Question # 01

Construction Works should begin ?

A. One week before the official permission from the local authority.
B. After the official permission from local authority.
C. One day before the official permission from local authority.

Question # 02
What is the type of bond guarantees that if contractor goes
broke on a project, the surety will pay the necessary amount to
complete the job ?
A. Bed Bond.
B. Performance Bond.
C. Acceptance Bond
D. Payment Bond

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Question # 03
When a T-Beam span over several supports continuously then
the beam at mid span should be designed as ?
A. Simply Supported.
B. Flanged Section.
C. Rectangular Section
D. Pre stressed Beam

Question # 04
Sand drains are used to ?
A. Help in Compacting of Sand Layers.
B. Increase Bearing Capacity of Dry Backfills.
C. Enhance the Permeability of Rock Masses
D. Accelerate the Consolidation Process Decreasing in Soil Volume

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Question # 05
A formal CPM analysis for a project shows the planned costs to
date are $ 85,000 and accounting reports charges are $ 85,000
for work value of $ 70,000, the cost and schedule status for the
project are most nearly as?
A. ahead of schedule and over budget.
B. ahead of schedule and under budget.
C. behind schedule and over budget.
D. behind schedule and under budget
Question # 06

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Question # 07
Consider the following statements
Entrainment of air in concrete is done so as to ?
1. Increase the workability.
2. Increase the strength.
3. Increase the resistance to freezing and thawing.
Which of the above statements is / are correct – select one :-
A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 1 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 3 only

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Question # 08
The advantage of a Design and Build contractual arrangement is
(are) ?
A. Reduce project time.
B. Non adversary relationship among participants.
C. Known project cost before construction.
D. All of the above

Question # 09

The main activity in project scope definition is to :

A. Set up the meeting on the project.
B.Analyze the current budget plan.
C.Meet with team members.
D.Select team members.
E. Define the work breakdown structure

5
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Question # 10

Question # 11
If D is the duration, ES and EF are the earliest start and finish, LS
and LF are latest start and latest finish time, then the following
relation holds good
A. EF = ES + D
B. LS = LF – D
C. LF = LS + D
D. D = EF – ES
E. All Above 6
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Question # 12
The goals of a quality management system ?
A. The ability of the product and services to meet customer expectations
can be
understood and evaluated on a continual basis
B. The effectiveness of systematic action can be measured on a regular
basis.
C. The quality of the products or services related to customer needs can
be continuously improved.
D. All the above
Question # 13
Contractor’s claims either extra cost or extra time should be
notice within :-
A. 45 days
B. 21 days
C. 14 days
D. 28 days
7
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Question # 14

What are the main reasons for conducting pull-out tests for
soil nails?
A. To check if there is any slippage or creep occurrence.
B. To check compaction of the soil
C. To measure bearing capacity of the soil
D. All in the above

Question # 15
Increased water – cement ratio {W/C} in concrete mix :-
A. Results in decrease strength
B. Reduce workability
C. Decrease hydration
D. Reduce the slump value

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Question # 16
Load path is one of the key considerations in structural design, and it is
about how to bring the load acting on the building
A. to the building façade.
B. to the ground / foundation.
C. to the columns.
D. to the beams
Question # 17

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Question # 18

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Question # 19

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Question # 20
A tower crane with a 7000 Ib Counterweigh {A} is used to pick up {Load} with 15 ft.
boom extension as shown. The boom have weight of 1000 Ib {CG} shown in the figure.
The tower weigh is 3000Ib and the footing {6ft x 6 ft}weighs is 20,000 Ib. The
maximum load that the crane can lift without overturning is most near :

A. 7.50 kips
B. 10.75 kips
C. 13.25 kips
D. 11.00 kips

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Question # 21
A precast wall panel 20 ft. long (perpendicular to drawing plane) x 14 ft. high x 4 Inches
thick is being tilted into position using single horizontal cable connected to the top of
the panel as shown in the figure below. The unit weight of the wall is 80 ib/ft³. At the
position showing the tension in the cable (Kips) is most nearly :-

A. 2.2
B. 3.6
C. 5.5
D. 4.8

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Question # 22
The maximum moment in the beam is
A. 4200 N m
B. 5600 N m
C. 6400 N m
D. 6800 N m

Question # 23
A. 5 KN
B. 3 KN
C. 7 KN
D. 4 KN

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Question # 24

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Question # 25

Question # 26

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Question # 27

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 Hands Up !!!!

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 Question # Correct Answer
1 B
2 D
3 B
4 D
5 C
6 A
7 C
Answers 8
9
D
E
10 B
11 E
12 D
13 D
14 A
15 B
16 B
17 C
18 D
19 D
20 D
21 A
22 B
23 A
24 A
25 D
26 C
27 D
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 Exam # 02 (60 Minutes)

Pass Criteria 25/27

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 3
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Question # 01
Question 01.1 –
What are the internal forces in section {1-1}
{axial, shear & moment} if the section is 2
m form the free end ?
A. 10, 10 & 20
B. 10, zero & 20
C. zero, 10 & 20
D. zero, zero & 20

Question 02.2 –
What are the internal forces in section {2-2}
{axial, shear & moment} if the section is 2
m form the free end ?
A. zero, zero & 20
B. zero, 10 & 20
C. 10, zero & 20
D. 10, 10 & 20
4
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 Question 01.3–
What are the internal forces in section {3-3}
{axial, shear & moment} if the section is 2
m form point {C} ?
A. 10, zero & 40
B. zero, 10 & 40
C. 10, 10 & 40
D. zero, zero & 40

Question 01.4 –
What are the internal forces in section {4-4}
{axial, shear & moment} if the section is 2
m form the fixed end ?
A. zero, zero & 80
B. 20, 20 & 80
C. 20, zero & 80
D. zero, 20 & 80
5
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 Question 01.5 –
What is the maximum design wind load which
keep the structure stable ?
A. 2.25 t/m
B. 1.65 t/m
C. 1.90 t/m
D. 5.35 t/m

6
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Question # 02
In the beam loaded as shown what is
location of which zero shear force is
located ?
A. 10 ft from left support
B. 14 ft from left support
C. 17.5 from left support
D. 15 ft from left support

Question # 03
What is the maximum moment in the
shown loaded beam.
A. 239 kips ft
B. 325 kips ft
C. 288 kips ft
D. 128 kips ft

7
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Question # 04
The frame shown in the figure have a
rigid support at {A} and hinged support at
{D} What is the most nearly reaction at
support {D} :
A. 20 kips
B. 32 kips
C. 40 kips
D. 36 kips
Question # 05
In the frame shown in the figure what is
the moment at {C} if it {C} is in the
middle of {BD} :
A. - 160 KN m
B. - 40 KN m
C. +160 KN m
D. + 40 KN m

8
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Question # 06
What are the internal forces {axial, shear
& moment} the section {1-1}
A. zero, 1.66, 4.98
B. 1.66, zero & 6.68
C. zero, 1.66 & 6.68
D. zero, zero & 4.98

Question # 07
What is the force in member
{AB} ?
A. +188.87 kips
B. - 166.67 kips
C. + 166.67 kips
D. - 188.87 kips

9
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Question # 08
Determine all the forces in all
members for the truss shown
in the figure ?

Question # 09
Determine all the forces in all
members for the truss shown
in the figure ?

10
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Question # 10
Determine all the forces in all
members for the truss shown
in the figure ?

Question # 11
Determine all the forces in
all members for the truss
shown in the figure ?

Answers 11
11
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Question # 12
Determine all the forces in
all members for the truss
shown in the figure ?

Answers # 12
Question # 13
Determine all the forces in
all members for the truss
shown in the figure ?

Answers # 13

12
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Question # 14

Answers # 14
13
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Question # 15

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Question # 16

Question # 17
While working in final stages of a job, You noticed that a small clause in the
contract has been violated accidently, What should you do ?
A. Tell the client about the discrepancy and ask him/her/them what to do ?
B. Look for a loophole in the contract that would enable you to avoid re-doing the work.
C. Don’t worry about it, Let your boss or the client worry about it later, If it’s important…
they will address the subject.
D. Fire the person who caused the contract.
15
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Question # 18
Value engineering can be described as ___________________
A. Reducing cost by reducing quality
B. Getting the best value for the least cost
C. Reducing scope to achieve budget
D. Reorganizing the project team to achieve the greatest efficiency
Question # 19
The intersection of WBS and OBS is the _______
A. Responsibility matrix
B. Functional matrix
C. Cost account
D. Sub-deliverable
E. Project overlap
Question # 20
The lowest element in hierarchical breakdown of WBS is_______
A. A deliverable
B. A work package
C. A cost account
D. A lowest sub-deliverable
E. An object
F. None of above
16
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Question # 21
Use AOA method and define the total project duration :-
A. 9 Days
B. 8 Days
C. 10 Days
D. 11 Days

17
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Question # 22
Using the PDM what is total float for activity {D}
A. 2 Days
B. 3 Days
C. 4 Days
D. 5 Days

18
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Question # 23
Use AOA method and define the total project duration :-
A. 11 Days
B. 12 Days
C. 13 Days
D. 14 Days

19
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Question # 24
The Work Breakdown Structure can BEST be thought of as an
effective aid for __________ communications.
A. Team
B. Project manager
C. Customer
D. Stakeholder

Question # 25
During project executing, a team member comes to project
manager because he is not sure of what work needs to be
accomplished on the project. Which of the following documents
contains the detailed description of work packages?
A. WBS dictionary.
B. Activity list.
C. Schedule baseline.
D. Scope definitions.
20
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Question # 26
A detailed project schedule can be created only after creating
the:
A. Project budget.
B. Work breakdown structure.
C. Scope baseline
D. Detailed risk assessment.

Question # 27
You are a civil engineer who has never managed a work package
in project before. It would be BEST in this situation to rely on
_____ during planning in order to improve your chance of
success.
A) Your intuition and training
B) Stakeholder analysis
C) Historical information
D) Configuration management
21
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 Hands Up !!!!

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 Question # Correct Answer
1 As Shown in the Class
2 D
3 C
4 A
Answers 5 B
6 C
7 B
8 will solve in the Class
9 will solve in the Class
10 will solve in the Class
11 Given
12 Given
13 Given
14 Given
15 will solve in the Class
16 D
17 A { Will Discuss Again}
18 C
19 A
20 B
21 D
22 C
23 D
24 D
25 A
26 C
27 C
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Project Management Fondations
Introduction, Lifecycle & Organization
Dr. Akram Saad
PhD,MBA,PMP,CCP,MRICS

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Introduction, Lifecycle & Organization
Course Syllabus:
Segment
One
Introduction to Project Management

Segment
Two
Project Management Lifecycle

Segment
Three Project Organization & Key Roles

Quiz Review What You’ve Learned!

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Segment Introduction to
One Project Management

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 What is a Project?

• Definition:
• “A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to
create a unique product, service or result.”

• The temporary nature of a project means that it

has a definite beginning and ending
• Efforts that have no defined end date or definition of
“done” are not projects, they are on-going operations!

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 More About Projects…

• Every project creates a unique product,

service or result
• Projects end in only one of two ways:
1. The project’s objectives have been reached
2. The project is terminated because its objectives
will not or cannot be met, or when the need for
the project no longer exists.

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 How Are Projects Organized?

• Individual Project:
• A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique
product, service or result
• Program:
– A collection of projects, sub-programs or other work
that are managed in a coordinated fashion in support
of a portfolio
• Portfolio:
– A collection of projects, programs, sub-portfolios and
operations managed as a group to achieve strategic
benefits

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 What is Project Management?

• Definition:
• “The application of knowledge, skills, tools and
techniques to project activities in order to meet
the defined project requirements.”

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 What is Project Management?

• The Project Management Process:

- OR -

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 How is a Project Managed?

• Documenting the definition of “done”

• Identifying requirements needed to get to “done”
• Addressing the various needs, concerns and
expectations of the stakeholders in planning and
executing
• Setting up, maintaining and carrying out
communications among stakeholders
• Managing stakeholders towards meeting project
requirements and creating project deliverables
© Think For A Change, LLC.
 Balancing Competing Project
Constraints

• Scope
• Quality
• Schedule
• Budget
• Resources Changing any one factor will also change at
least one other factor…
• Risks/Issues
For example, shortening the Schedule will
likely increase cost or reduce scope/quality

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 Project Management and Strategy

• Strategic plans are often drafted by organizations to respond to threats

and/or opportunities that may occur today, tomorrow or farther into the
future
• Based on these plans, individual projects are typically formed to address
one or more of the following considerations:
• Market demand
• Strategic opportunity or business need
• Societal need
• Environmental considerations
• Customer demand
• Technological advances
• Legal or regulatory requirements
• Projects and project management discipline are typically the “tools of
choice” leveraged by organizational leaders to deliver on strategic
direction

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 Project Management and Execution

• Project Management provides:

• The ability to apply knowledge, processes, skills, tools and
techniques that enhance the likelihood of success over a
wide range of projects
• A focus on the successful delivery of products, services or
results
• A means of achieving organizational strategy and
objectives

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Segment Project Management
Two Lifecycle

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 Project Management Lifecycle

Starting the Project  Organizing and Preparing  Carrying Out The Work  Closing the Project

Initiating Planning Execution and Control Closing

INITIATING
G

COST AND EFFORT

PLA
SIN

NNI
C LO

NG
CO

ING
N

T
TR

CU
O

X E
LL

E
IN

Project Charter Project Management

G

Project Delivery Project Closed

Plan Acceptance

TIME
© Think For A Change, LLC.
 Project Management Lifecycle

• Projects are normally broken down into “phases”

• A project phase is a collection of logically-related project activities that
culminate in the completion of one or more deliverables.
• These phases are also commonly called “work streams”
• Project phases are typically completed sequentially (waterfall)
but will overlap in may project situations
• Project phasing allows the project to be segmented into logical
sub-sets for ease of management, planning and control.

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 Project Management Lifecycle

• Common Trends Along The PM Lifecycle

• The cost of changing the project scope or final project outcome
increase significantly over time
• Costs and staffing levels start low during initiation, increase rapidly
during planning and execution and tail off as the project draws to a
close
• The amount of risk and uncertainty will decrease over time
• The acceptable range of budgetary uncertainty should decrease over
time

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 Project Management Lifecycle

• Predictive Lifecycles (Plan Driven Project Mgmt)

• The project scope, time and cost are determined early in the project
• Iterative and Incremental Lifecycles (Iterative Project Mgmt)
• Project phases intentionally repeat one or more project activities
• Iterations develop the final deliverable through a series of repeated cycles
• Increments successively add to the functionality of the final deliverable
• Adaptive Lifecycles (Agile Project Mgmt)
• Intended to identify, and rapidly respond to, high levels of change and
ongoing stakeholder involvement

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Segment Project Organization
Three & Key Roles

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 Project Organization

• Organizational Influences on Project Management:

• Vision, mission, values, belief and expectations
• Regulations, policies, methods and procedures
• Motivation, performance and reward systems
• Risk tolerance
• Failure tolerance
• Operating environment
• Leadership style
• Workplace culture

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 Project Organization

• Common Project Organizational Structures

• Functional
• Most of the organization’s resources are focused on individual business functions
• Each employee has one clear superior
• Employees are grouped by specialty or function
• Projectized
• Most of the organization’s resources are involved in project-based work
• Each employee reports to a Project Manager
• Employees are grouped by project or portfolio (“co-located”)
• Matrix
• Organizational resources are split between normal business operations and project-
based work
• Employees typically report to a business manager but also receive work direction
from the Project Manager
• Matrix structures are commonly classified as either Strong, Balanced or Weak,
depending on how resources are aligned
© Think For A Change, LLC.
 Project Organization

• Organizational Process-Based Assets

• Processes and Procedures
• Templates
• Document Artifacts
• Knowledgebase
• Practice Guides
• Guidelines
• Work Instructions
• Organizational Knowledgebase
• Configuration Management
• Financial Databases
• Historical Information (Lessons Learned Documentation)
• Issue and Defect Databases
• Project Files

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 What is the Role of a Project Manager?

