40% of the total marks.

UNIT I
Special Theory of Relativity : Postulates of Special theory of Relativity, Interval,
Lorentz transformation as orthogonal transformation in 4-dimension,Four velocity and
Four acceleration, relativistic equation of motion: Minkowski force, Four momentum,
applications of energy momentum conservation : Disintegration of a particle, C.M.
System and reaction thresholds.
(9.1-9.6 of Book 1; 11.3-11.7, 11.9-11.10 of Book 2).

UNIT II
Charged Particle Dynamics : Non-relativistic motion in uniform constant fields:
Constant uniform electric field, Constant uniform magnetic field, Crossed uniform and
constant electric and magnetic fields. Non-relativistic motion of a charged particle in a
slowly varying magnetic field : Time varying magnetic field, Space varying magnetic
field, Gradient Drift, Curvature Drift. Adiabatic magnetic field invariance of flux
through an orbit, magnetic mirroring, Relativistic motion of a charged particle:
Constant magnetic field, Constant electric field Electromagnetic Field of a plane wave.

(10.1-10.4 of Book 1).

UNIT III
Covariant Formulation of Electrodynamics in Vacuum :Four vectors in
Electrodynamics, 4 current density, 4-potential, covariant continuity equation, wave
30
equation, covariance of Maxwell equations. Electromagnetic field tensor,
transformation of EM fields.
Invariants of the EM fields. Energy momentum tensor of the EM fields and the
conservation laws.
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of a charged particle in an EM field.
(11.1-11.4, 11.6-11.7 of Book 1; 12.1, 12.3-12.6 of Book 2).

UNIT IV
Radiation From Accelerated Charges : Lienard-Wiechert Potentials, Field of a charge
in arbitrary motion and uniform motion, Radiated power from an accelerated charge at
low velocities- Larmour-Power formula. Radiation from a charged particle with
collinear velocity and acceleration. Radiation from a charged particle in a circular
orbit, Radiation from an ultra-relativistic particle, Radiation reaction. Line-width and
level shift of an oscillator.
(12.1-12.6, 13.1 and 13.2 of Book 1; 14.1-14.5 of Book 2).
Scattering :Thomson scattering, Rayleigh scattering, absorption of radiation by
bound electron.
(14.1-14.3 of Book 1).

TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given in each chapter in the text and reference
books.

Books
1. Classical Electrodynamics : S.P. Puri, (Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi) 2nd edition
(1990).
2. Classical Electrodynamics : J.D. Jackson, (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) 3rd edition
(1998).
3. Classical Electromagnetic Radiation : J.B. Marion and M.A. Heald,

4. Introduction to Electrodynamics: D.J. Griffiths, (Prentice Hall India, New

Delhi)3rd edition
(2008).
5.Classical electrodynamics by S.P.Puri (Narosa Publication, New Delhi) (2011).

rd
M. Sc. 3 Semester
PHY 8035 QUANTUM MECHANICS II

Max. Marks: 15+60 = 75

Teaching hours: 4hrs per
week

Objectives: The aim and objective of the course on Quantum Mechanics II is to

introduce the students of M.Sc to the formal structure of the subject and to equip them
with scattering theory, Born approximation, Relativistic quantum mechanics: Klein
Gordan equation, Dirac equation, fine structure of hydrogen atom, Lamb shift, Field
Quantization, Relativistic Quantum Field Theory, the concept of Feynman diagrams
helps to study various phenomena like Compton scattering etc. so that they can use
these in various branches of Physics as per requirement.

31
Note:
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will
have TWO questions each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in
the paper will have one compulsory question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer type
questions covering the whole syllabus. Each question will have a weightage of 12
marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all, selecting one each from the
units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.
2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30 to
40% of the total marks.

