pineapples

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2
PINEAPPLE CULTIVATION 4
THE PINEAPPLE GROWTH CYCLE 5
GROWTH STAGES OF PINEAPPLE 7
FERTILIZATION OBJECTIVES 8
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF PINEAPPLES 10
ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS 16
FERTILIZATION METHODS OR PRACTICES 17

Pineapple fruit is one of the most popular tropical fruits in the

world, consumed either as a tasty and juicy fresh fruit or processed PRODUCTS
into slices, concentrate, and juice. In any case, good fertilization
management plays a key role in satisfying consumer demands.
TESSENDERLO KERLEY FERTILIZERS 19
The plant grows reliably in a wide variety of soils (organic peat soils, volcanic
THIO-SUL® 20
ash and sandy soils), whereby a neutral to mildly acidic pH (4.5 to 6.5) is P-SURE® 21
recommended with slight variations depending on the variety grown. The SOLUPOTASSE® 22
plant tolerates a high exchangeable aluminum and manganese content in KTS® 23
the soil, a condition favoured in highly acidic soils. Pineapple should be CATS® 24
GRANUPOTASSE® 25
grown in well-drained soils and areas of the landscape that do not flood.

For standard field production, fertilization is in the range of 500 – 800 kg/ FERTILIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS
ha for nitrogen, 50 – 180 kg/ha for phosphorus and 600 – 900 kg/ha for
potassium.
TESSENDERLO KERLEY FERTILIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS 27
GUIDELINES 30

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 PINEAPPLE CULTIVATION THE PINEAPPLE GROWTH CYCLE

Pineapple has a lower water requirement than the vast majority of cultivated plants. It has a series of The pineapple is a herbaceous perennial plant grown mainly in tropical areas worldwide. It requires three
morphological and physical characteristics typical of xerophile plants. It has the capacity to store water in years from planting to replanting, during which time it produces two crops and requires larger amounts
the hypoderm of the leaves, to collect water efficiently, including dew, in its trough-shaped leaves, and to of nutrients. Pineapples can be grown once (a single cycle) or in one or more additional ratoon cycles.
considerably reduce water loss (reduced transpiration) by several mechanisms. The cycles vary in duration, depending on the climatic conditions, the vigour of the plant material and the
management of the cultivar. In commercial plantings, the plants are not allowed to produce more than 2 or
Despite this crop being well adapted to dry conditions, the greatest yields and the best quality pineapples 3 crops, due to a reduction in fruit size and uniformity.
are obtained when the crop is well supplied with water. The ideal annual rainfall for the rain-fed growth of When smaller fruit are desired for the fresh fruit market, the crop may be ‘forced’ earlier than when larger
pineapple crop ranges from 1000 to 1500 mm well distributed throughout the year. The pineapple’s demand fruit is required for canning. The larger the plant at the time of forcing, the greater will be the size of its fruit.
for water varies from 1.3 to 5.0 mm/day, depending on its state of development and on soil moisture.
Commercial plantations of ‘Smooth Cayenne’ and MD-2, the dominant pineapple cultivars grown
Complementary irrigation is required only for those locations where the annual rainfall does not reach that commercially worldwide, are generally based on a two- or three-fruit crop cycle requiring approximately 32
minimum value. Water with an EC of 1.28 dS/m reduces yield. Pineapple exhibits some tolerance to sodium, or 46 months, respectively, for completion. Pineapples are planted all year round and forced 9–13 months
but is sensitive to chloride. after planting. Duration of the “plant” crop is usually 15–20 months from planting to harvest. In warmer,
equatorial tropical climates, the crop may require only 11–14 months: 6–8 months for the vegetative phase
The optimum mean temperature lies between 20 to 30°C and more specifically at 23- 24 ° C. When ambient and 5–6 months from forcing to harvest. After crop harvest, one or more suckers continue to grow to
temperature drops between 10 to 16°C, fruit growth is constrained. Exposure to low temperatures, around produce the ratoon crop average of about one fruit per plant with the high plant populations. Ratoon crops
17-19 °C, for extended periods may promote flower induction (NF). are forced five to seven months after the plant crop harvest. Fruit of ratoons is usually smaller, sweeter, less
acidic, and more aromatic than fruit of plant crops. A second ratoon can be taken in a good field having
The yield varies on the cropping and production system used, it is typically 30-65 tons per ha, however adequate soil fertility and low nematode populations. Fruits are harvested year-round for the fresh market
with good management it can reach up to 90-110 tons per ha. High productivity depends on successfully and canning operations.
managing controllable factors such as water and nutrient supply and pest and diseases. In well-irrigated
areas pineapple can be planted at any time of the year. Flower induction
Pineapples are usually produced in an intensive cropping system and balanced mineral nutrition is the basis Flower induction allows year-round production, ensures more uniform flowering and fruiting, and gives
for high quality production and marketable fruits. The nutritional requirements of pineapples are higher higher income especially during the off-season. It also stabilizes production, which assures the fresh
than those of many other crops, nevertheless only a small portion is retained in the fruits. market and processors of a continuous supply of fruits.
The time of induction is determined by plant size. In small farms, plants are induced when they have 55-
60 functional leaves. In large farms, fruit quality, required for processing or exportation for fresh market,is
achieved if induction is done when plants reaches 2.5 to 2.8 kg/plant and have at least 36 functional
leaves.