• Definition:
• “The Project Manager is the person assigned by
the performing organization to lead the team that
is responsible for achieving the project objectives.”

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 Project Manager Responsibilities &
Competencies

• Project Managers accomplish work through the project

team and key stakeholders
• Successful Project Managers balance knowledge,
experience, ethics and a number of interpersonal skills:
• Leadership • Political and Culture Awareness
• Team Building • Negotiation
• Motivation • Trust Building
• Communication • Conflict Management
• Coaching
• Influencing
• Leading Without Direct
• Decision Making Authority
© Think For A Change, LLC.
Project Resources and Stakeholders

• Project Stakeholders
• Individuals, groups or organizations who may affect, be affected by, or
perceive itself to be affected by a decision, activity or outcome of a
project
• Stakeholders can take an active or passive role in guiding or
influencing the scope and outcome of the project effort
• Examples of “Stakeholders”:
• Project Team Resources (including leadership)
• Project Sponsor
• Customers/Users (internal and/or external)
• Business Partners
• Organizational Groups
• Functional Managers
• Government Regulators
• Consultants

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 Project Teams

• Project Teams
• The Project Team typically includes the project manager and the group
of individuals who act together in performing the work of the project
to achieve its objectives
• Traditional Project Team Roles:
• Project Management Staff
• Project Manager, Project Coordinator, PMO Staff, etc.
• Project Staff
• Tactical resources who identify and execute upon the tasks to be completed
• Subject Matter Experts (SMEs)
• Finance, Legal, HR, etc.
• Business Partners
• Line of business managers or individual contributors
• Project team members can either be “dedicated” or “shared” to
the Project
© Think For A Change, LLC.
 Project Control

• Project Authority
• The oversight function aligned with the organization’s governance
model and the project life cycle and/or process methodology
• This framework provides the Project Team:
• Success and deliverable acceptance criteria
• Issue management and escalation protocols
• Communications management protocols
• Project decision-making processes
• Alignment of projects with corresponding programs or portfolios
• Stage-gate or phased review process management
• Change management review and approval protocols
• Internal stakeholder alignment

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 What is a Project Management Office
(PMO)?

• Definition:
• “A management structure that standardizes the
project-related governance processes and
facilitates the sharing of resources,
methodologies, tools and techniques”

© Think For A Change, LLC.

The Project Management Office (PMO)

• The primary function of a PMO is to support project

managers:
• Managing shared resources across all projects
• Identifying and developing project management
methodology, best practices and standards
• Coaching, mentoring, training and oversight
• Developing, managing and monitoring usage of policies,
procedures and templates
• Coordinating communication across the organization
regarding project management discipline
© Think For A Change, LLC.
 Final Thoughts…

• Projects are temporary initiatives that have a defined

beginning and ending
• Project outcomes are directly affected by the “Triple
Constraint” of Time, Scope and Cost
• Project Management is a formal discipline that applies
knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities in
order to meet the defined project requirements
• Successful projects rely on people, processes, tools,
techniques, oversight, structure, leadership and organization

© Think For A Change, LLC.

QUIZ Review What You’ve
Learned!

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Introduction, Lifecycle & Organization
QUIZ

Question 1:
• How are projects
traditionally organized?

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Introduction, Lifecycle & Organization
QUIZ

Question 1: Answer:
• How are projects • Individual Projects
traditionally organized? • Programs
• Portfolios

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Introduction, Lifecycle & Organization
QUIZ

Question 2:
• What are the three (3)
common project
organizational
structures?

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Introduction, Lifecycle & Organization
QUIZ

Question 2: Answer:
• What are the three (3) • Functional
common project • Projectized
organizational • Matrix
structures?

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Introduction, Lifecycle & Organization
QUIZ

Question 3:
• Project team members
can either be ______ or
__________ to the
project?

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Introduction, Lifecycle & Organization
QUIZ

Question 3: Answer:
• Project team members • Project team members
can either be ______ or can either be DEDICATED
__________ to the or SHARED to the
project? project?

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Introduction, Lifecycle & Organization
QUIZ

Question 4:
• True or False? Projects end in
only one of two ways:
1. The project’s objectives
have been reached
2. The project is terminated
because its objectives will
not or cannot be met, or
when the need for the
project no longer exists.

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Introduction, Lifecycle & Organization
QUIZ

Question 4: Answer:
• True or False? Projects end in • TRUE
only one of two ways:
1. The project’s objectives
have been reached
2. The project is terminated
because its objectives will
not or cannot be met, or
when the need for the
project no longer exists.

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Introduction, Lifecycle & Organization
QUIZ

Question 5:
• The primary function of
a PMO is to support
_______________?

© Think For A Change, LLC.

Introduction, Lifecycle & Organization
QUIZ

Question 5: Answer:
• The primary function of • Project Managers
a PMO is to support
_______________?

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 CONGRATULATIONS!
You have successfully completed:

Project Management Foundations

Project Management Introduction, Lifecycle and Organization

© Think For A Change, LLC.

 Exam # 3 (60 Minutes)

Pass Criteria =
27/27 = 100%
1
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Question # 01
Separation of coarse aggregates from mortar during
transportation, is known
A. bleeding
B. creeping
C. segregation
D. shrinkage
E. none of these.

Question # 02
Grading of sand causes great variation in
A. workability of concrete
B. strength of concrete
C. durability of concrete
D. handing and placing of concrete
E. all the above.
2
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Question # 03
Shrinkage in concrete can be reduced by using
A. low water cement ratio
B. less cement in the concrete
C. proper concrete mix
D. Pre saturated aggregates
E. all the above.

Question # 04
Too wet concrete may cause
A. weakness of concrete
B. excessive laitance
C. segregation
D. lower density
E. all the above.
3
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Question # 05
Hardening of cement occurs at
A. rapid rate during the first few days and afterwards it continues to
increase at a decreased rate
B. slow rate during the first few days and afterwards it continues to increase
at a rapid rate
C .uniform rate throughout its age
D. none of these.
Question # 06
Pick up the correct statement from the following:
A. Lime in excess, causes the cement to expand and disintegrate
B. Silica in excess, causes the cement to set slowly
C. Alumina in excess, reduces the strength of the cement
D. Magnesium oxide in excess, remains in free state and makes the
cement unsound
E. All the above.
4
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Question # 07
Pick up the correct statement from the following
A. Higher workability indicates unexpected increase in the moisture
content
B. Higher workability indicates deficiency of sand
C. If the concrete mix is dry, the slump is zero
D. Concrete mix having zero slump, is unsuitable for high strength.
E. All the above.

Question # 08
You are asked to construct a massive dam, the type of cement
you will use, is
A. ordinary Portland cement
B. rapid hardening cement
C. low heat cement
D. blast furnace slag cement
E. white cement
5
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Question # 09
Water required per bag of cement, is
A. 7 kg
B. 14 kg
C. 21 kg
D. 28 kg
E. 35 kg

Question # 10
The process of hardening the concrete by keeping its surface
moist is known
A. placing
B. wetting
C. curing
D. compacting
E. none of these.

6
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Question # 11
Workability of concrete for a given water content is good if the
aggregates, are
A. rounded aggregate
B. irregular aggregate
C. angular aggregate
D. flaky aggregates.

Question # 12
For compacting plain concrete road surface of thickness less
than 20 cm, we use
A. internal vibrator
B. screed vibrator
C. form vibrator
D. none of these

7
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Question # 13
Pick up the correct statement from the following:
A. Construction joints are necessarily planned for their locations
B. Expansion joints are provided to accommodate thermal expansion
C. Construction joints are provided to control shrinkage cracks
D. Expansion joints need not be provided in foundation concrete
E. All the above.

Question # 14
Process of keeping Concrete moist for certain period after
casting is:
A - Finishing of Concrete
B - Curing of Concrete
C - Placing of Concrete
D - None of the above
8
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Question # 15

Question # 16
Weight of reinforcement concrete in kg / m3 is:
A – 1500
B – 1600
C – 2000
D – 2400

9
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Question # 17
Strength of concrete depends on:
A- Quality of water
B- Quality of aggregates
C- Quantity of cement
D- W / C ratio
E- All of the above

Question # 18
The compaction of concrete, improves
A. density
B. strength
C. durability
D. all the above.

10
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Question # 19
Segregation is responsible for
A. honey-combed concrete
B. porous layers in concrete
C. surface scaling in concrete
D. sand streaks in concrete
E. all the above.

Question # 20
Addition of pozzolana to cement
A. decreases workability
B. increases strength
C. increases heat of hydration
D. decreases curing time
E. none of these.
11
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Question # 21
Concrete gains strength due to
A. chemical reaction of cement with sand and coarse aggregates
B. evaporation of water from concrete
C. hydration of cement
D. All the above.

Question # 22
Expansion joints are provided if the length of concrete
structures exceeds
A. 10 m
B. 15 m
C. 25 m
D. 35 m
E. 45 m
12
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Question # 23
Workability improved by adding
A. fly ash
B. hydrated lime
C. calcium chloride
D. bentonite
E. all the above.

Question # 24
If the slump of a concrete mix is 60 mm, its workability is
A. very low
B. low
C. medium
D. high
E. none of these.
13
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Question # 25

Hydration of cement is due to chemical action of water with

A. Tri calcium silicate and di calcium silicate
B. Di calcium silicate and tri calcium aluminate
C. Tri calcium aluminate and tri calcium alumino ferrite
D. All the above.

Question # 26
Why steel reinforcement used in RCC structures
A. Steel gives high strength
B. The Co efficient of linear expansion of concrete and steel is same.
C. Easy to use and formed
D. Cost factors

14
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Question # 27
Concrete slump tests, Steel Reinforcement sampling tests and
others materials tests for :-
A. To achieve high performance
B. For control quality
C. For achieving quality assurance plan
D. All above

15
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 Hands Up !!!!

16
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 Question # Correct Answer
1 C
2 E
3 E
4 E
5 D
6 E
7 E
8 C
Answers 9 E
10 C
11 A
12 B
13 E
14 B
15 A
16 D
17 E
18 D
19 E
20 B
21 C
22 E
23 E
24 C
25 D
26 B
27 B
17
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 Time Management
6

4
Series 1
3
Series 2
2 Series 3

0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Dr. Akram Saad

PhD, MBA,PMP,CCP,MRICS
 Schedule Development
 Tools for Developing Schedule
 Bar Chart (Gantt Chart) Method

 Critical Path Method (CPM)

• Arrow Diagramming Method (AOA)

• Precedence Diagramming Method (AON)

 Program Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT)

Bar Chart( Gantt Chart ) Method
Bar Chart (Gantt Chart) Method
 Critical Path Method (CPM)
 The critical path method (CPM) is a scheduling technique using
arrow, precedence, or PERT diagramming methods to determine the
length of a project and to identify the activities and constraints on
the critical path.

 The critical path method enables a scheduler to do the following:

 Determine the shortest time in which a program or project can
be completed.
 Identify those activities that are critical and that cannot be
delayed.
 Show the potential delay (known as float) available for
activities that are not critical.
Critical Path Method (CPM)
 Critical Path Method ( CPM )

G re e n Email: [email protected] www..ggrreeeennm

mtc
tc-i-nintlt.lc.coo
mm ©
©22010 All Rights Reserved
International
 Project Evaluation Review Technique
(PERT)
PERT is a probabilistic technique, for
calculating the “most likely” durations for
network activities.
A PERT chart may have multiple parallel or
interconnecting networks of tasks.
If the scheduled project has milestones,
checkpoints, or review points .
 PERT is considered an indeterminate process for
activity and project durations, while CPM is
considered a deterministic process.
 The network of activities developed for PERT are
similar to the Arrow Diagraming Method “ADM”
and Precedence Diagraming Method “PDM”
networks. Because of the similarity and
resemblance of a CPM network to PERT, the term
PERT has been used as a synonym for CPM.
 Program Evaluation & Review
Technique (PERT)

G re e n Email: [email protected] www..ggrreeeennm

mtc
tc-i-nintlt.lc.coo
mm ©
©22010 All Rights Reserved
International
 Program Evaluation & Review
Technique (PERT)

PERT network chart for a seven‐month project with

five milestones (10 through 50) and six activities (A through F)
l
Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)

Green International
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©2010 AllAll Rights
Rights Reserved
Reserved
Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)
 Precedence Diagramming Method
(PDM)
• The precedence diagramming method (PDM) is
what most management software programs use
to do activity sequencing.
•  Precedence diagrams use boxes or circles to
represent the activities (called nodes).
•  The nodes are connected with arrows showing
the dependencies between the activities. It is also
called activity on node (AON)
• PDM includes 4 types of dependencies
or precedence relationships.
 PDM
The nodes are sketched large enough to include information about the activity. It is
common to show the following information for an activity :

activity description.
activity ID
activity duration(OD)
activity schedule dates
Precedence Diagramming Method
Precedence Diagraming Method
 ES (early start):
 EF (early finish) : earliest point in time that an activity can
finish based on the network relationships.
 LS (late start): latest point in time that an activity must
start in order to avoid delaying the project’s completion.
 LF (late finish): latest point in time that an activity
must finish in order to avoid delaying the project’s
completion.
activity float values: Total float is the amount of time that the completion of an
activity can be delayed without delaying the project’s completion.
Total float = LF – EF (or) LS – ES .
 Precedence Network Activity
List

 Precedence Network Diagram is

based on Finish to Start (FS)
relationships.
 Early and Late Dates
• Two methods are used to calculate the earliest
and latest dates possible for the start and
finish of activities:
• Forward pass — involves calculating the early
start (ES) and early finish (EF) dates by moving
forward, from left (start) to right
(finish),through the network diagram.
 Early and Late Dates
• Backward pass — involves calculating the late
start (LS) and late finish (LF) dates by moving
backward, from right (finish) to left
(start)through the network diagram.
 Float
• Flexibility in the project schedule is represented
by float (or slack) in the network paths. Float is
defined by the amount of time that a schedule
activity can be delayed without delaying the
project.
• Float can be calculated using either late start and
early start dates or late finish and early finish
dates.
• Remember these for the exam:
• Formula: Float=LS—ES or
• Formula: Float=LF—EF
 Two kinds of float
• Memorize these. Do not confuse the two:
• Free float — represents the amount of time that a
predecessor schedule activity can be delayed without
delaying the early start of the successor schedule activity;

• Total float — represents the amount of time that a

schedule activity can be delayed from its early start date
without delaying the project completion date.

• Where a project needs to meet imposed dates or other

schedule constraints, schedule compression techniques
can be used to shorten the project schedule while
maintaining the scope of the project.
 Two compression methods are
commonly used
• Crashing — in which additional resources are
applied to shorten the duration of critical path
tasks. This usually implies an increase in cost
to pay for additional staff, buy additional work
hours (overtime) or purchase technology.