UNIT I
Scattering Theory : Scattering Cross-section and scattering amplitude, partial wave
analysis, Low energy scattering, Green’s function in scattering theory, Born
approximation and its application to Yukawa potential and other simple potentials.
Electron scattering by an atom, Optical theorem, Scattering of identical particles.
(CH 5 of Book 1 and 6.1, 6.2, 6.4-6.6, 6.8-6.13, 6.19 of Book 2)

UNIT II
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics :Klein- Gordon equation, Dirac equation and its plane
wave solution , significance of negative energy solutions, spin angular momentum of
the Dirac particle, non-relativistic limit of Dirac equation. Electron in electromagnetic
fields, spin magnetic moment. spin-orbit interaction, Dirac equation fora particle in a
central field. Fine structure of hydrogen atom, Lamb shift.

[Chs 7, 8 of Book 1 , Ch10 of Book 2. Ch. 10 of Book 3 (Except Foldy Wouthuysen

Transformation and 10.2B)]

UNIT III
Field Quantization: Resume of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism of a classical
field. Second quantization: Concepts and illustrations with Schroedinger field.
Quantization of a real scalar field and its application to one meson exchange
potential. (Ch. 9 of Book 1 and 11.2, 11.3 of Book 3)

UNIT IV
Relativistic Quantum Field Theory :, Quantization of a complex scalar field. Dirac
field and e.m.
field. Commutation relations. Covariant perturbation theory. Introduction to
Feynman Diagrams.
(Ch II-12 of Book 1 : 11.4, 11.5 of Book 3: 1.5, 2.1-2.3, 3.13, 4, 4.1-4.5, 5.1,
5.2, 6.1-6.3, 7.1 of Book 4)

TUTORIALS: Relevant problems given at the end of each section in the text books.

Books :
1. Quantum Mechanics : M.P. Khanna (HarAnand, New Delhi ) (2009)
2. A text book of Quantum Mechanics, P.M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan (Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi) (2004).
32
3. Quantum Mechanics : V.K Thankappan (New Age, New Delhi) (2005).
4. Quantum Field Theory : H. Mandl and G. Shaw, (Wiley, New York) (1993) .
5. Quantum Mechanics : J.L. Powell and B. Crasemann (Narosa, New Delhi) (1998).
6. Quantum Physics: S. Gasiorowicz (Wiley India Edition, New Delhi) (2009).
7. Modern Quantum Mechanics : J.J. Sakurai (Pearson Education, India) (2009).
8. Advanced Quantum Mechanics: J.J. Sakurai (Pearson Education, India) (2009).

rd
M.Sc. 3 Semester
PHY 8036 PHYSICS LABORATORY III & INDUSTRIAL VISIT

Max. Marks : 125

Objective: The aim and objective of the courses on Physics Laboratory III and Physics
Laboratory IV is to train the students of M.Sc. class to advanced experimental
techniques in general physics, electronics, nuclear physics, particle physics and
condensed matter physics so that they can investigate various relevant aspects and
are confident to handle sophisticated equipment and analyze the data.
The aim of the Industrial visit is to expose the students to Industry and motivate them
for entrepreneurship.

PHYSICS LABORATORY III Max. Marks = 100

Teaching hours: 9 hrs per week

33
Note: Students are expected to perform at least 10 experiments in each semester
taking 5 from each of the sections A and B. The experiments performed in third
semester cannot be repeated in fourth Semester.

Section-A

1. Study of arc emission spectrum of given samples (Fe and Cu).

2. Refractive index of air using Jamin’s Interferometer.
3. To study the Michelson interferometer and its applications.
4. To study optical polarization by reflection - Determination of Brewester’s
angle.
5. To measure numerical aperture and propagation loss and bending losses
for optical fibre as function of bending angle and at various wavelengths.
6. To study the intensity profile of the diffraction pattern of single slit and
verify the uncertainty principle by using LASER.
7. To determine the gamma-ray absorption coefficient for Pb, Sn and Fe
elements and Pb-Sn alloy.
8. To study the alpha spectrum from natural sources Th and U.
9. To calibrate the given gamma-ray spectrometer and determine its energy
resolution.
10. To calibrate the given gamma-ray spectrometer and determine its energy
60
resolution using multi-channel analyzer. To determine strength of a Co
source by sum-peak method.
11. To determine range of Alpha-particles in air at different pressure and
energy loss in thin foils.
12. To determine strength of alpha particles using SSNTD.
13. To study p p interaction and find the cross-section of a reaction using a
bubble chamber.
14. To study n p interaction and find the cross-section using a bubble
chamber.
+
15. To study K - d interaction and find its multiplicity and moments using a
bubble chamber.
16. To determine the g-factor of free electron using ESR.
17. To study thermoluminescence of trapping-centres produced by UV in doped
CuS.
18. To measure dielectric constant of barium titanate as function of
temperature and frequency and hence study its phase transition.