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 Cultivars grown worldwide GROWTH STAGES OF PINEAPPLE
Worldwide there are numerous pineapple varieties
and unlike many crops where cultivars are bred to
be better adapted to specific environments, only
four pineapple cultivars are grown widely and only
one, “MD-2”, is the result of a modern breeding
programme.

Some of the many variants of these pineapples

varieties are:

Smooth Cayenne Queen

The most planted cultivar and the leading variety for Australia, China, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand.
canning, due to high yields
Española Roja
MD-2 Venezuela, Caribbean and the Canary Islands.
Represents more than 80% of the fresh pineapples
traded worldwide and has become the market Pérola
standard for the fresh market. The main producer Main cultivar in the Brazilian market, with more
countries are Costa Rica, Philippines, Brazil, Mexico, than 85% of the commercial area.
Honduras, Colombia.
Perolera
CO-2 Andes of Colombia and Venezuela. Thailand too.
Lower in acidity than MD-2 and suited for Vegetative
Post forcing
subtropical climates. This variety is grown for the Manzana growth (1st
Planting (flower initiation, fruit development and maturity) Harvest
fresh market in Australia, Malaysia, South Africa Western Andes of Colombia (Valle del Cauca). harvest)
and Hawaii. 22 weeks
34 to 40 weeks
Singapore Canning
Cultivated in South Asia, particularly Malaysia.
Note: After the 1st harvest the crops continues and is then called ratoon crop (RC) the growth stage lasts 22 weeks and the post-
forcing phase lasts 22 weeks.

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 FERTILIZATION OBJECTIVES Irrigation – Fertigation

Pineapple crops require maintenance of an adequate nutritional status in accordance with the quality Irrigation is desirable during dry seasons or in those places where long periods of inadequate rainfall are
demanded by the market, especially if the objective is to export. The growth dynamics of pineapple make common, seriously affecting and compromising both plant growth and fruit development. The installation
the fertilization process complex: it is important to stablish fertilization guidelines allowing the supplying of of an irrigation system is justified when the plantation is established in regions where there are three
an adequate quantity of nutrients, even without taking into account any environmental constraints. consecutive months with less than 15 mm of precipitation or four months with 40 mm or less precipitation.

The main nutritional demands of the pineapple crop concern potassium and nitrogen, since the yield There are a variety of irrigation systems used in regions where the rainfall does not meet the crop
depends primarily on these two elements. The need for phosphorus is low, as it is principally required requirements. These include: drip irrigation, mini-sprinklers on poly-pipes, aluminum pipes with mini-
during the flowering stage. However, the correct supply of calcium and microelements such as zinc and sprinklers, single jet sprinkler gun on flexible hosting and mobile irrigators such as center pivots.
boron is important to increase pineapple quality and post-harvest life. The choice of the irrigation systems will depend on the farm resources availability, slope of land, size of the
plantation, level of management and water quality. Pineapples are sensitive to saline water.
One of the key elements for the fertilization of pineapples is to take into account the differences that exist
between different types of pineapple that are grown. The objectives will differ for each species although in Drip irrigation is more difficult to handle in the pineapple crop than sprinkler irrigation, in addition, the
all cases growers will be almost certainly aiming for good yields of fruits that have good size and color, high latter is cheaper and easier to operate. Another reason for more widespread use of sprinkler irrigation is
levels of sugar and that are sufficiently firm to resist storage and transport. The nutrient inputs are unique to the incredible absorption capacity of pineapple leaves, due to their size, composition and configuration.
each variety and will have to be adjusted according to the requirements of each variety and site. Therefore
the nutrient inputs should be applied based on the results of soil analysis. This is also required in order to
adapt fertilizer inputs to nutrients that are already present in the soil. Foliar analysis to demine the content
of various nutrients in the leaves can also be a valuable tool to assist in defining the optimal fertilization
program.