• Fast Tracking — in which tasks that are

performed in parallel.
 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

Part – 3: Strength of Material

Part 3.1: Simple Stress and Strain

3.1.1 Simple Stress & Strain

Stress is the internal resistance offered by the body per unit area. Stress is represented as force
per unit area. Typical units of stress are N/m2, ksi and MPa. There are two primary types of
stresses: normal stress and shear stress. Normal stress,, is calculated when the force is normal
to the surface area; whereas the shear stress,  is calculated when the force is parallel to the
surface area.

Pnormal _to _area


A

Pparallel _ to _ area

A

Linear strain (normal strain, longitudinal strain, axial strain), , is a change in length per unit
length. Linear strain has no units. Shear strain,  is an angular deformation resulting from shear
stress. Shear strain may be presented in units of radians, percent, or no units at all.



L

 parallel _ to _ area
  tan    [ in radians]
Height

3.1.2 Hooke’s Law: Axial and Shearing Deformations

Hooke‘s law is a simple mathematical relationship between elastic stress and strain: stress is
proportional to strain. For normal stress, the constant of proportionality is the modulus of
elasticity (Young’s Modulus), E.

  E
The deformation, , of an axially loaded member of original length L can be derived from Hooke’s
law. Tension loading is considered to be positive, compressive loading is negative. The sign of
the deformation will be the same as the sign of the loading.

   PL
  L  L  
 E  AE

This expression for axial deformation assumes that the linear strain is proportional to the
normal stress     
E and that the cross-sectional area is constant.

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

When an axial member has distinct sections differing in cross-sectional area or composition,
superposition is used to calculate the total deformation as the sum of individual deformations.

PL L
   P
AE AE

When one of the variables (e.g., A), varies continuously along the length,

PdL dL
   P
AE AE

The new length of the member including the deformation is given by

Lf  L  

The algebraic deformation must be observed.

Hooke’s law may also be applied to a plane element in pure shear. For such an element, the shear
stress is linearly related to the shear strain, by the shear modulus (also known as the modulus of
rigidity), G.

  G

The relationship between shearing deformation, s and applied shearing force, V is then
expressed by

VL
s 
AG

3.1.3 Stress-Strain Diagram

Actual rupture
strength

Stress Ultimate strength

Rupture
strength
Yield point

Elastic limit
Proportional limit

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

Proportional Limit: It is the point on the stress strain curve up to which stress is proportional to
strain.

Elastic Limit: It is the point on the stress strain curve up to which material will return to its
original shape when unloaded.

Yield Point: It is the point on the stress strain curve at which there is an appreciable elongation
or yielding of the material without any corresponding increase of load; indeed the load actually
may decrease while the yielding occurs.

Ultimate Strength: It is the highest ordinate on the stress strain curve.

Rupture Strength: It is the stress at failure

3.1.4 Poisson’s Ratio: Biaxial and Triaxial Deformations

Poisson’s ratio, , is a constant that relates the lateral strain to the axial strain for axially loaded
members.

 lateral
 
 axial

Theoretically, Poisson’s ratio could vary from 0 to 0.5, but typical values are 0.33 for aluminum
and 0.3 for steel and maximum value of 0.5 for rubber.

Poisson’s ratio permits us to extend Hooke’s law of uniaxial stress to the case of biaxial stress.
Thus if an element is subjected simultaneously to tensile stresses in x and y direction, the strain
in the x direction due to tensile stress x is x/E. Simultaneously the tensile stress y will
produce lateral contraction in the x direction of the amount y/E, so the resultant unit
deformation or strain in the x direction will be

x y
x  
E E

Similarly, the total strain in the y direction is

y x
y  
E E

Hooke’s law can be further extended for three-dimensional stress-strain relationships and
written in terms of the three elastic constants, E, G, and . The following equations can be used to
find the strains caused due to simultaneous action of triaxial tensile stresses:

x 
1
E
 
x   y  z 

y 
1
E

 y   z   x  

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

z 
1
E
 
z   x  y 
 xy
 xy 
G

 yz
 yz 
G

 zx
 zx 
G
For an elastic isotropic material, the modulus of elasticity E, shear modulus G, and Poisson’s
ratio  are related by

E
G
21  

E  2G1  

The bulk modulus (K) describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency of an object's volume to
deform when under pressure; it is defined as volumetric stress over volumetric strain, and is the
inverse of compressibility. The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three
dimensions.

For an elastic, isotropic material, the modulus of elasticity E, bulk modulus K, and Poisson’s ratio
 are related by

E  3K1  2

3.1.5 Thermal stresses

Temperature causes bodies to expand or contract. Change in length due to increase in

temperature can be expressed as

L L.α.t

Where, L is the length, α (/oC) is the coefficient of linear expansion, and t (oC) is the
temperature change.

From the above equation thermal strain can be expressed as:

ϵ= αt

If a temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely no load or the stress will be induced in
the structure. But in some cases it is not possible to permit these temperature deformations,
which results in creation of internal forces that resist them. The stresses caused by these
internal forces are known as thermal stresses.

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

When the temperature deformation is prevented, thermal stress developed due to temperature
change can be given as:

σ E.α.t

3.1.6 Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

Cylindrical shells

F z  0 : 1 (2t x)  p(2rx)  0

Hoop stress or circumferential stress = pr/t = pd/2t

F  0 :  2 (2 rt )  p(2 r )  0
2
x

Longitudinal stress = pr/2t = pd/4t

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

Spherical shells

F  0 :  2 (2 rt )  p(2 r )  0
2
x

pr
1   2 
Hoop stress = longitudinal stress = 2t

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

Part 3.2: Shear Force and Bending Moment

3.2.1 Shear and Moment

The shear force, V at a section of a beam is the sum of all vertical forces acting on the beam
between that section and any one of its ends. It has units of Newtons, pounds, kips, etc. Shear
force is not the same as shear stress, since the area of the object is not considered.

The direction (i.e., to the left or right of the section) in which the summation proceeds is not
important. Since the values of shear will differ only in sign for summation to the left and right
ends, the direction that results in the minimum no. of calculations should be selected.

V F i
 sec tion _ to 
 one _ end 

Shear is positive when there is a net upward force to the left of a section, and it is negative when
there is a net downward force to the left of the section.

Shear force sign conventions

The bending moment, M, at a section of a beam is the algebraic sum of all moments and couples
located between the section and any one of its ends.

M F d i i
sec tion _ to 
 C i
sec tion _ to 
 one _ end   one _ end 

Bending moments in a beam are positive when the upper surface of the beam is in compression
and the lower surface is in tension. Positive moments cause lengthening of the lower surface and
shortening of the upper surface. A useful image with which to remember this convention is to
imagine the beam “smiling” when the moment is positive.

Bending moment sign conventions

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

3.2.2 Shear Force and Bending Moment Relationships

The change in magnitude of the shear at any point is equal to the integral of the load function,
w(x), or the area under the load diagram up to that point.
x2
V2  V1   wxdx
x1

dV x 
wx  
dx

The change in magnitude of the moment at any point is equal to the integral of the shear
function, or the area under the shear diagram up to that point.
x2
M 2  M1   V xdx
x1

dM x 
V x  
dx

3.2.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Both shear force and bending moment can be described mathematically for simple loadings by
the preceding equations, but the formulas become discontinuous as the loadings become more
complex. It is more convenient to describe complex shear and moment functions graphically.
Graphs of shear and moment as functions of position along the beam are known as shear force
and bending moment diagrams.

The following guidelines and conventions should be observed when constructing a shear
diagram.

 The shear at any section is equal to the sum of the loads and reactions from the section to
the left end.
 The magnitude of the shear at any section is equal to the slope of the moment function at
that section.
 Loads and reactions to the left of the section acting upward are positive
 The shear diagram is straight and sloping for uniformly distributed loads.
 The shear diagram is straight and horizontal between concentrated loads.
 The shear is undefined at points of concentrated loads.

The following guidelines and conventions should be observed when constructing a bending
moment diagram. By convention, the moment diagram is drawn on the compression side of the
beam.

 The moment at any section is equal to the sum of the moments and couples from the
section to the left end.
 The change in magnitude of the moment at any section is the integral of the shear
diagram, or the area under the shear diagram. A concentrated moment will produce a
jump or discontinuity in the moment diagram.
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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

 The maximum or minimum moment occurs when the shear is either zero or changes its
sign.
 The moment diagram is parabolic and is curved downward for downward uniformly
distributed loads.

Note:

 If the external load is not at right angles to the axis of the beam, the loading can be resolved
axially and transversely to the beam

Transverse: Components (sin ) produces B.M. and S.F.

Axial: Component (cos ) produces pull or push

 If there is any internal hinge in beam , bending moment will be zero at hinge point.
Variation of S.F. and B.M. for different loadings on spans of beams:

S.No. Type of loading Variation of S.F. Variation of B.M.

1 Point load Rectangle Inclined line for linear
2 U.D.L. Linear Square Parabola
3 U.V.L. or Triangular Parabolic Cubic Parabola
4 Parabolic Cubic Fourth degree polynomial
5 Bending couple No shear variation A vertical step at the point of
application

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

Part 3.3: Stresses in Beams

3.3.1 Bending Stress

For positive bending moment, the lower surface of the beam experiences tensile stress while the
upper surface of the beam experiences compressive stress. The bending stress distribution
passes through zero at the centroid, or neutral axis, of the cross section. The distance from the
neutral axis is y; and the distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber (i.e., the top or
bottom surface most distant from the neutral axis) is c.

Bending stress varies with location (depth) within the beam. It is zero at the neutral axis, and
increases linearly with distance from the neutral axis, as predicted by Equation,

My
b  
I

Figure. Bending Stress Distribution at a Section in a Beam

In the above equation, I is the centroidal area moment of inertia of the beam. The negative sign
in the equation, required by the convention that compression is negative, is commonly omitted.

Since the maximum stress will govern the design, y can be set equal to c to obtain the extreme
fiber stress.

Mc
 b,max  
I

This equation shows that the maximum bending stress will occur at the section where the
moment is maximum. For standard structural shapes, I and c are fixed. Therefore, for design, the
elastic section modulus S, is often used.

I
S 
c

M
b 
S

For a rectangular b x h section, the centroidal moment of inertia and section modulus are

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bh3 bh 2
I Srec tan gular 
12 6
Also, the strain in any fiber varies directly with its location y from the neutral axis and can be
found by the equation

y b y
b   Or, 
R E R

The above mentioned bending stress eqn. is based on following assumptions:

 The transverse sections which are plane and normal before bending remain plane and
normal to the longitudinal fibres after bending (Bernoulli’s Assumption).
 Material is homogeneous, isotropic and obeys Hook’s Law and limits of eccentricity are not
exceeded.
 Every layer is free to expand or contract.
 Modulus of elasticity has same value for tension and compression.
 The beam is subjected to pure bending and therefore bends in an arc of a circle.

 Radius of curvature is large compared to the dimensions of the cross section.

Points to remember:

Pure Bending: Only B.M. but no S.F.

Neutral Layer: The layer which does not undergo any change in length (N.A.)

Neutral axis: Line of intersection of Neutral Layer with plane of cross section. It passes through
C.G. of cross section. At this axis the strain changes its sign.

Equation of Pure Bending:

M/I=/y=E/R

Curvature = (1/ R) = (M / EI), EI = Flexural rigidity

Section Modulus ( I/c): It represents the strength of the section. Greater the value of ‘ ’,
stronger will be the section.

3.3.2 Shear Stress

The shear stresses in a vertical section of a beam consist of both horizontal and transverse
(vertical) shear stresses.

The exact value of shear stress is dependent on the location, y, within the depth of the beam. The
shear stress distribution is given by equation shown below. The shear stress is zero at the top
and bottom surfaces of the beam. For a regular shaped beam, the shear stress is maximum at the
neutral axis

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QV
 xy 
Ib

Figure: Dimensions for Shear stress Calculations

In the above equation, I is the area moment of inertia, and b is the width or thickness of the beam
at the depth y within the beam where the shear stress is to be found. The first (or statical)
moment of the area of the beam with respect to the neutral axis, Q, is defined by,

c
Q   ydA
y1

For rectangular beams, dA bdy. Then, the moment of the area A’ above 1ayer y is equa1 to the
product of the area and the distance from the centroidal axis to the centroid of the area.

Q  y ' A'

For a rectangular beam, the equation for max, can be simplified. The maximum shear stress is 50
percent higher than the average shear stress.

3V 3V
 max, rec tan gular    1.5 avg
2A 2bh

For a beam with a circular cross section, the maximum shear stress is

4V 4V 4
max,circular    avg
3A 3r 2
3

For a steel beam with web thickness tweb and depth d, the web shear stress is approximated by

V V
 avg  
Aweb dtweb

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Figure. Dimensions of a Steel Beam

3.3.3 Composite Beams

A composite structure is one in which two or more different materials are used. Each material
carries part of the applied load. Examples of composite structure include steel-reinforced
concrete and timber beams with bolted-on steel plates.

Most simple composite structures can be analyzed using the method of consistent deformations,
also known as the transformation method. This method assumes that the strains are the same in
both materials at the interface between them. Although the strains are the same, the stresses in
the two adjacent materials are not equal, since stresses are proportional to the modulus of
elasticity.

The transformation method starts by determining the modulus of elasticity for each (usually two
in number) of the materials in the composite beam and then calculating the modular ratio, n.
Eweaker is the smaller modulus of elasticity.

E
n
E wea ker

The area of the stronger material is increased by a factor of n. The transformed area is used to
calculate the transformed composite area, Ac,t , or transformed moment of inertia, Ic,t. For
compression and tension members, the stresses in the weaker and stronger materials are

F
 wea ker 
Ac,t

nF
 stronger 
Ac,t

For beams in bending, the bending stresses in the weaker and stronger materials are

Mcwea ker
 wea ker 
I c ,t

nMcstronger
 stronger 
I c,t

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Part 3.4: Deflection of Beams

3.4.1 Double Integration Method

The curvature of a beam caused by a bending moment is given by Eq. (1), where  is the radius
of curvature, c is the largest distance from the neutral axis of the beam, and max is the maximum
longitudinal normal strain in the beam.

1  max M d 2 y d
   2  ------- (1)
 c EI dx dx

c ------- (2)
 max 


Using the preceding relationships, the deflection and slope of a loaded beam are related to the
moment M(x), shear V(x), and load w(x) by Eqs. (3) through (7).

y  deflection ------- (3)

dy
y'   slope ------- (4)
dx

d 2 y Mx 
y''   ------- (5)
dx2 EI

d 3 y Vx 
y'''   ------- (6)
dx3 EI

d 4 y wx 
y''''   ------- (7)
dx 4 EI

If the moment function, M(x), is known for a section of the beam, the deflection at any point on
that section can be found from Eq. (8). The constants of integration are determined from the
beam boundary conditions in the table shown below.