19. Determination of velocity of light using modulated Laser method.

Section-B

20. To design and assemble an Integrated circuit regulated power supply with
output of both polarities and a current regulator.
21. To design and study a constant current source.
22. To study of the Switched-mode power supply.
23. To study FET/MOSFET characteristics, biasing and its applications as an
amplifier.

34
 24. To measure characteristic parameters of an OPAMP and use of operational
amplifier for different mathematical operations.
25. To design a rectangular/triangular waveform generator using Comparators
and IC8038.
26. To design (i) Low pass filter (ii) High pass filter (iii) All-pass filter using 741
OPAMP.
27. To design (i) Band pass filter (ii) Band-reject filter using 741 OPAMP.
28. To configure various shift registers and digital counters.
29. Use of timer IC 555 in astable and monostable modes and applications
involving relays and LDR.
30. (i) Study of the characteristics of klystron tube and to determine its
electronic tuning range;
(ii) To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient; (iii) To
determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working
on TE10 mode; (iv) To study the square law behaviour of a microwave crystal
detector.
31. Experiments with microwave (Gunn diode): Young's double slit experiment,
Michelson interferometer, Febry-Perot interferometer, Brewester angle,
Bragg's law, refractive index of a prism.
32. Analog to digital and Digital and analog measurements based
experiments (Phoenix Kit, IUAC, New Delhi).
33. Microprocessor kit: (a) hardware familiarization (b) programming for (i)
addition and subtraction of numbers using direct and indirect addressing
modes (ii) Handling of 16 bit numbers (iii) use of CALL and RETURN
instructions and block data handling.
34. Use of Digital storage oscilloscope Two Applications for (a) plotting v-i
characteristics; and
(b) measuring speed of e.m. waves in coaxial cables.
35. Frequency modulation using Varactor/Reactance modulator and Frequency
demodulation using Quadrature detector/Phased Locked Loop detector.

INDUSTRIAL VISIT Max. Marks = 25

A group of two students is expected to visit an industry of his interest and they will
make the industrial visit of their own. The visit can also be done by a single student.
A teacher of the department will be assigned as mentor to discuss various aspects
of visit. A report of about 20-30 pages about the industrial visit (typed on both the
sides of the paper and properly bound) will be submitted independently by each of
the students to the mentor. Each group will make presentations in the class on a fix
date announced by the Physics department. Assessment (Max. Marks = 15) of the
visit will be carried out by a committee involving all mentors on the basis of efforts
put in and the suggestions given for better working of the Industry. External
examiner will also evaluate (Max. Marks =
10) the students for their Industrial visit.

35
 th
M. Sc. 4 SEMESTER
th
M. Sc. 4 SEMESTER
PHY 8041 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN PHYSICS

Max. Marks: 20+80 = 100

Teaching hours: 4 hrs per
week

Objectives: The aim and objective of the course on Experimental Techniques in

Nuclear, Particle and Condensed Matter Physics is to expose the students of
M.Sc. class to theoretical aspects of different equipment and methods used in
the fields of Nuclear and Particle Physics.

Note:
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-
IV will have TWO questions each from the corresponding unit of the
syllabus. Unit V in the paper will have one compulsory question consisting
of short answer type questions covering the whole syllabus. The
compulsory question will not have any choice. Each question will have a
weightage of 16 marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all,
selecting one each from the units I to IV and the compulsory question from
unit V.
2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30
to 40 % of the total marks.

UNIT I
Interaction of gamma-rays, electrons, heavy charged particles, neutrons, neutrinos
and other particles with matter.
Radiation detectors - energy resolution, detection efficiency and dead time. Statistics
and treatment of experimental data, precision and accuracy, error analysis,
propagation of errors, Statistical treatment of experimental data. Least squares fitting
of linear and nonlinear functions, chi-square test, Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian
distributions.