EIy   Mxdx ------- (8)

Table. Beam Boundary Conditions

End condition y y’ y’’ V M

Simple Support 0 0

Built-in Support 0 0

Free end 0 0 0

Hinge 0

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When multiple loads act simultaneously on a beam, all of the loads contribute to deflection. The
principle of superposition permits the deflections at a point to be calculated as the sum of the
deflections from each individual load acting individually. Superposition can also be used to
calculate the shear and moment at a point and to draw the shear and moment diagrams. This
principle is valid as long as the normal stress and strain are related by the modulus of elasticity,
E. Generally this is true when the deflections are not excessive and all stresses are kept below
the yield point of the beam material.

Points to be remembered

 Curvature - - - - - for -ve B.M

 EI / = M - - - - - for + ve B.M
 lope θ dy / dx radians EIθ EI. dy / dx ∫
 Deflection = y, EIy = ∫ ∫
 EI y / = dM / dx = Shear force +F
 EI y / = dF / dx = Load + 

3.4.2 Area Moment Method

Theorem 1: The angle between tangents drawn at any two points on the deflected curve is equal
to the area of M / EI diagram between the two points.

i.e., θ = area of M / EI diagram.

∫ / / . A = area of B.M.D.

Theorem 2: The intercept on a vertical line made by two tangents drawn at the two points on the
deflected curve, is equal to the moment of M / EI diagram between the two points about the
vertical line.
= distance of C.G. of B.M.D.
e.g,: (Suitable for cantilevers) – from objective point of view.

Step 1: To determine slope and deflection at any point say B.

A L B

x xL , x xLx

Step 2: Draw (BMD) / (EI) i.e., M / EI

Step 3: Slope = area of (M / EI) diagram between fixed end point under consideration.
Step 4: Deflection A / EI,
M
L B
A
L
, xLx
2 2

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A = B.M.D area between fixed end and point under consideration.

= distance of C.G. of M/EI
from point under consideration.

3.4.3 Maxwell’s Law of Reciprocal Deflections:

Consider cantilever beam AB. Let ‘C’ be an intermediate point. Then the deflection at ‘C’ due to a
point load ‘P’ at B say , is equal to deflection at ‘B’ due to a point load ‘P’ at C i.e.,

A C B
∴

3.4.4 Slope and deflection of beams

SL No. 1: Cantilever subjected to point load at free end

W
B
A

Maximum Bending Moment

Slope

Maximum Deflection

SL No. 2: Cantilever subjected to point load on its span

W
a b
C B
A

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Maximum Bending Moment

Slope

Maximum Deflection (3 )

SL No. 3: Cantilever subjected to uniformly distributed load.

w/unit run

B
A

Maximum Bending Moment ( ) where W = (total load on the cantilever)

Slope

Maximum Deflection

SL No. 4 Cantilever subjected to uniformly distributed load up to a certain length from fixed end

w/unit run

C B
A
-
a

Maximum Bending Moment

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Slope ( ) where W =

Maximum Deflection * ( )+ * , ( -+

SL No. 5 Cantilever subjected to uniformly distributed load up to a certain length from free end

w/unit run

a ( )
B
A

Maximum Bending Moment ( )* +

Slope ( )

Maximum Deflection * (3 4 )+

SL No. 6 Cantilever subjected to a couple at free end

B
A

Maximum Bending Moment

Slope

Maximum Deflection

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SL No.7 Cantilever subjected to linearly varying load up to a certain length

/ run

B
A

Maximum Bending Moment

Slope

Maximum Deflection

SL No. 8 Simply supported beam subjected to point load at centre.

/ /
C
A B

Maximum Bending Moment

Slope

Maximum Deflection ( )

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SL No.9 Simply supported beam subjected to point load on its span

W

C
A B

Maximum Bending Moment

( )
Slope

( )

/
( )
Maximum Deflection
√

. √ /

SL No. 10 simply supported beam with uniformly distributed load

w/unit run

B
A

Maximum Bending Moment where W = ( total load on the beam )

Slope ( )

( )

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Maximum Deflection * +

SL No.11 Simply supported beam with linearly varying load as shown

w/unit run

A B
C

Maximum Bending Moment

√

Slope

Maximum Deflection

( at x 0 519 from A )

SL No. 12 simply supported beam with linearly varying loads as shown

w/unit run

A B

Maximum Bending Moment

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Slope

Maximum Deflection ( )

Sign conventions used : Slope: Clockwise

Counter- clockwise

Deflection : upwards

Downward

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Part3.5: Torsion

3.5.1 Torsion

If moment is applied in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam (or) shaft, it
will be subjected to Torsion.

e.g.:

 Shaft Transmitting Torque or power.

 L beams
 Portico beams
 Curved beams
 Close coiled springs.

Torsion formula:

Where T = Torque applied

 = Twist of cross section

= Maximum shear stress due to torsion

R = Radius of shaft

L = Length of shaft

J = Polar moment of inertia = for solid circular shaft

( )
= for Hollow circular shaft

Assumptions:

1. Plane normal sections of shaft remain plane after twisting.

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2. Torsion is uniform along the shaft

3. Material of the shaft is homogeneous, and isotropic.
4. Radii remain straight after torsion.
5. Stress is proportional to strain i.e., all the stresses are with in elastic limit.

Note:

 The stress setup at any point in a cross section is one of pure shear or simple shear.
 The longitudinal axis is neutral axis.
 The shear stress will vary linearly from zero at the centre to maximum at the outer surface
(any point on periphery)

Distribution along vertical

Torsional Section Modulus:

:
 As the value of Torsional modulus increases, the Torsional strength increases. For E.g.: A
hollow circular shaft compared to that of a solid shaft of same area, will have more
torsional strength.

For a solid circular shaft,

( )
For a hollow circular shaft,

= Outer diameter, = inner diameter.

Torsional Rigidity: GJ, unit: kg. or

The torsional which produces unit twist per unit length.

Angle of Twist,

3.5.2 Torsion of shafts

Power Transmitted by a Shaft:

In SI system : Power (P) is measured in watts (W)

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where T = Average Torque in kN-m, N in rpm

. . 1 watt = 1 Joule / sec = 1 N. m/sec

1 metric ‘H.P.’ 746 watts ≅ 0.75 kW

Metric System H.P.

Where T = average torque in kg.m

Design of Shaft: To be safe against maximum permissible shear stress.
/
Diameter of shaft, * +

Composite Shafts: When two dissimilar shafts are connected together to form one shaft, the shaft
is known as composite shaft.
Shafts in Series: If the driving torque is applied at one end, and the resisting torque at the other
end, the shafts are said to have been connected in series.

( )
T ( )

For such shaft,

 Both the parts carry same Torque i.e.,
 Total angle of twist at fixed end is sum of separate angles of twist of two shafts.

Shafts in Parallel:

OR

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If the Torque ‘T’ is applied at the junction of two shafts and resisting Torque at their remote
ends, the shafts are said to be connected in parallel.
For such a case,
 ;
 T=
. .,
If both the shafts are of same material
.
( )

Combined Bending and Torsion:

Let a shaft be subjected to a bending moment of ‘M’ and twisting moment ‘T’ at a sector.

Now bending stress,

Shear stress,

Principle stresses are,

16
√( /4) ( √ )
2
16
√( /4) ( √ )
2
2 16
2 √
2

Equivalent Torque: It is the twisting moment, which acting along produce the maximum shear
stress due to combined bending and Torsion.

Equivalent Bending Moment: The bending moment to produce the maximum bending stress
equal to greater principle stress ‘ ’.

1
( √ )
2

Comparison of Hollow and Solid Shafts:

 When the areas of solid and hollow sections are equal,

( ) /
/ .

For e.g. If K 0.6, 1.7

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 When radius of solid shaft is equal to external radius of hollow shaft,

1
 The ratio of the weight of a hollow shaft, and solid shaft of equally strength is
1
(1 ) /

3.5.3 Close coiled helical spring subjected to Axial Pull (W)

Assumptions:

 each turn is practically a plane at right angles to the axis of helix

 stresses in the material are due to ‘Pure Torsion’
 Bending couple is negligible
 axial force need not be considered at a section.

Stresses at a section of a rod: A section of a rod is subjected to direct shear force (W) and a
Torque (T = WR)

Maximum Shear Stress = ( )

,1 - …… (1)

R = Radius of coil, d = dia of circular wire or rod.

Spring Index: (m) 2R/d,

If m is large, the effect of direct shearing force may be neglected.

16
∴

If m is small, then maximum shear stress can be calculated by A.M. Wahl’s formulae that takes
account for initial curvature of the spring wire:
.
Max. ( )

Twist and deflection of free end:

Twist 64 / , deflection

Stiffness of Spring: Load required to produce unit deflection. / /64

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Part 3.6: Mohr’s circle

3.6.1 Mohr’s Circle

Mohr's circle gives us a graphic tool by which, we can compare the different stress
transformation states of a stress cube to a circle. Each different stress combination is described
by a point around the circumference of the circle.

Compare the stress cube to a circle created using the circle offset

2
 x  y   x  y 
a   ave  and R      xy
2
2y  2 
σy

τyx

τxy x-face coordinate: (  x , xy )

σx
σx
τxy
x
τyx y-face coordinates: (  y ,  xy )

σy
-τ y 2
  x  y 
   xy
2
R  
B  2 
(σx , -τxy )

σ
 x  y
(σx , τxy ) 2
A
σave
 xy
+τ R
x

Notes:

 τ (meaning counterclockwise around the cube) is downward

 - τ (meaning clockwise around the cube) is up on the axis
 A rotation angle of θ on the stress cube shows up as 2θ on the circle diagram and rotates in
the same direction. The largest and smallest values of σ are the principle stresses, σ 1 and σ2.
The largest shear stress, τmax is equal to the radius of the circle, R. The center of the circle is
located at the value of the average stress, σave
 If σ1 σ2 in magnitude and direction (nature) the Mohr circle will reduce into a point and
no shear stress will be developed.

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 If the plane contain only shear and no normal stress (pure shear), then origin and centre of
the circle will coincide and maximum and minimum principal stress equal and opposite.

σ1 τ , σ2 -τ

 The summation of normal stresses on any two mutually perpendicular planes remains
constant.

σx σy σ1 σ2

3.6.2 Applications: Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

Cylindrical shells:

Hoop stress or circumferential stress =

Longitudinal stress =

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( )
2 8

Spherical shells:

Hoop stress = longitudinal stress = σ σ

σ pd
τ
2 8t

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Part 3.7: Strain Energy Methods

3.7.1 Elastic Strain Energy in Uniaxial Loading

Strain energy, also known as internal energy per unit volume stored in a deformed material. The
strain energy is equivalent to the work done by the applied force. Simple work is calculated as
the product of a force moving through a distance.

Work = force x distance = FdL 

FdL
Work per volume =  AL
=  d
Work per unit volume corresponds to the area under the stress-strain curve.

For an axially loaded member below the proportionality limit, the total strain energy is given by,

1 P2 L
U  P 
2 2 AE

The strain energy per unit volume is

U 2
u 
AL 2E
3.7.2 Elastic Strain Energy in Flexural Loading

In the beam shown in the figure consider a differential element isolated by two transverse
sections at a distance dx apart. Treating this element as an axially loaded bar, where P = dA =
(My/I)dA, the energy stored in it is

N.A.
y
P

dx

dU = P2dx/2AE = M2y2/ (dA)2 dx/2(dA)E

d y dA

Therefore, for the entire length of the beam we obtain:

M dx
∫
2EI

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3.7.3 Elastic Strain Energy in Torsional Loading

For a circular bar of constant cross section, the strain energy stored in the body is equal to the
product of average torque and the angular deformation; that is

U = 1/2 T = T ( )

When the torque varies the result may be applied over a segment of length dx and integrated
over the length of the bar to obtain

T dx
∫
2GJ

3.7.4 Castigliano’s Theorem

It states that the deflection caused by any external force is equal to the partial derivative of the
strain energy with respect to that force.

Interpretation: The partial derivative of the strain energy with respect to one of the external
loads equals the displacement of the point of application of load in the direction of that load.

3.7.5 Impact or Dynamic Loading

The problem of impact is analogous to that of a falling body stopped by spring. Let us consider a
free falling body of mass ‘m’ from a height h that produces a deflection  in the spring.
Relationship between dynamic and static deflection can be obtained by equating the resultant
work done to the zero change in kinetic energy.

The ratio of the maximum dynamic deformation  to the static deformation st can be given by
the equation

2h
1 √1

This ratio is called as the impact factor.

Also the stress due to gradually applied load may be applied by the impact factor to obtain the
maximum stress:

σ σ (1 √1 )

For sudden loading, free fall ‘h’ does not exist i.e., h 0. i.e., a suddenly applied load (dynamic
condition), produced a deflection which is twice as great as that obtained when the load is
applied gradually.

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

3.8: Columns & Struts

3.8.1 Columns & Struts

Definitions:

 Columns and Stanchions : Vertical compression members in building

 Struts : compressions members in roof trusses
 Beam : Jib of a crane.
 Beam column : Co-beam that is acted on by an axial compressive
force in addition to transversely applied loads.

Short Column: Short columns, called piers or pedestals, will fail by compression of the material.
These columns fail essentially by direct crushing at ultimate load.

∴ Crushing load P f . A, f ultimate crushing stress.

Long columns: Long columns will buckle in the transverse direction that has the smallest radius
of gyration. Buckling failure is sudden, often without significant warning. If the material is wood
or concrete, the material will usually fracture (because the yield stress is low); however, if the
column is made of steel, the column will usually fail by local buckling, followed later by twisting
and general yielding failure. Intermediate length columns will usually fail by a combination of
crushing and buckling.

Radius of gyration: r √I/A

Slenderness Ratio: Effective length/least radius of gyration.

As slenderness ratio increases, permissible stress or critical stress reduces, consequently, load
carrying capacity also reduces.

 Radius of gyration will be least along major axis of cross section.

e.g. for a rectangular column along yy axis
Y

X X

Y
 For a given area, Tubular section will have maximum radius of gyration.
 H-Section is more efficient than I-Section.

Equilibrium of a column: A column is said to have buckled or failed when it reaches “Neutral
Equilibrium”.

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

3.8.2 Euler’s Theory of Buckling

Critical load: The load at which a long column fails is known as the critical load or Euler load. The
Euler load is the theoretical maximum load that an initially straight column can support without
transverse buckling. For column with frictionless or pinned ends, this load is given by Euler’s
formula shown below.

2 EI
Pcr  2 --------- (1)
L

The corresponding column stress is given by the equation shown below. This stress cannot
exceed the yield strength of the column material.

Pcr 2 E
 cr   [ ] --------- (2)
A  L 2
 
r

L is the longest unbraced column length. If a column is braced against buckling at some point
between its two ends, the column is known as a braced column, and L will be less than the full
column height.

The quantity L/r is known as the slenderness ratio. Long columns have high slenderness ratios.
The smallest slenderness ratio for which Eq. (2) is valid is the critical slenderness ratio, which
can be calculated from the material’s yield strength and modulus of elasticity. Typical
slenderness ratios range from 80 to 120. The critical slenderness ratio becomes smaller as the
compressive yield strength increases.

Most columns have two radii of gyration, rx and ry, and therefore, have two slenderness ratios.
The largest slenderness ratio will govern the design.

The smallest force at which a buckled shape is possible. Prior to this load the column remains
straight. The columns buckle in the plane of the major axis of the cross section as shown below.

X X
X

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

Assumptions:

1. Column is initially perfectly straight and is axially loaded.

2. Section of column is uniform.
3. The material is perfectly elastic, homogeneous, isotropic and obeys hook’s law.
4. Length of column is very large compared to lateral dimension.
5. Direct stress is small compared to bending stress corresponding to buckling condition.
6. Self weight of column is ignorable.
7. The column will fail by buckling alone.

Effective length of columns:

Effective length and critical loads for various boundary conditions compared to a column whose
both ends are hinged.

L = Eff. Length I = actual length

Boundary Condition Eff. Length (L) Critical load
L EI/L
1. Both ends hinged
L

L/2 4 EI/L
2. Both ends fixed
L

L/√2 2 EI/L
3. One end fixed and
other hinged
L

2L EI/4L
4. One end fixed and
other end free
L

L EI/L
5. One end fixed, at
other end only lateral
L
displacement and no
rotation

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material

2L EI/4L
6. One end pinned, at
other only lateral
L
displacement no
rotation

1.5L EI/2.5L
7. One end fixed, at
other end lateral
L
displacement and
partial rotation.

Limitations of Euler’s formula:

Euler’s formula can also be written as σ E/(L/r)

As  and E are constant for a particular material, Euler’s formula is valid for a particular range of
slenderness ratio, for e.g. for mild steel whose  = 3300 Kg/cm and E = 2.1 × 10 Kg/cm
Euler formula is not valid for slenderness ratio less than 80.

Euler’s formula is valid only up to proportional limit i.e., in inelastic zone, the formulae are not
valid

Note:

i) The relation between slenderness ratio and corresponding critical stress is

hyperbolic
ii) According to Euler formulae the critical load does not depend upon strength
property of material the only material property involved is the elastic modules ‘E’
which physically represents the stiffness characteristics of the material.

3.8.3 Rankine’s formula

 It is empirical formula
 Takes into account both direct crushing (Pc) load and Euler critical load (P ).
1 1 1
i. e. ,
P P P
P .P
∴ P
P P

Basic Formula:
.
P ( / )
Where α Rankine’s constant
L = eff. Length
σ yield stress.
Rankine’s Co-efficient: is independent of geometry and end conditions, can be modified to
incorporate imperfections

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 Quick Refresher Guide Strength of Material
σ
α
E

Material σ Rankine’s Constant

Mild steel 3200 1/7500

Wrought Iron 2500 1/9000
Cast Iron 5500 1/1600

 Rankine’s formula is valid for any type of column

 No limitations for slenderness ratio.

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 Quick Refresher Guide Thermodynamics

Part – 4: Thermodynamics
Part 4.1: Basic Thermodynamics

4.1.1 Thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic system is a quantity of matter or region in space considered for the analysis of a
problem.

Surroundings: Everything external to the system.

Boundary: It separates system and surroundings

Boundary

System

Surroundings

Classification of system:

Open system: Both energy and mass can transfer across the boundary e.g., Steam turbine,
centrifugal pump.

Energy in

Mass out
Mass in

Energy out

Closed system: Energy transfer occurs across the boundary. No mass transfer across the
boundary

Energy out

Energy in

e.g. Gas compressed in a piston-cylinder assembly

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Concrete Technology
presentation

Dr.Akram Saad
PhD,MBA,PMP,CCP,MRICS
 Types of Cements
“OPC” Ordinary Portland Cement
 “SRC“Sulphate Resistance Cement “SRC”
 ”PPC” Portland-Pozzolana Cement
“RHC” Rapid Hardening Cement
“LHC” Low Heat Cement
“PSC” Portland Slag Cement
White Cement
 Cement
• Main two types are:

Ordinary Portland Cement “OPC”

 Sulphate Resistance Cement “SRC”

 Types of Portland cement:

• a) Type (I) Normal

• b) Type (II) moderate Sulphate resistance (exposed to soil)

• c) Type (III) high early strength

• d) Type (IV) low heat of hydration

• e) Type (V) high Sulphate resistance (sea water)

 Cement Components

• Tricalcium silicate
• Di-calcium silicate
• Tri-calcium aluminate
• Tetra calcium alumino ferrite.
 Important Notes
Ultimate strength to cement is provided by
- Di-calcium silicate

In the cement the compound quickest to react

with water, is:
- Tricalcium aluminate
 Important Notes
For the manufacture of Portland cement, the
proportions of raw materials used, are:
- lime 63%
- silica 22%
- other ingredients 15%

Setting time:
- Initial 45 minutes.
- Final 10 hours.
Portland Cement Setting Time

Time
Test Method Set Type
Specification
Initial ≥ 45 minutes
Vicat
Final ≤ 375 minutes
 Soundness
• refers to the ability of cement paste to retain
its volume after it has get hardened.
... Soundness of cement is the property by
virtue of which the cement does not undergo
any significant expansion (or change in
volume) after it has set, thus eliminating any
chances of disrupting the mortar or concrete.
 Bleeding

• Separation of water from concrete

• Method to reduce bleeding:

Use air entrainment
 Creep

• A time-dependent deformation that begins

immediately but continuous at a decreasing
rate for as long as the concrete is loaded
 Ingredients of concrete

• Cement “reduce bleeding”

• Aggregates “reduce shrinkage”

• Water “increase slump”

• Admixtures
Strength of concrete primarily depends on

- Quality of water
- Quality of aggregates
- Quantity of cement
- W / C ratio
 Concrete hydration means
• Reaction between cement and water

Separation of water from freshly concrete

known as:
• Bleeding

Weight of reinforcement concrete in kg / m3 is:

• 2400
 Notes
• Process of keeping Concrete moist for certain
period after casting is:
- Curing of Concrete

• Slump test of Concrete used to test:

- Workability

• Value of Concrete Cube strength is given at:

- 28 Days
 Notes
• slump layers of concrete are required in slump
test:
- 3 layers
• Soundness of concrete is tested by:
- Le-chatelier apparatus
Function of aggregates in concrete

Reduction in shrinkage & expansion

Gradation
Describes the particle size distribution of the
aggregates
 Why steel is used as reinforcement in R .Concrete

- Good bond to concrete

- Easily available
- Coefficient of thermal expansion is same for
steel and concrete
 Admixtures are used in Concrete for

- Increasing strength of concrete

- Reduce heat of concrete
- To increase workability of concrete
- Increase air content
 ADMIXTURES

• To modify the concrete properties, to shorten the time of

setting or to delay the setting time of cement Admixtures
are used and they are as follows:

• ACCELERATORS : To shorten the time of setting or increase

the rate of hardening or strength development Ex: calcium
chloride, Uses: Repair works , precast production , cold
weather.

• RETARDERS: To delay the setting time of cement Ex: soluble

zinc salts gypsum ,sugar, carbohydrate products, ligno
sulphates. Uses: Hot weather.
 Normal Concrete vs. High-Strength Concrete
Properties and Difference
• Concrete as a construction material are grouped as normal
concrete or high strength concrete based on its compressive
strength. The compressive strength of normal concrete has a
value ranging between 20 and 40 MPa.

• The high strength concrete will have strength above 40MPa.

• With time and changes in the history, the characteristic

factors between the normal and the high strength concrete
have also changed, the concrete with compressive strength of
28 MPa was considered as a high strength concrete. But now,
the concrete can attain strength that is greater than 800 MPa.
• In terms of application, the normal strength
concrete is the most used type compared with
high strength concrete. The main objective of
using high strength concrete is to reduce the
weight, creep or the permeability issues, to
improve the durability of the structure, to
consider special architectural considerations
that demands for elements that carry heavy
loads.
 Properties of Normal and High Strength
Concrete

• Whatever be the type of concrete say normal

or high strength, the mixed fresh concrete
must be plastic or semi-fluid in nature so that
it can be molded by hand or by using any
mechanical means.
• All the particles of sand and the coarse
aggregates in a fresh concrete mixture are
encased together and they stay at suspension.
 Hints
• It is very necessary that the mixture must not
undergo bleeding or segregation during the
handling or transportation.

• Uniform distribution of aggregates in the

concrete helps in controlling the segregation.
 Workability Factors of Normal and High
Strength Concrete
• As we know, the workability factor reflects the ease in which the
concrete is placed, compact and finished in its fresh state.
• The Normal strength concrete possesses good workability given
that all the concrete ingredients are in proper and accurate
proportions. These aggregates must be of proper gradation.
• High strength concrete mix is often sticky and is found very difficult
to be handled and placed. This is the condition even if the
plasticizers are used. This condition is mainly due to the high
cement content in it.
• Bleeding Factors Normal and High Strength Concrete
• The settlement of solid particles of the cement and the aggregate in
the fresh concrete mix results in the development of a layer of
water on the top of the concrete surface (fresh concrete state), this
is called as bleeding. Smaller bleeding has no issues. But large-scale
bleeding affects the durability and the strength of the concrete.
• When compared to normal strength concrete,
the high strength concrete does not bleed.
This is because the high strength concrete has
smaller water content and a high amount of
cementitious materials. The air entrained
concrete also has less chances to bleed.
Permeability of Normal Strength and High
Strength Concrete

• All the durability concerns like corrosion

resistance, resistance to chemical attacks,
creep have a direct relationship with the
permeability of the concrete. Only if a foreign
substance enters inside the concrete, damage
occurs. The permeability of concrete depends
on the permeability property related with the
paste and the aggregates present in the
concrete.
 Decrease in permeability helps in

• Improving sulfate and chemical attack resistance

• Resistance to corrosion
• Resistance to chloride penetration
• Lower the water cement ratio with adequate curing period
helps in having a concrete of lower permeability. For a
normal strength concrete the permeability is found to be in
the range of 1 x 10-10 cm/sec.

• Addition of supplementary cementitious materials into the

concrete mix like silica fume, fly ash and GGBFS helps in
reducing the permeability of the concrete.
• The high strength concrete has a lower value of
permeability compared to normal strength concrete. This is
because the high – strength concrete is designed with
lower water cement ratio. They commonly use silica fume
in their mix. The high strength concrete has a permeability
coefficient that ranges from 1 x 10-11 to 1 x 10-13 cm/sec.

• The high strength concrete thus has lower permeability and

higher resistance to chloride attack and this makes it
suitable for the construction of bridges, parking decks and
those structures that are more exposed to seawater or de-
icers.
POINTS TO REMEMBER FOR CIVIL SITE
ENGINEERS
• Following are few general points to remember for civil site engineers to
make the construction work easier while maintaining quality of
construction.
• Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm.
• Chair spacing maximum spacing is 1.00 m (or) 1 No per 1m2.
• For dowels rod minimum of 12 mm diameter should be used.

• Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.

• Longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross
C/S.
• Minimum bars for square column is 4 No’s and 6 No’s for circular column.

• Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm (HYSD) or 10 mm (Plain
bars) and the distributors not less than 8 mm and not more than 1/8 of
slab thickness.
 Important Notes
• Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm.
• Dimension tolerance for cubes + 2 mm.
• Free fall of concrete is allowed maximum to 1.50m.
• Water absorption of bricks should not be more than 15 %.
• PH value of the water should not be less than 6.
• Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N / mm2.
• In steel reinforcement binding wire required is 8 kg per MT.
• In soil filling as per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for
core cutting test for every 100m2.
 Density of Materials

Material Density
Bricks 1600 – 1920 kg/m3
Concrete block 1920 kg/ m3

Reinforced concrete 2310 – 2700 kg/ m3

 Curing time of RCC Members for
different types of cement
• Super Sulphate cement: 7 days

• Ordinary Portland cement OPC: 10 days

• Minerals & Admixture added cement: 14 days

 De-Shuttering time of different RCC
Members
• Arches spanning over 6m 21 days
RCC Member De-shuttering time

For columns, walls, vertical form

16-24 hrs.
works

3 days (props to be refixed after

Soffit formwork to slabs
removal)

7 days (props to refixed after

Soffit to beams props
removal)

Beams spanning upto 4.5m 7 days

Beams spanning over 4.5m 14 days<

Arches spanning up to 6m 14 days

Cube samples required for different
quantity of concrete
Quantity of Concrete No. of cubes required

1 – 5 m3 1 No’s

6 -- 15 m3 2 No’s

16 – 30 m3 3 No’s

31 – 50 m3 4 No’s

4 + 1 No’s of addition of each

Above 50 m3
50 m3
 Concrete Technology Selected Questions

1. Ultimate strength to cement is provided by

A. Tricalcium silicate
B. Di-calcium silicate
C. Tri-calcium aluminate
D. Tetra calcium alumino ferrite.

2. In the cement the compound quickest to react with water, is

A. Tricalcium aluminate
B. Tetra-calcium alumino-ferrite
C. Tricalcium silicate
D. Dicalcium silicate.

3. For the manufacture of Portland cement, the proportions of raw materials used, are
A. lime 63%; silica 22 %; other ingredients 15%
B .lime 22 %; silica 63 %; other ingredients 15%
C. silica 40 %; lime 40 %; other ingredients 20%
D. silica 70 %; lime 20% ; other ingredients 10%.

4. Asbestos cement
A.is brittle
B. warps due to changes in humidity
C. strength is lowered when saturated by water.
D. All of the above.

5. Process of keeping Concrete moist for certain period after casting is:
A - Finishing of Concrete
B - Curing of Concrete
C - Placing of Concrete
D - None of the above

6. Weight of reinforcement concrete in kg / m3 is:

A – 1500
B – 1600
C – 2000
D – 2400

7. Slump test of Concrete used to test:

A – Workability
B – Durability
C – Strength
D – Water Content
8. Value of Concrete Cube strength is given at:
A - 1 Day
B – 8 Days
C – 28 Days
D – 35 Days

9. Why steel is used as reinforcement in R .Concrete:

A – Good bond to concrete
B – Easily available
C – Coefficient of thermal expansion is same for steel and concrete
D – All of the above

10. If water required for 1 bag of cement is 30 liters, W /C ratio is:

A – 0.4
B – 0.5
C – 0.6
D – None of the above

11. Admixtures are used in Concrete for:

- Increasing strength of concrete
- Reduce heat of concrete
- To increase workability of concrete
- Increase air content
A–1&2
B–2&3
C–3&4
D – All of the above

12. Strength of concrete depends on:

A- Quality of water
B- Quality of aggregates
C- Quantity of cement
D- W / C ratio
E- All of the above

13. How many slump layers of concrete are required in slump test:
A- 4 layers
B- 2 layers
C- 3 layers
D- 7 layers
14. Air entrained concrete is used in lining walls and roofs to make them:
A - Heat insulated
B - Sound insulated
- None of the above
-A&B

15. Soundness of concrete is tested by:

A- Vicat’s apparatus
B- Le-chatelier apparatus
C- Compressive strength testing apparatus
D- None of the above

16. Concrete hydration means:

A- Reaction between cement and water
B- Curing of concrete
C- Setting of concrete
D- All of the above

17. Separation of water from freshly concrete known as:

A- Bleeding
B- Creeping
C- Segregation
D- Flooding

18. Increased water cement ratio (W/C) in concrete mix

Select one:

A. Results in decreased strength

B. Reduces workability
C. Decreased hydration process
D. Reduce the slump value
Construction Management

Dr. Akram Saad

PhD,MBA,PMP,CCP,MRICS

Dr. Akram Saad

Dr. Akram Saad
Dr. Akram Saad
Dr. Akram Saad
Dr. Akram Saad
Dr. Akram Saad
Dr. Akram Saad
Dr. Akram Saad
Dr. Akram Saad
Dr. Akram Saad
Dr. Akram Saad
Dr. Akram Saad
Dr. Akram Saad
Best of Luck in your Future Career

Dr. Akram Saad

 Paths:
4 ABDG = 11 days
C ABCG = 12 days Critical Path
3
AEFG = 11 days
Activity Duration B 3
2 D 3
Activity Name A G
5
E
1
F
 Dummy activity is used on
Activity on Arrow diagrams

In this example: A & B are merged into E

Geotextiles are permeable fabrics which, when

used in association with soil, have the ability to
separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain.
1.Pre-chlorination - for algae control and arresting any biological growth
2.Aeration - along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron and
manganese
3.Coagulation - for flocculation
4.Coagulant aids, also known as polyelectrolytes - to improve coagulation and for
thicker floc formation
5.Sedimentation - for solids separation, that is, removal of suspended solids
trapped in the floc
6.Filtration - removing particles from water
7.Desalination - Process of removing salt from the water
8.Disinfection - for killing bacteria.
 Usually on the critical path

Since the link is for the early dates

1. The strength of material is defined as:
a) Ability of material to resist external forces.
b) Ability of material to resist deformation.
c) Ability of material to with stand external loads.
d) None of the above.