UNIT II
Gas-filled detectors, Proportional counters, space charge effects, position-sensitive
proportional counters.
Organic and inorganic scintillators and their characteristics, light collection and
coupling to photomultiplier tubes and photodiodes, description of electron and
gamma ray spectra from scintillation detector, Cherenkov detector.
Semiconductor detectors in X- and gamma-ray spectroscopy, Charge production
and collection processes, Pulse height spectrum,
Detection of fast and slow neutrons - nuclear reactions for neutron detection.
General Background and detector shielding. Beta ray spectrometer.

36
UNIT III
Electronics associated with detectors : Pulse height analysis - Electronics for pulse
signal processing, Pulse shaping, pole-zero cancellation, preamplifiers (voltage and
charge-sensitive configurations), Linear amplifiers, Single-channel analyser,
multichannel analyzer.
Basic considerations in time measurements, Walk and jitter, Time pickoff
methods, Gamma-gamma coincidence set up.
Electronics and experimental methods: Classification of Transducers - temperature,
pressure, magnetic field, vibrational, optical - LVDT, strain gauge, piezoelectric, Hall
effect type, magneto-restrictive, electromechanical, capacitive, Lock-in-detector, Box
car integrator.

UNIT IV
Preparation of Thin films – (Brief account) Physiochemical method, Laser ablation,
evaporation, sputtering, beam epitaxial Characterization techniques, XRD, TEM,
SEM, AFM, STM, DSC, measurement of specific and thermal conductivity

Books:
1. Radiation Detection and Measurement: G.F. Knoll (Wiley, New York) (2000).
2. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments: W.R. Leo (Springer)
(1994).
3. Transducers and Instrumentation: DVS Murty (Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi)
(2004)
4. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques: A.D. Helfrick
and William D. Cooper (Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi) (1990).

th
M. Sc. 4 SEMESTER
PHY 8042 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

Max. Marks: 15+60 = 75

Teaching hours: 4 hrs per
week

Objectives: The aim and objective of the course on Atomic and Molecular Physics is to
expose the students of M.Sc. class to theoretical aspects of hydrogen and alkali
spectra, coupling schemes, atoms in magnetic fields, line broadening mechanisms,
lasers and Molecular Physics, Microwave and Infrared spectroscopy, Raman and
Electronic spectroscopy, and electron spectra, and related analytical techniques.

Note:
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will
have TWO questions each from the corresponding unit of the syllabus. Unit V in the
paper will have one compulsory question consisting of short answer type questions
covering the whole syllabus. The compulsory question will not have any choice.
Each question will have a weightage of 12 marks. The candidates will attempt five
questions in all, selecting one each from the units I to IV and the compulsory
question from unit V.

37
2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30 to 40
% of the total marks.

UNIT I
Vector model for one and two valance electron atoms; Spin-orbit interaction and fine
structure of hydrogen, Lamb shift, Spectroscopic notations for L-S and J-J
couplings; Spectra of alkali and alkaline earth metals; Interaction energy in L-S and
J-J coupling for two electron systems; Selection and Intensity rules for doublets and
triplets. Exchange symmetry of atomic wavefunctions and Pauli’s principle.

UNIT II
Natural breadth of spectral line, Line broadening mechanisms, The Zeeman Effect for
two electron systems; Intensity rules for the Zeeman effect; The calculations of
Zeeman patterns; Paschen-Back effect; LS coupling and Paschen-Back effect;
Lande's factor in LS coupling; Stark effect.
Lasers: Temporal and spatial coherence, Spontaneous and stimulated emission, rate
equation, Mode of resonator and coherence length, He-Ne laser, Nitrogen laser,
CO2 laser, Ruby laser.