2. Stress means:
a) Is the internal forces developed in material due to external forces.
b) Ability to resist external forces
c) Deformation in material caused of external forces.
d) Forces applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a member.

3. The SPT-N values of Dense sand is equal to:

a) 0 – 20
b) 20 – 40
c) Larger than 50
d) 100

4. In above truss. If the temp of member B-C changed by 100 F°. the displacement of point E
is equal to :
a) 3.52 mm
b) 9.83 mm
c) 8.3 mm
d) None of the above.

5. Critical path means:

a) Longest sequence of activities path in a project.
b) Shortest sequence of activities path in a project.
c) The path that have the maximum resources assigned.
d) The path with the longest tasks in project.
6. Add-Mixture are used in concrete for:
1. Increasing strength of concrete.
2. Reduce heat of concrete.
3. To increase workability of concrete.
4. Increase air content.
a) 1 & 2
b) 2 & 3
c) 3 & 4
d) 1 & 4

7. In pert chart the time estimate of activity is calculated by:

a) Normal.
b) Binomial.
c) Logarithmic.
d) None of the above. PERT uses Probabilty based on the Beta Distribution

8. The value of concrete cube strength is given at:

a) 1 day.
b) 8 days.
c) 28 days.
d) 35 days.

9. For simply supported beam the shear and flexural stresses will equal to Zero at:
a) End supports.
b) Middle of the span and above neutral axis.
c) Middle of the span and on the neutral axis.
d) End Supports and below neutral axis.

10. The summation of internal angles of 6 sides polygon:

a) 360.
b) 540.
c) 720.
d) None of the above. Angle = (n-2) x 180 = 4 x 180 = 720

11. Ministry of urban planning need to construct an exhibition center the location of this
center should be next to:
a) Airport
b) Buses stations.
c) In a high population area.
d) In a remote area.

12. ASHGAL responsible for:

a) Responsible of public housing.
b) Responsible of electrical and water services.
c) Responsible of urban planning.
d) None of the above.
 13. Compaction in backfilling is used for:
a) Reducing water content in backfilled material.
b) Reducing air content in backfilled material.
c) Crushing of stones in backfilled material.
d) None of the above.

14. Last component that is added to cement production process is:

a) Silica.
b) Alumina.
c) Calcium sulfate.
d) None of the above.

15. Ultra sonic pulse test is:

1) None destructive test.
2) Used in smooth concrete surfaces
3) A destructive test.
4) Used for testing of soil.
a) 1 & 2
b) 3 only
c) 3 & 4
d) None of the above.

16. 1) Concrete pouring.

2) Shutter striking.
3) Shutter erection.
4) Curing.
The correct sequence of work for concrete work is given by:
a) 4-1-2-3
b) 3-1-4-2
c) 3-4-1-2
d) 2-1-3-4
17. Slump test is used for:
a) Testing of workability of concrete.
b) Monitoring heat of dehydrated concrete.
c) Used to calculate strength of concrete.
d) None of the above.

18. How many layers of concrete is required in slump test:

a) 4 layers.
b) 2 layers.
c) 3 layers.
d) 7 layers.
 19. One of the following is not a gypsum board characteristic:
a) Low coast in construction.
b) Can be easily formed in deferent shapes.
c) Can be recycled.
d) Fire resistance.

20. Super elevation is used at:

a) Straight Highways.
b) Car parking’s.
c) Bus stations.
d) Horizontal curves.

21. 5 meter high retaining walls is back filled with sand (Unit weight = 19 KN/M3) with angle of
30°. Earth lateral pressure will equal to:
??? a) 95 KN/m.
b) 55 KN/m.
c) 45 KN/m.
d) None of the above.
22. A car going on a speed of 60 mile/Hr on a curve highway. After passing midpoint the driver
saw an accident in front of him. The distance that will be passed from the moment the
driver saw the accident until he hit the brakes equal to:
a) 45 ft
b) 90 ft
c) 180 ft
d) None of the above.

23. Moisture Content range for timber that Is used in construction is equal to:
a) 0 to 2%.
??? b) 2 to 4%.
c) 10%.
d) None of the above.

24. Fast Track project means:

a) Project that starts before design is completed.
b) Cost plus fee project
c) Starts project with huge man power.
d) None of the above.

25. What is the meaning of crashing in project:

a) To increase project resources in order to reduce Project total duration.
b) Project will not finish on time.
c) Project will not achieve its scope.
d) None of the above.
 26. What I the meaning of resource leveling:
a) Technique used to examine unbalanced use of resources over time.
b) Technique used to determine required resources for project tasks.
c) Report given to project manager about resources.
d) None of the above.

27. Minor limit design method for rectangular section will provide:
a) Minimum steel area, Minimum section dimension.
??? b) Minimum steel area, Maximum section dimension.
c) Maximum steel area, Maximum section dimension.
d) Maximum steel area, Minimum section dimension.

28. UPVC Pipe with station 0.00 and box culvert with station 163.666 ft. calculate the back
filling above the culvert:
a) 3 ft.
b) 4.7 ft.
??? c) 5.93 ft.
d) 2.5 ft.

29. Nominal moment for rectangular concrete cross section is given by:
a) = ( − )
b) = ( − )
c) = − + ( − )
d) = (1 − 0.59 )

30. A sample of 200 ml wastewater is given in a container (Weight of container = 22.00 g) and
was inserted in oven, after water evaporated the weight of sample was given as = 24.502 g
then the sample was inserted in a burning oven and the weight changed to = 22.606 g , the
??? volatile solids content for this sample is equal to:
a) 0.0095 g/ml.
b) 0.0584 g/ml.
c) 0.0081 g/ml.
d) None of the above.
31. The un-drained shear strength for clay is equal to:
a) Half of the unconfined compressive strength of clay.
b) Twice the unconfined compressive strength of clay.
c) One and a half the unconfined compressive strength of clay.
d) None of the above.
1. The strength of material is defined as:
a) Ability of material to resist external forces.
b) Ability of material to resist deformation.
c) Ability of material to with stand external loads.
d) None of the above.

2. Stress means:
a) Is the internal forces developed in material due to external forces.
b) Ability to resist external forces
c) Deformation in material caused of external forces.
d) Forces applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a member.

3. The SPT-N values of Dense sand is equal to:

a) 0 – 20
b) 20 – 40
c) Larger than 50
d) 100

4. In above truss. If the temp of member B-C changed by 100 F°. the displacement of point E
is equal to :
a) 3.52 mm
b) 9.83 mm
c) 8.3 mm
d) None of the above.

5. Critical path means:

a) Longest sequence of activities path in a project.
b) Shortest sequence of activities path in a project.
c) The path that have the maximum resources assigned.
d) The path with the longest tasks in project.
6. Add-Mixture are used in concrete for:
1. Increasing strength of concrete.
2. Reduce heat of concrete.
3. To increase workability of concrete.
4. Increase air content.
a) 1 & 2
b) 2 & 3
c) 3 & 4
d) 1 & 4

7. In pert chart the time estimate of activity is calculated by:

a) Normal.
b) Binomial.
c) Logarithmic.
d) None of the above.

8. The value of concrete cube strength is given at:

a) 1 day.
b) 8 days.
c) 28 days.
d) 35 days.

9. For simply supported beam the shear and flexural stresses will equal to Zero at:
a) End supports.
b) Middle of the span and above neutral axis.
c) Middle of the span and on the neutral axis.
d) End Supports and below neutral axis.

10. The summation of internal angles of 6 sides polygon:

a) 360.
b) 540.
c) 720.
d) None of the above.

11. Ministry of urban planning need to construct an exhibition center the location of this
center should be next to:
a) Airport
b) Buses stations.
c) In a high population area.
d) In a remote area.

12. ASHGAL responsible for:

a) Responsible of public housing.
b) Responsible of electrical and water services.
c) Responsible of urban planning.
d) None of the above.
 13. Compaction in backfilling is used for:
a) Reducing water content in backfilled material.
b) Reducing air content in backfilled material.
c) Crushing of stones in backfilled material.
d) None of the above.

14. Last component that is added to cement production process is:

a) Silica.
b) Alumina.
c) Calcium sulfate.
d) None of the above.

15. Ultra sonic pulse test is:

1) None destructive test.
2) Used in smooth concrete surfaces
3) A destructive test.
4) Used for testing of soil.
a) 1 & 2
b) 3 only
c) 3 & 4
d) None of the above.

16. 1) Concrete pouring.

2) Shutter striking.
3) Shutter erection.
4) Curing.
The correct sequence of work for concrete work is given by:
a) 4-1-2-3
b) 3-1-4-2
c) 3-4-1-2
d) 2-1-3-4
17. Slump test is used for:
a) Testing of workability of concrete.
b) Monitoring heat of dehydrated concrete.
c) Used to calculate strength of concrete.
d) None of the above.

18. How many layers of concrete is required in slump test:

a) 4 layers.
b) 2 layers.
c) 3 layers.
d) 7 layers.
19. One of the following is not a gypsum board characteristic:
a) Low coast in construction.
b) Can be easily formed in deferent shapes.
c) Can be recycled.
d) Fire resistance.

20. Super elevation is used at:

a) Straight Highways.
b) Car parking’s.
c) Bus stations.
d) Horizontal curves.

21. 5 meter high retaining walls is back filled with sand (Unit weight = 19 KN/M3) with angle of
30°. Earth lateral pressure will equal to:
a) 95 KN/m.
b) 55 KN/m.
c) 45 KN/m.
d) None of the above.
22. A car going on a speed of 60 mile/Hr on a curve highway. After passing midpoint the driver
saw an accident in front of him. The distance that will be passed from the moment the
driver saw the accident until he hit the brakes equal to:
a) 45 ft
b) 90 ft
c) 180 ft
d) None of the above.

23. Moisture Content range for timber that Is used in construction is equal to:
a) 0 to 2%.
b) 2 to 4%.
c) 10%.
d) None of the above.

24. Fast Track project means:

a) Project that starts before design is completed.
b) Cost plus fee project
c) Starts project with huge man power.
d) None of the above.

25. What is the meaning of crashing in project:

a) To increase project resources in order to reduce Project total duration.
b) Project will not finish on time.
c) Project will not achieve its scope.
d) None of the above.
26. What I the meaning of resource leveling:
a) Technique used to examine unbalanced use of resources over time.
b) Technique used to determine required resources for project tasks.
c) Report given to project manager about resources.
d) None of the above.

27. Minor limit design method for rectangular section will provide:
a) Minimum steel area, Minimum section dimension.
b) Minimum steel area, Maximum section dimension.
c) Maximum steel area, Maximum section dimension.
d) Maximum steel area, Minimum section dimension.

28. UPVC Pipe with station 0.00 and box culvert with station 163.666 ft. calculate the back
filling above the culvert:
a) 3 ft.
b) 4.7 ft.
c) 5.93 ft.
d) 2.5 ft.

29. Nominal moment for rectangular concrete cross section is given by:
a) = ( − )
b) = ( − )
c) = − + ( − )
d) = (1 − 0.59 )

30. A sample of 200 ml wastewater is given in a container (Weight of container = 22.00 g) and
was inserted in oven, after water evaporated the weight of sample was given as = 24.502 g
then the sample was inserted in a burning oven and the weight changed to = 22.606 g , the
volatile solids content for this sample is equal to:
a) 0.0095 g/ml.
b) 0.0584 g/ml.
c) 0.0081 g/ml.
d) None of the above.
31. The un-drained shear strength for clay is equal to:
a) Half of the unconfined compressive strength of clay.
b) Twice the unconfined compressive strength of clay.
c) One and a half the unconfined compressive strength of clay.
d) None of the above.
 MMUP Most Common Questions (CIVIL) 
1. Strength of  Material is Defined as :  

Ability of Material to Resist External Forces (Ability of Material to Resist the Deformations due to external forces) 

2. Stress Means: 

Is the internal forces developed in material due to external loads 

3. The SPT‐N  (Soil Penetration Test ): 

Indication of the relative density of granular deposits (for dense sand =20  ̴40) 

4. Critical Path: 

Longest sequence of activities path in a project 

5. Add‐Mixture are Used in Concrete for : 

Both (to increase workability of concrete + increase air content) 

6. In PERT Chart the time estimate of activity is calculated by :   

Probability (not normal or binomial or logarithmic) 

7. The value of concrete cube strength is given at : 

28 days 

8. For  simply supported beam the shear and flexural stresses will equal to zero at : 

At mid span and neutral axe 

9. The summation of internal angles at any polygon equal to : 

=720=180 * (n‐2) , where “n” is the number of faces 

10. ASGHAL is responsible for : 

Urban Planning and public buildings 

11. Compaction in backfilling is used for: 

Reducing air content in backfilled material  

12. Last  component that is added to cement production process is : 

Calcium sulfate (Gypsum) 

13. Ultra Sonic pulse test is : 

Both (Non destructive test, used in smooth concrete surfaces) 

{It is used to inspect the depth and width of concrete, and detection of steel bars location in concrete} 

14. Slump test is used for : 

Testing of workability of concrete  
15. No. of layers of concrete required in slump test: 

3 layers  

16. The following is not a gypsum board characteristic:  

Fire resistance 

17. Super elevation is used at: 

Horizontal curves **to avoid centrifugal force at high speeds 

18. Moisture content range for timber that is used in construction is equal to: 

14‐18% 

19. Plywood is preferred as construction material because :  

The strength of the panel consistent across all directions 

20. Fast Track project means: 

Design/Built (Activities are parallel)  

21. The meaning of crashing in project: 

To increase project resource in order to reduce project total duration  

22. The meaning of resource leveling : 

Technique used to examine unbalanced use of resources over time 

23. Minor limit design method for rectangular section will provide: 

Minimum steel area, Maximum section dimension 

24. Nominal moment for rectangular concrete cross section is given by : 

Mn=Fs As (d‐a/2) 