UNIT III
Molecular spectra, symmetric structures, Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules
as a rigid and non-rigid rotator, Intensity of rotational lines, Effect of isotopic
substitution, Vibrating diatomic molecule as a simple harmonic and an anharmonic
oscillator, Diatomic vibrating rotator, The vibration-rotation spectrum of carbon
monoxide, The interaction of rotation and vibrations.
Rotational Raman spectra for diatomic molecules, Vibrational Raman spectra,
Electronic structure of diatomic molecule, Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules,

Frank-Condon principle. Born-Oppenheimer approximation, Rotational and

Vibrational structures in electronic transitions of diatomic molecules, selection
rules.

UNIT IV
Analytical techniques : (Brief account) Atomic Absorption and emission
Spectrometers, UV-Vis Spectrometer, Outline of technique and instrumentation,
Fourier transform spectroscopy and
FTIR Spectrometer, Raman Spectrometer, Electron spin resonance, Nuclear
magnetic resonance. Inner-shell ionization and vacancy decay mechanisms,
Radiative and Auger transitions, Mosley’s law, Selection rules, X-ray spectra, X-
ray fluorescence spectrometer.

Books:
1. Introduction to Atomic Spectra: H.E. White-Auckland Mc Graw Hill, 1934.
2. Atomic and Molecular Spectra: Rajkumar (Kedarnath Ramnath Prakashan,
Meerut).
3. Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis: James W. Robinson (Marcel Dekker, New
York) (1970).
4. Fundamentals of Molecular spectroscopy: Banwell and McCash (Tata McGraw
Hill) (1994).
5. Molecular Structure and Molecular Spectroscopy G. Aruldhas (PHI Learning)
(2009)
38
6. Lasers and Non-linear Optics: B.B. Laud. (Wiley Eastern) (1991).
7. Spectra of diatomic molecules vol. I: Herzberg-New York, 1944.
th
M. Sc. 4 SEMESTER

PHY 8043 PHYSICS LABORATORY IV & PROJECT WORK

Max. Marks : 125

Objective: The aim and objective of the courses on Physics Laboratory III and Physics
Laboratory IV is to train the students of M.Sc. class to advanced experimental
techniques in general physics, electronics, nuclear physics, particle physics and
condensed matter physics so that they can investigate various relevant aspects and
are confident to handle sophisticated equipment and analyze the data.
th
The aim of project work in M.Sc.( H.S.) 4 semesters is to expose the students to the
preliminaries and methodology of research and as such it may consist of review of
some research papers, development of a laboratory experiment, fabrication of a
device, working out some problem, participation in some ongoing research activity,
analysis of data, etc.

PHYSICS LABORATORY IV Max. Marks = 100

Teaching hours: 9 hrs per
week

39
Note: Students are expected to perform at least 10 experiments in each semester
taking 5 from each of the sections A and B. The experiments performed in third
semester cannot be repeated in fourth Semester.
Section-A

1. Study of arc emission spectrum of given samples (Fe and Cu).

2. Refractive index of air using Jamin’s Interferometer.
3. To study the Michelson interferometer and its applications.
4. To study optical polarization by reflection - Determination of Brewester’s
angle.
5. To measure numerical aperture and propagation loss and bending losses
for optical fibre as function of bending angle and at various wavelengths.
6. To study the intensity profile of the diffraction pattern of single slit and
verify the uncertainty principle by using LASER.
7. To determine the gamma-ray absorption coefficient for Pb, Sn and Fe
elements and Pb-Sn alloy.
8. To study the alpha spectrum from natural sources Th and U.
9. To calibrate the given gamma-ray spectrometer and determine its energy
resolution.
10. To calibrate the given gamma-ray spectrometer and determine its energy
60
resolution using multi-channel analyzer. To determine strength of a Co
source by sum-peak method.
11. To determine range of Alpha-particles in air at different pressure and
energy loss in thin foils.
12. To determine strength of alpha particles using SSNTD.
13. To study p-p interaction and find the cross-section of a reaction using a
bubble chamber.
14. To study n-p interaction and find the cross-section using a bubble
chamber.
15. To study k-d interaction and find its multiplicity and moments using a
bubble chamber.
16. To determine the g-factor of free electron using ESR.
17. To study thermoluminescence of trapping-centres produced by UV in doped
CuS.
18. To measure dielectric constant of barium titanate as function of
temperature and frequency and hence study its phase transition.
19. Determination of velocity of light using modulated Laser method.

Section-B

20. To design and assemble an Integrated circuit regulated power supply with
output of both polarities and a current regulator.
21. To design and study a constant current source.
22. To study of the Switched-mode power supply.
23. To study FET/MOSFET characteristics, biasing and its applications as an
amplifier.
24. To measure characteristic parameters of an OPAMP and use of operational
amplifier for different mathematical operations.

40
 25. To design a rectangular/triangular waveform generator using Comparators
and IC8038.
26. To design (i) Low pass filter (ii) High pass filter (iii) All-pass filter using 741
OPAMP.
27. To design (i) Band pass filter (ii) Band-reject filter using 741 OPAMP.
28. To configure various shift registers and digital counters.
29. Use of timer IC 555 in astable and monostable modes and applications
involving relays and LDR.
30. (i) Study of the characteristics of klystron tube and to determine its
electronic tuning range;
(ii) To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient; (iii) To
determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working
on TE10 mode; (iv) To study the square law behaviour of a microwave crystal
detector.
31. Experiments with microwave (Gunn diode): Young's double slit experiment,
Michelsoninterferometer, Febry-Perot interferometer, Brewester angle,
Bragg's law, refractive index of a prism.
32. Analog to digital and Digital and analog measurements based
experiments (Phoenix Kit, IUAC, New Delhi).
33. Microprocessor kit: (a) hardware familiarization (b) programming for (i)
addition and subtraction of numbers using direct and indirect addressing
modes (ii) Handling of 16 bit numbers (iii) use of CALL and RETURN
instructions and block data handling.
34. Use of Digital storage oscilloscope Two Applications for (a) plotting v-i
characteristics; and
(b) measuring speed of e.m. waves in coaxial cables.
35. Frequency modulation using Varactor/Reactance modulator and Frequency
demodulation using Quadrature detector/Phased Locked Loop detector.

PROJECT WORK Max. Marks : 25

A single student or a group of two students will be supervised by a mentor for the
rd
project work before the end of the 3 semester. The project work may consist of
review of some research papers, development of a laboratory experiment,
fabrication of a device, working out some problem, participation in some ongoing
research activity, analysis of data, etc. A report of about 20-30 pages about the
project work (typed on both the sides of the paper and properly bound) will be
submitted independently by each of the students to the mentor. Each group will
make presentations in the class on a fix date announced by the Physics department.
Assessment (Max. Marks = 15) of the project work will be carried out by a committee
involving all mentors. External examiner will also evaluate (Max. Marks = 10) the
students for their Industrial visit.

41
 th
M. Sc. 4 SEMESTER
PHY 8044 NUCLEAR PHYSICS II

Max.Marks:20+80=100
Teaching hours: 4 hrs per
week
Objectives:
The aim and objectives of the course on Nuclear Physics-II is to expose the students
of M.Sc. class to the relatively advanced topics in nuclear models and nuclear
reactions so that they understand the details of the underlying aspects and it can
prepare them to use all these techniques if they decide to become a nuclear physicists
in their career.

Note:
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will
have TWO questions each from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Unit V in
the paper will have one compulsory question consisting of 5 to 8 short answer type
questions covering the whole syllabus. Each question will have a weightage of 16
marks. The candidates will attempt five questions in all, selecting one each from the
units I to IV and the compulsory question from unit V.
2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30 to 40%
of the total marks.