25. The un‐drained shear strength for clay is equal to : 

One and a half the unconfined compressive strength of clay 

26. Moment distribution method is devolved by : 

Hardy Cross 

27. The error in measuring tape due to shortage of tape is called: 

Systematic error 

28. Poisson’s Ratio is : 

The transverse strain / the longitudinal strain 

29. Initial setting time of cement for asbestos cement products should be not less than : 

30 minutes 

 
30. Type of cement using for canal lining is: 

Sulphate resisting cement 

31. If water required for  1 bag of cement is 30 liters , the water cement ratio is : 

0.6 

32. The weight of  1 m3 of brick earth, is about: 

1800 kg 

33. Mastic asphalt is normally used for : 

Water proofing 

34. Strength of cement concrete primarily depends upon: 

Water‐Cement ratio 

35. Soundness of cement is tested by: 

 Le‐chatelier apparatus 

36. Slump test for concrete is carried out, to determine: 

Workability 

37. The foundations are placed below ground level, to increase: 

Stability of structure 

38. The loose pockets in soil mass can be bridged safely by providing a raft foundation provided the soft area is 
smaller than: 

One‐third the column spacing 

39. The concrete slump recommended for beams and slabs is: 

30 to 125 mm 

40. The entrained concrete is used in lining walls and roofs for making: 

Both (Heat insulated – sound insulated) 

41. What is the maximum value of PHF (Peak Hour Factor): 

1 

42. What is the minimum value of PHF (Peak Hour Factor): 

0.25 

43. What is the factor not to be taken in consideration in mix design: 

??????? 
44. What to take in consideration to safe design for long pile in a drilled rock soil: 

Strength of concrete 

45. What is the factor effecting the hardness of water? 

Calcium &Magnesium  

46. The road cross section is used for : 

Cut and fills quantity 

47. What is RQD 100% refer to :                            *RQD = Rock Quality Designation 

High quality rock 

48. Activity is followed by two activities is called: 

Diversion activity 

49. At project time frame , type of cost estimation is: 

Budget cost 

50. Maximum backfilling height for chambers and pit as per QCS is: 

300mm 

51. Amount of time that an activity may be delayed from early start without delaying the project is: 

Total float Or Total Slack 

52. Amount of time a task can be delayed without delaying the early start of its successor is: 

Free float 

53. What is hydration in concrete? 

It is the reaction between cement and water 

54. What is Project scope definition? 

It is the sum total of all its product and their requirements or features 

55. What is the yield strength of steel? 

The ability of a metal to tolerate gradual progressive force without permanent deformation 

56. Perfect sampling for Rock Soil: 

Double Sleeve 

57. What is the perception and reaction time for calculating the sight distance? 

2.5 seconds, 1mile = 1.609344 KM, 60mile = 96.56 KM 
58. For why steel is preferred as reinforcement in concrete? 

Because it has the same coefficient of expansion of the concrete. 

59. In infrastructure works , the utility with the lowest level is : 

Drainage 

60. Who makes the tests to ensure the reliability and suitability of the product? 

Certified Testing Engineer. 

61. Consolidation is aterm used to describe the volume reduction of? 

Saturated Clay 

62. Fundamental factor in creating durable concrete is …… and ……… 

Pozzolana, Ground granulated blast‐furnace slag 

63.  A project with CPI=0.95 and SPI=1.01 that means 

The project runs with over cost and progress faster than plan 

64. What is service Capacity of roads describes? 
Capacity is defined as the maximum number of vehicles, passengers, or the like, per unit time, which can be 
Accommodated under given conditions with a reasonable expectation of occurrence. 

65. The levels of service of roads describe? 

A term closely related to capacity and often confused with it is service volume. When capacity gives a 
quantitative 
Measure of traffic, level of service or LOS tries to give a qualitative measure. It divides the quality of tra_c into six 
levels ranging from level A to level F.

66. Cohesionless backfill is usually layers thick ……? 
 
30 CM

67. The main type of plastic moment into concrete is? 

Plastic settlement Or Plastic shrinkage Or Both Or none of the above.

68. The legal area of piece of land is measured? 

Vertically Or Horizontally Or Along ground Or Between the ellipsoid and geoid 

69. What is proctor compactor test check? 

Max Dry density 

70. What does a burst activity mean? 

A burst activity is an activity that is a predecessor to more than one activity

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 QCS: (2010): Qatar Construction Specification 

QCS: (2007): Qatar Construction Standards 

PERT:  Program Evaluation and Review Technique 

CPM:  Critical Path Method 

PWA: Public Works Affairs 

AASHTO:  American Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials 

ASTM:  American Society for Testing and Materials 

QSAS:  Qatar Sustainability Assessment System 

BS:  British Standards 

ABET: Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology 

   
 ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

Problems 

71. A sample of 200 ml wastewater is given in a container (Weight of container = 22.00 g) and 
was inserted in oven, after water evaporated the weight of sample was given as = 24.502 g 
then the sample was inserted in a burning oven and the weight changed to = 22.606 g, the Volatile solids 
content for this sample is equal to: 

=24.502‐22.606=1.896 g 

Volatile solids content= 1.896 g/200 ml =0.0095 g/ml 

72. A car going on a speed of 60 mile/Hr on a curve highway. After passing midpoint the driver 
saw an accident in front of him. The distance that will be passed from the moment the 
driver saw the accident until he hit the brakes equal to: 

‐ The perception and reaction time for calculating the sight distance=2.5 seconds 

‐60 mile/hr *5280 ft/3600 seconds=88 ft/sec 

‐ The distance that will be passed from the moment the driver saw the accident until he hit the brakes = 88 ft/sec 
*2.5 sec = 220 ft 

73. A flow in rectangular section 2 m wide as shown velocity equal to Y1/3 calculates the discharge. 

 
V = Y 1/3 

1 meter
 
30
Y
 

 
74. Calculate pressure at point A  Water 

Oil 

  S=0.9 

0 5m
1.3 m 

1m

A
Mercury 
S=13.55 
 
 1. 100 Chord is mostly near to :
 1/ 10.000
 1/ 100.000 ???
 1/ 200.000
 Something I didn’t remember
2. Air entrained in concrete :
- Density concrete Decreases
- Workability Increases
- Segregation Decrease
- Durability Increases
- All of the above

3. Concrete Mix design; what is not to consider while preparing Mix design
- Initial setting time of cement
- Test control procedures
- Workability
- Compressive strength of concrete.

4. Moisture Content in Timber used for construction purposes.

 1 to 4 %
 10 to 12 %
 15 to 20 %
 > 20 %
5. Max tensile strength in timber
– The applied force is Parallel to grains
– The applied force is perpendicular to grains
– Same in both directions
– Something I didn’t remember

6. The truss shown in figure. If member AB is shorten by 3mm, applied force 25 KN, what is the
vertical displacement at point C? C

~3mm 25 E&A +

A B

3mm

7. Slope at C? 12 KN

A E

C
24m
 – Zero
– 1666.66
– 3333.33
– 5555.55

HL
8.Given Q total (flow rate) Inflow Outflow
Head Loss
Friction Q
Diameter Pipe 1, 2 and 3

Length Pipe 1, 2, and 3

Find velocity at the out flow?

9. Given the following Weir; Head of water is 4 m, angle of Weir is 52 Degrees; Constant coefficient
0.06. What is the Flow rate =?

??? 52 h

Q =?
10. Question on Horizontal Curve:

Super elevation = 0.004; Friction = 0.016; Velocity = 55 mph. what is the minimum radius?

L
e + f = V2/127R

I R

11. PERT: is a node activity mode with probabilistic approach

PERT: is a node activity mode with a deterministic approach
CPM: is a node activity mode with a probabilistic approach
 Which of the above statements is/are correct?
1 only
2&3
124
3 only

12. Activity Duration Predessasor

A 2 -
B 3 A
C 4
D 2
E 1
F 2 ACD
G 1

LS =
LF
No question, only given the above table, and mentioned 4 multiple choice answers !

 ACGF
 CCCD

13. You have to make embankment V= 100,000cy material to be transported from near site.
Swell ratio material 20 %
Shrinkage value 15 %
How many cy to be excavated?

 115,000
 117,000


120,000
117,727
???
14. Concrete Sequence
1-Shutter erection
2- Concrete pouring
3- Curing
4-Shutter dismantling

15. Resources levelling

 16. CPI =0.95; SPI = 1.01 which of the following is true.
– Project ahead schedule; cost above budget
– Project behind schedule; cost below budget
– Project ahead schedule; cost below budget
– Project behind schedule; cost above budget

17. Rank A Ka = tan 2 ( 45- Ø )

2
W3 Ø
W2
Ka rh 2
2
???
W1 F.o .s sliding
Ø

The above rankine active retaining wall, given density of soil, angle of internal
friction, height of wall, angle of internal friction under wall base. Find out the factor
of safety against sliding?
– 3
– 1.23
– 2.5
– 3.5
18. Reynolds Coefficient Number is used for:
- Clay soil coefficient
- Fluid Mechanics close conduits
- Open Channel
- flow of traffic

19. ABET – Accreditation Board for Engineering & Technology

20. BFFS – Basic Free Slow Speed Estimate

21. SPT - Very Dense sand

10-20
20-40
22. Use of Rebar in Concrete
>50
– Cheap and available
– Strength of steel equal to strength of concrete
– Good bond with concrete Same thermal expansion for Steel and Concrete & Good bond
– Something I don’t remember

Three more questions which I cannot remember.

 Exam 20-Jan-2014 Civil
1) Good Timer used for Construction the moisture content.

Ans – 10 12%

2) The Delay Time for a Series of activities that would not effect if occurred the Project

timing Called.

• Total Slack

• Total Slag

• Critical Float

• Float Pad

• Critical Slag

Ans -Total Slack

3) What is the Maximum Value of PH.

• 1

• Less Than 1

• More Than 1

• Zero

Ans - 1

4) ASHGAL Responsible for.

ƒ Public Work

ƒ Public Housings

ƒ High Population area

ƒ Non of the above

Ans – Public Work

 Exam 20-Jan-2014 Civil
5) 1) Concrete Pouring

2) Shutter Striking

3) Shutter Erection

4) Curing

Use the Correct Sequence

Ans – 3-1-4-2

6) How many layers required for Slumb Test.

• 4 Layers

• 2 Layers

• 3 Layers

• 1 Layers

Ans – 3 Layers

7) The SPT-N Value of dense Sand

• 0-20

• 20-40

• Large of 50

• 100

Ans – 20-40

 
 Exam 20-Jan-2014 Civil
 

8) Slumb Test for Concrete is carried out to determine.

• Strength

• Durability

• Workability

• Water Content

Ans – Workability
2
9) For Isolated Foundation area of Foundation as per Calculation Required to be 2.25m

and the Colum Dimension is 0.25x0.8 what is the best Foundation Size

• 1.5mx1.5m

• 1mx2.25 m

• 1.25mx1.8m

• Non of the above

Ans – 1.25mx1.8m

10) Separation of water or water sand cement from freshly concrete is known.

• Bleeding

• Creeping

• Segregation

• Flooding

Ans - Bleeding
 Exam 20-Jan-2014 Civil

11) . P 4M

  A  3m 

Calculate the Deflection at Point A

No Reply

12) What does QCS Mean?

Ans- Qatar Construction Specification.

13) Management definition include all except

a) Speed

b) Progress

c) Quality

d) Repeating

Ans – Repeating

14) Car Speed 60 mile 1hr and f=2 and Road Radius=

Calculate the Super elevation from which equation

• e =  –f 
 
• e =  ‐f 
 

            Ans‐ e =  –f 
 Exam 20-Jan-2014 Civil
 
15) AS Built Drawing Submitted For.

ƒ Construction

ƒ Additional Work

ƒ Record and Maintenance

Ans – Record and Maintenance

16) Maximum Backfilling Height at Champers and Pit as per QCS.

• 300 mm

• 500mm

• 250mm

• 150mm

Ans – 300 mm

17) Interdisciplinary nature of Engineering Projects

a) All Engineers Should be Experienced for all activities Regardless the

Discipline.

b) All Engineer Should work and Cooperate Together and Solve all the

Engineering Issues.

c) .

d)

Ans - B
 Exam 20-Jan-2014 Civil

18) To extract Good sample of Rock

• Single tube Parallel

• double tube Parallel

• Traditional Split spoon.

Ans – Double Tube Parallel

19) The Summation of Internal Angles 6 side Polygon.

1. 360

2. 540

3. 720

4. Non of the above

Ans –I Choose 720

 


       

               
  
    

   


          
  
  

                  
         
            
   


  


        
     

     
      
            

             
         
           
            

 





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PMP Questions with Answers for MME-Electrical – 2018
1. Information to develop a project network is collected from the

A. Organization breakdown structure

B. Work breakdown structure

C. Budget

D. Project proposal

E. Responsibility matrix

Work breakdown structure

2. Which of the following represents an activity on an AON (Activity on Node) project network?

A. An arrow

B. A line

C. A node

D. Both A and B are correct

E. A, B, and C are all correct

A node

3. Arrows on an AON project network represent:

A. An activity

B. Project flow

C. Dependency

D. Both B and C are correct

E. Both A and B are correct

Both B and C are correct

4. When translated into a project network, a work package will become

A. A single activity

B. One or more activities

Page 1 of 12
C. A milestone

D. A critical path

E. An arrow

One or more activities

5. Which of the following is provided by a project network but not by the work breakdown structure?

A. Dependencies

B. Sequencing

C. Timing

D. Both A and B are correct

E. A, B, and C are all correct

A, B, and C are all correct

6. On a project network, the activity times are derived from the

A. Organization breakdown structure

B. Work packages

C. Budget

D. Project proposal

E. Responsibility matrix

Work packages

7. Part of a project is to Develop Product Specifications. This is best classified as a(n)

A. Event

B. Path

C. Activity

D. Node

E. Milestone

Activity

Page 2 of 12
8. An activity that has more than one dependency arrow flowing into it is termed a(n)

A. Parallel activity

B. Critical path

C. Burst activity

D. Merge activity

E. Independent activity

Merge activity

9. The critical path in a project network is the

A. Shortest path through the network

B. Longest path through the network

C. Network path with the most difficult activities

D. Network path using the most resources

E. Network path with the most merge activities

Longest path through the network

10. A/an _________ activity has more than one dependency arrow flowing from it.

A. Parallel

B. Critical path

C. Burst

D. Merge

E. Independent

Burst

11. An item on a project network is Design Software Completed. This is best described as a(n)

A. Event

B. Path

C. Activity

Page 3 of 12
D. Node

E. Milestone

Event

12. Activities which can take place at the same time are termed

A. Parallel activity

B. Critical path

C. Burst activity

D. Merge activity

E. Independent activity

Parallel activity

13. A sequence of connected, dependent activities is termed a(n)

A. Critical path

B. Parallel path

C. Activity chain

D. Path

E. Dependent chain

Path

14. An AON project network uses which of the following basic building blocks?

A. Arrows

B. Bars

C. Nodes

D. Both A and C are correct

E. A, B, and C are all correct

Both A and C are correct

15. Which of the following is not one of the basic rules to follow when developing project networks?

Page 4 of 12
A. An activity cannot begin until all preceding activities have been completed

B. Each activity must have a unique identification number

C. Conditional statements are allowed but looping statements are not allowed

D. An activity identification number must be larger that that of any preceding activities

E. Networks flow from left to right

Conditional statements are allowed but looping statements are not allowed

16. ________ activities must be completed immediately before a particular activity.

A. Merge

B. Burst

C. Predecessor

D. Successor

E. Critical

Predecessor

17. ________ activities are to be completed immediately following a particular activity.