UNIT I
Nuclear Shell Model: Coupling of angular momentum - C.G. Coefficients and
Racah Coefficients. Evidence for nuclear shell structure, Extreme single particle
model with square-well and harmonic oscillator potentials, spin-orbit potential,
Shell model predictions.
Single-particle model, total spin for various configurations, Nuclear isomerism,
Magnetic moment-Schmidt lines, electric quadrupole moment,
Configuration mixing, Independent particle model, L-S coupling and jj
coupling schemes. (Book 1, Book 2 and Book 4)
UNIT II
Collective Model of Nucleus: Rotation - D Matrices, Parameterization of nuclear
surface, Collective surface oscillations, Derivation of the collective hamiltonian,
transformation to body-fixed frame. (Book 2)
Collective modes of motion, Nuclear vibrations, β and γ vibrations in spheroidal
nucleus and associated energy spectra, Iso-scalar vibrations, Giant resonances.
(Book 3)

Brief overview supported by examples - Deformed rotational nuclei, rotational

energy spectra for even-even nuclei and odd-A nuclei, decoupling parameter,
Electric quadrupole moment and magnetic dipole
moment, E2 and M1 transition probabilities, Energy spectrum with coupling of
vibration and rotational motion.
(Book1, Book 2)

42
UNIT III
Nuclear reactions, Resonance: Breit-Wigner Dispersion Formula, Compound
Nucleus, cross section for formation of compound nucleus, Statistical theory of
nuclear reactions. Optical model for nuclear reactions at low energies, comparison
with experiments.
Direct Reactions - Kinematics of stripping and pick-up reactions, theory of stripping
and pick-up reactions.
(Book 1)

UNIT IV
Harmonic anisotropic oscillator, Nilsson model. (Book 1)
Rotational motion at very high spins, Population of high spin states, Cranking shell
model, Signature quantum number, Backbending phenomenon, Kinematics and
dynamic moment of inertia. (Book 3 and Book 5)
Brief reviews - Nuclear Physics at extremes of stability, nuclear halos, proton rich
nuclei, Radioactive ion beams, Production of superheavy nuclei (Book 3)

TUTORIALS: Relevant problems given at the end of each section in the text books.

Books:
1. Nuclear Physics: R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam, (New Age, New Delhi) (2009).
2. Theory of Nuclear Structure: M. K. Pal, (East-west Press, New Delhi) (1992).
3. Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics: K. Heyde, (Overseas Press India)
(2005).
4. Elementary theory of Angular momentum: M.E. Rose (Dover edition) (1995).
5. Nuclear Physics: Experimental and Theoretical: H. S. Hans, (New
Academic Science Ltd., Second Revised edition) (2010).

M. Sc. 4th
SEMESTER PHY PARTICLE PHYSICS II 8045

Max. Marks: 20+80 =100

Teaching hours: 4 hrs per
week

Objectives: The aim and objective of the course on Particle Physics II is to expose the
students of M.Sc. class to the relatively advanced topics like internal symmetries and
quark model, details of different types of fundamental interactions and unification
schemes so that they understand these aspects properly and are well equipped to
pursue a career in high energy physics.
Note :
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will
have TWO questions each from the corresponding unit of the syllabus. Unit V in the
paper will have one compulsory question consisting of short answer type
43
 questions covering the whole syllabus. The compulsory question will not have any
choice. Each question will have a weightage of 16 marks. The candidates will
attempt five questions in all, selecting one each from the units I to IV and the
compulsory question from unit V.
2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30 to 40
% of the total marks.

UNIT I
Internal Symmetries: Introduction to Symmetries Discrete symmetries. Continuous
Symmetries. Permutation Symmetry. Example. Young’s Tables and their relation to
group theory. Symmetry groups O(3), SU(2), SU(3) and SU(6). Applications of
symmetry groups to hadron spectroscopy: meson mixing, mass formulae.

UNIT II
Quark Model : Introduction to constituent quark model, Quantum number of quarks &
valence quark contents of hardrons, simple applications to hadron phenomenology,
e.g., unitary spin & spin hadron wave function of baryons and mesons.

Electromagnetic Interactions : Low energy e-p scattering and form factors.

Electromagnetic form factors of nucleons. Deep inelastic structure functions and
introduction to parton model. Gauge invariance local, Global Transformations and
charge conservation. Noether’s Theorem.

UNIT III
Weak Interactions :Introduction to four fermion Fermi theory. Fermi transitions.
Gamow Teller transitions. Development of V-A theory. Weak neutral current and GIM
model. Neutrino-nucleon
scattering. Introduction to cc and bb system.
Strong Interactions : Introduction to gauge field theories, including Non-
Abelian gauge field (motivation, construction and consequences of Yang-Mills
theory). Elements of QCD.