A. Merge

B. Burst

C. Predecessor

D. Successor

E. Critical

Successor

18. The forward pass in project network calculations determines the

A. Earliest time's activities can begin

B. Earliest time's activities can be finished

C. Duration of the project

D. Both A and B are correct

Page 5 of 12
E. A, B, and C are all correct

A, B, and C are all correct

19. The backward pass in project network calculations determines the

A. Latest time's activities can begin

B. Earliest time's activities can be finished

C. Critical path

D. Both A and C are correct

E. A, B, and C are all correct

Both A and C are correct

20. Which of the following correctly calculates the early finish for an activity?

A. LS + DUR

B. ES + DUR

C. LF +DUR

D. ES + SL

E. LF + SL

ES + DUR

21. Which of the following correctly calculates the late start for an activity?

A. EF - DUR

B. ES - DUR

C. LF - DUR

D. ES - SL

E. LF - SLACK

LF - DUR

22. The amount of time an activity can be delayed and yet not delay the project is termed

A. Total slack

Page 6 of 12
B. Free slack

C. Critical float

D. Float pad

E. Slip pad

Total slack

23. Which of the following will correctly calculate the total slack in an activity?

A. LS - ES

B. LF - EF

C. LS - LF

D. LF - ES

E. Both A and B are correct

Both A and B are correct

24. The laying pipe example in the text illustrates the concept of

A. Laddering

B. Hammock activities

C. Critical path

D. Concurrent engineering

E. Forward pass

Laddering

25. Using a special color copy machine for a tradeshow publication illustrates the concept of

A. Laddering

B. Hammock activities

C. Critical path

D. Concurrent engineering

E. Forward pass

Page 7 of 12
Hammock activities

26. If, for some reason, the project must be expedited to meet an earlier date, which of the following
actions would the project manager take first?

A. Check to see which activities cost the least

B. Check to see which activities have the longest duration

C. Check to see which activities are on the critical path

D. Check to see which activities have the most slack

E. Check to see which activities have the highest risk

Check to see which activities are on the critical path

27. Typically an activity on a project network represents

A. A single work package

B. One or more tasks from a work package

C. Several work packages

D. A sub-deliverable

E. A cost account

One or more tasks from a work package

28. Project network logic errors include which of the following?

A. Activities with less than 1 day duration

B. Sequences such as "if test successful build prototype, if failure redesign"

C. A sequence such as B succeeds A, C succeeds B, A succeeds C

D. Both B and C are network logic errors

E. A, B, and C are all network logic errors

Both B and C are network logic errors

29. Which company utilized concurrent engineering to design a new line of cars and in the process
completed its development six months ahead of schedule?

A. General Motors

Page 8 of 12
B. Chrysler

C. Ford

D. Nissan

E. Toyota

Chrysler

30. The minimum amount of time a dependent activity must be delayed to begin or end is referred to as:

A. Hammock

B. Laddering

C. Lag

D. Cushion

E. Buffer

Lag

31. The requirement for a freshly poured foundation to cure before beginning construction is an
example of which of the following type of lag?

A. Start to Start

B. Start to Finish

C. Finish to Finish

D. Finish to Start

E. Any of these could be correct

Finish to Start

32. Concurrent engineering is a good example of good use of

A. Start to Start lags

B. Start to Finish lags

C. Finish to Finish lags

D. Finish to Start lags

E. Any of these could be correct

Page 9 of 12
Start to Start lags

33. If testing cannot be completed any earlier than four days after the prototype is built, which of the
following type of lag exists?

A. Start to Start

B. Start to Finish

C. Finish to Finish

D. Finish to Start

E. Any of these could be correct

Finish to Finish

34. Which of the following represents an activity on an AOA (Activity on Arrow) project network?

A. An arrow

B. A line

C. A node

D. Both A and B are correct

E. A, B, and C are all correct

A line

35. Nodes on an AOA project network represent:

A. An activity

B. An event

C. Responsibility

D. Both B and C are correct

E. Both A and B are correct

An event

Activity

Task(s) of the project that consumes time while people/equipment either work or wait.

Activity-on-arrow

Page 10 of 12
(AOA)

Activity-on-arrow method for drawing project networks. The activity is shown as an arrow.

Activity-on-node

(AON)

Activity-on-node method for drawing project networks. The activity is on the node (rectangle).

Burst activity

An activity that has more than one activity immediately following it.

Concurrent engineering

Cross functional teamwork in new-product development projects that provides product design, quality
engineering, and manufacturing process engineering all at the same time.

Critical path

The longest activity path(s) through the network. The critical path can be distinguished by identifying the
collection of activities that all have the same minimum slack.

Gantt chart

A graphic presentation of project activities depicted as a time-scaled bar line.

Hammock activity

A special-purpose, aggregate activity that identifies the use of fixed resources or costs over a segment of
the project—e.g., a consultant. Derives its duration from the time span between other activities.

Lag relationship

The relationship between the start and/ or finish of a project activity and the start and/or finish of
another activity. The most common lag relationships are (1) finish-to-start, (2) finish-to-finish, (3) start-
to-start, and (4) start-to-finish.

Merge activity

An activity that has more than one activity immediately preceding it.

Parallel activity

One or more activities that can be carried on concurrently or simultaneously.

Sensitivity

Page 11 of 12
The likelihood that the critical path(s) will change once the project begins to be implemented.

Page 12 of 12
PMP Questions with Answers for MME-Electrical – 2018
1. Information to develop a project network is collected from the

A. Organization breakdown structure

B. Work breakdown structure

C. Budget

D. Project proposal

E. Responsibility matrix

Work breakdown structure

2. Which of the following represents an activity on an AON (Activity on Node) project network?

A. An arrow

B. A line

C. A node

D. Both A and B are correct

E. A, B, and C are all correct

A node

3. Arrows on an AON project network represent:

A. An activity

B. Project flow

C. Dependency

D. Both B and C are correct

E. Both A and B are correct

Both B and C are correct

4. When translated into a project network, a work package will become

A. A single activity

B. One or more activities

Page 1 of 12
C. A milestone

D. A critical path

E. An arrow

One or more activities

5. Which of the following is provided by a project network but not by the work breakdown structure?

A. Dependencies

B. Sequencing

C. Timing

D. Both A and B are correct

E. A, B, and C are all correct

A, B, and C are all correct

6. On a project network, the activity times are derived from the

A. Organization breakdown structure

B. Work packages

C. Budget

D. Project proposal

E. Responsibility matrix

Work packages

7. Part of a project is to Develop Product Specifications. This is best classified as a(n)

A. Event

B. Path

C. Activity

D. Node

E. Milestone

Activity

Page 2 of 12
8. An activity that has more than one dependency arrow flowing into it is termed a(n)

A. Parallel activity

B. Critical path

C. Burst activity

D. Merge activity

E. Independent activity

Merge activity

9. The critical path in a project network is the

A. Shortest path through the network

B. Longest path through the network

C. Network path with the most difficult activities

D. Network path using the most resources

E. Network path with the most merge activities

Longest path through the network

10. A/an _________ activity has more than one dependency arrow flowing from it.

A. Parallel

B. Critical path

C. Burst

D. Merge

E. Independent

Burst

11. An item on a project network is Design Software Completed. This is best described as a(n)

A. Event

B. Path

C. Activity

Page 3 of 12
D. Node

E. Milestone

Event

12. Activities which can take place at the same time are termed

A. Parallel activity

B. Critical path

C. Burst activity

D. Merge activity

E. Independent activity

Parallel activity

13. A sequence of connected, dependent activities is termed a(n)

A. Critical path

B. Parallel path

C. Activity chain

D. Path

E. Dependent chain

Path

14. An AON project network uses which of the following basic building blocks?

A. Arrows

B. Bars

C. Nodes

D. Both A and C are correct

E. A, B, and C are all correct

Both A and C are correct

15. Which of the following is not one of the basic rules to follow when developing project networks?

Page 4 of 12
A. An activity cannot begin until all preceding activities have been completed

B. Each activity must have a unique identification number

C. Conditional statements are allowed but looping statements are not allowed

D. An activity identification number must be larger that that of any preceding activities

E. Networks flow from left to right

Conditional statements are allowed but looping statements are not allowed

16. ________ activities must be completed immediately before a particular activity.

A. Merge

B. Burst

C. Predecessor

D. Successor

E. Critical

Predecessor

17. ________ activities are to be completed immediately following a particular activity.

A. Merge

B. Burst

C. Predecessor

D. Successor

E. Critical

Successor

18. The forward pass in project network calculations determines the

A. Earliest time's activities can begin

B. Earliest time's activities can be finished

C. Duration of the project

D. Both A and B are correct

Page 5 of 12
E. A, B, and C are all correct

A, B, and C are all correct

19. The backward pass in project network calculations determines the

A. Latest time's activities can begin

B. Earliest time's activities can be finished

C. Critical path

D. Both A and C are correct

E. A, B, and C are all correct

Both A and C are correct

20. Which of the following correctly calculates the early finish for an activity?

A. LS + DUR

B. ES + DUR

C. LF +DUR

D. ES + SL

E. LF + SL

ES + DUR

21. Which of the following correctly calculates the late start for an activity?

A. EF - DUR

B. ES - DUR

C. LF - DUR

D. ES - SL

E. LF - SLACK

LF - DUR

22. The amount of time an activity can be delayed and yet not delay the project is termed

A. Total slack

Page 6 of 12
B. Free slack

C. Critical float

D. Float pad

E. Slip pad

Total slack

23. Which of the following will correctly calculate the total slack in an activity?

A. LS - ES

B. LF - EF

C. LS - LF

D. LF - ES

E. Both A and B are correct

Both A and B are correct

24. The laying pipe example in the text illustrates the concept of

A. Laddering

B. Hammock activities

C. Critical path

D. Concurrent engineering

E. Forward pass

Laddering

25. Using a special color copy machine for a tradeshow publication illustrates the concept of

A. Laddering

B. Hammock activities

C. Critical path

D. Concurrent engineering

E. Forward pass

Page 7 of 12
Hammock activities

26. If, for some reason, the project must be expedited to meet an earlier date, which of the following
actions would the project manager take first?

A. Check to see which activities cost the least

B. Check to see which activities have the longest duration

C. Check to see which activities are on the critical path

D. Check to see which activities have the most slack

E. Check to see which activities have the highest risk

Check to see which activities are on the critical path

27. Typically an activity on a project network represents

A. A single work package

B. One or more tasks from a work package

C. Several work packages

D. A sub-deliverable

E. A cost account

One or more tasks from a work package

28. Project network logic errors include which of the following?

A. Activities with less than 1 day duration

B. Sequences such as "if test successful build prototype, if failure redesign"

C. A sequence such as B succeeds A, C succeeds B, A succeeds C

D. Both B and C are network logic errors

E. A, B, and C are all network logic errors

Both B and C are network logic errors

29. Which company utilized concurrent engineering to design a new line of cars and in the process
completed its development six months ahead of schedule?

A. General Motors

Page 8 of 12
B. Chrysler

C. Ford

D. Nissan

E. Toyota

Chrysler

30. The minimum amount of time a dependent activity must be delayed to begin or end is referred to as:

A. Hammock

B. Laddering

C. Lag

D. Cushion

E. Buffer

Lag

31. The requirement for a freshly poured foundation to cure before beginning construction is an
example of which of the following type of lag?

A. Start to Start

B. Start to Finish

C. Finish to Finish

D. Finish to Start

E. Any of these could be correct

Finish to Start

32. Concurrent engineering is a good example of good use of

A. Start to Start lags

B. Start to Finish lags

C. Finish to Finish lags

D. Finish to Start lags

E. Any of these could be correct

Page 9 of 12
Start to Start lags

33. If testing cannot be completed any earlier than four days after the prototype is built, which of the
following type of lag exists?

A. Start to Start

B. Start to Finish

C. Finish to Finish

D. Finish to Start

E. Any of these could be correct

Finish to Finish

34. Which of the following represents an activity on an AOA (Activity on Arrow) project network?

A. An arrow

B. A line

C. A node

D. Both A and B are correct

E. A, B, and C are all correct

A line

35. Nodes on an AOA project network represent:

A. An activity

B. An event

C. Responsibility

D. Both B and C are correct

E. Both A and B are correct

An event

Activity

Task(s) of the project that consumes time while people/equipment either work or wait.

Activity-on-arrow

Page 10 of 12
(AOA)

Activity-on-arrow method for drawing project networks. The activity is shown as an arrow.

Activity-on-node

(AON)

Activity-on-node method for drawing project networks. The activity is on the node (rectangle).

Burst activity

An activity that has more than one activity immediately following it.

Concurrent engineering

Cross functional teamwork in new-product development projects that provides product design, quality
engineering, and manufacturing process engineering all at the same time.

Critical path

The longest activity path(s) through the network. The critical path can be distinguished by identifying the
collection of activities that all have the same minimum slack.

Gantt chart

A graphic presentation of project activities depicted as a time-scaled bar line.

Hammock activity

A special-purpose, aggregate activity that identifies the use of fixed resources or costs over a segment of
the project—e.g., a consultant. Derives its duration from the time span between other activities.

Lag relationship

The relationship between the start and/ or finish of a project activity and the start and/or finish of
another activity. The most common lag relationships are (1) finish-to-start, (2) finish-to-finish, (3) start-
to-start, and (4) start-to-finish.

Merge activity

An activity that has more than one activity immediately preceding it.

Parallel activity

One or more activities that can be carried on concurrently or simultaneously.

Sensitivity

Page 11 of 12
The likelihood that the critical path(s) will change once the project begins to be implemented.

Page 12 of 12
work package
calculate pile
compressive strength
tensile strength =10%
compressive strength
soil
Exam # 9 (60 Minutes)

Pass Criteria = Assume it refer

to your plan {above 16/27}

1
Question # 01

2 Minutes

2
Question # 02

6 Minutes

3
Question # 03

Question # 04

6 Minutes

4
Question # 05

Question # 06

4 Minutes

5
Question # 07

3 Minutes

Question # 08

How much the value of the work had been DONE ?

6
Question # 09

2 Minutes

7
Question # 10

5 Minutes

Question # 11

8
Question # 12

3 Minutes

9
Question # 13

3 Minutes

Question # 14

10
Question # 15

Question # 16

3 Minutes

11
Question # 17

3 Minutes

Question # 18

12
Question # 19

3 Minutes

13
Question # 20

Question # 21

3 Minutes

14
Question # 22

4 Minutes

Question # 23

15
Question # 24

4 Minutes

Question # 25

16
Question # 26

4 Minutes
Question # 27

17
Hands Up !!!!

18
 Question # Correct Answer
1 B
2 D
3 A
4 D
5 C
6 B
7 A
Answers 8
9
B
D
10 A
11 A
12 C
13 A
14 A
15 A
16 A
17 A
18 C
19 B
20 B
21 D
22 D
23 D
24 B
25 D
26 C
27 A
19
Answer # 01

Answer # 02

20
Answer # 03

Answer is A

21
Answer # 04

Answer is D

22
Answer # 05

Answer is C

23
Answer # 10

Answer is A

Answer # 11

Answer is A

24
Answer # 12

25
Answer # 18

Answer # 19

26
Answer # 20

Answer # 22

27
Answer # 23

Answer # 24

28
Answer # 26

29
Answer # 27

30