UNIT IV
Unification Schemes : Spontaneous symmetry breaking, Introduction to
Glashow-Weinberg-Salam model, Standard model-introduction and
Lagrangian. Higgs boson. .

TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given at the end of each chapter in the books
listed below.

Books
1. An Introduction to Elementary Particles : D.H. Perkins (Addison Wesley, Reading)
4th edition (2001).
2. Introduction to Quarks and Partons : F.E. Close (Academic Press, London) (1981).
3. Introduction to Particle Physics : M.P. Khanna (Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi)
3rd edition (2004).
4. Gauge Theories of Weak, Strong and Electromagnetic Interactions: C Quigg
(Gorden & Breach, New York) (1994).
5. Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics : T.P Cheng and L.F. Li (Oxford
University Press, Oxford) (1982).

44
6. Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics and Particle Physics: D.C. Joshi (I.K.
International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi) (2006).
7. Elementary Particles: I.S. Hughes (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) 3rd
edition (1996).

45
 th
M. Sc. 4 SEMESTER
PHY 8046 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS II

Max. Marks: 20+80=100

Teaching hours: 4 hrs per
week
Objectives:
The aim and objective of the course on Condensed Matter Physics II is to expose the
M.Sc. students with relatively advanced topics like optical properties, magnetism,
superconductivity and disordered solids so that they are confident to use the relevant
techniques in their later career.

Note :
1. The question paper for the final examination will consist of five units. Unit I-IV will
have TWO questions each from the corresponding unit of the syllabus. Unit V in the
paper will have one compulsory question consisting of short answer type questions
covering the whole syllabus. The compulsory question will not have any choice.
Each question will have a weightage of 16 marks. The candidates will attempt five
questions in all, selecting one each from the units I to IV and the compulsory
question from unit V.
2. The question paper is expected to contain problems with a weightage of 30 to 40
% of the total marks.

UNIT I
Optical properties : Propagation of light in isotropic solids, propagation of light in
conducting media, absorption processes, photo conductivity, luminescence.
Piezoeletricity and ferroeletricity. [Book 1]

UNIT II
Magnetism : Dia- and para-magnetism in materials, Pauli paramagnetism,
Ferromagnetism, Heisenberg Hamiltonian and
resume of the results; Antiferomagnestim, Ferrimagnetism, ferrites,
spin waves, specific heat - Bloch law, Magnons. [Book 1]

UNIT III
Superconductivity: Source of superconductivity, response of magnetic field, the
Meissner effect, Type I and Type II superconductors; thermodynamics of
superconducting transitions, origin of energy gap, iosotope effect, London
equatios, London penetration depth, coherence length, elements of BCS theory,
flux quantization, normal tunneling and Josephson effect, high Tc
superconductors. [Book 2 and Book 4]

UNIT IV
Defects and disorders: Point Imperfections, concentration of point imperfections,
line imperfections, Burgers vector and circuit, presence of dislocation, dislocation
motion, energy of a dislocation, slip planes and slip directions, surface
imperfections. [Book 2]

Types of liquid crystals, classification, calamitic thermotropic liquid crystals,

lyotropic liquid crystals, mesogenic materials [Book 3 and Book 4]

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TUTORIALS : Relevant problems given at the end of each chapter in the books
listed below.

Books
nd
1. Solid State Physics: S. L. Kakani and C Hemrajajani (2 edition,
Sultan Chand and Sons, Delhi.
nd
2. Solid State Physics: M A Wahab (2
edition, Narosa, New Delhi).
3. Liquid Crystals Fundamentals: Shri Singh (World Scientific Publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd.) (2002).
4. Solid State Physics : H. Ibach and H. Luth (4th edition, Springer, Berlin)
2010.
th
5. Introduction to Solid State Physics : C. Kittel (7 edition Wiley, New
York) (2008).
6. Quantum Theory of Solids : C. Kittel (2nd edition, Wiley, New York)
(1987).
7. Principles of the Theory of Solids : J. Ziman (2nd edition,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) (1972).

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