In many cases, the interaction between the nutrients in the pineapple and a balanced supply through NPK RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A PLANTATION UNDER IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN SEMI-ARID
fertilizer application is more important than the exact rates. For example, the development of fruit color REGIONS, CONSIDERING SOIL NUTRIENT CONTENTS
is strongly affected by the balance between nitrogen and potassium. N and K levels for pineapple depend
on factors such as the cultivar, age, soil characteristics, ground cover, and the irrigation method used. The N mg P/dm3 in the soil (Mehlich) mg K/dm3 in the soil (Mehlich)
optimum MgO:K2O ratio is reported to be 1.0:2.5. <5 6-10 11-15 <30 31-60 61-90 91-120

Potassium is usually applied to the soil before planting and later as side dressing. Other nutrients sometimes Kg/ha P2O5 kg/ha K2O kg/ha
including K are applied as foliar sprays or through the drip irrigation system, or by both methods, during Month after
the growth cycle. Phosphorous and calcium can also be banded in the plant line during bed preparation. planting
Pineapples respond better in both yield and quality to ammonium and urea N than to nitrate N, and to 1 to 2 60 120 80 40 90 75 60 45
potassium sulphate (SOP) than to the chloride (MOP).
4 to 5 80 - - - 120 100 80 60
Therefore, the design of a good nutrient management strategy should include an understanding of soil
chemical and physical properties, climatic conditions, as well water availability, pests, and diseases: all these
6 to 7 90 - - - 135 110 90 75

factors influence plant growth and fruit appearance. 8 to 9 9 - - - 135 115 90 60

Commercial farms often adopt a different fertilization program where small doses of fertilizer are applied at
biweekly or monthly intervals depending on the development stage of the crop. Large, highly mechanized
Note. The doses above are for a density of 40 000 plants/ha in cultivar Pérola. For higher densities, around
farms apply most fertilizers using boom sprayers, and small farms use either backpack sprayers or a variety
50 000 plants/ha of cultivar Smooth Cayenne the doses must be increased by 25%.
of motorized aids. It is recommended to start the fertilization program in the third or fourth week after
planting, because in the first weeks the plants still do not have roots. The dosses of fertilizers increase over
the weeks to reach the minimum amounts required for the floral induction (2.5 to 2.8 kg). Approximately
90% of the crop’s fertilizer requirement are made in the vegetative phase, while in the reproductive phase
calcium, potassium and boron are applied to improve the quality of the fruit.

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 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF PINEAPPLE

1. Nitrogen 3. Potassium (K)

Pineapple requires large amounts of nitrogen because of the very large amount of fresh biomass that Potassium is the nutrient most required and extracted by pineapple plants during the crop cycle, its
accumulates during the vegetative growth, around 175 Mg/ha (up to 70 000 plants per hectare with an concentration occurs mainly in the fruits but also in the leaves. K is taken up by and present in plants as the
individual biomass of around 2.5 kg at forcing). Nitrogen mostly determines the productivity of the plant. K+ cation, which plays an important role in regulating the osmotic potential of cells and in the activation of
The absence of N in either organic or mineral form, almost always results in compromised development enzymes involved in respiration and photosynthesis.
and/or productivity of the plant, with the appearance of typical symptoms of N deficiency. N has a
directly influence on fruit yield, size and mass, though it tends to reduce soluble solids and acidity. Potassium is an extremely important nutrient for plant transpiration, chlorophyll uptake, and the transport
Despite this, an excessive nitrogen supply can have a negative impact on the quality of pineapples by and storage of carbohydrates in the fruits, helping to increase sugar content. It also helps to promote the
reducing flesh firmness and sweetness, diminishing red color appearance and increasing susceptibility to storage of reserves in different parts of the plants.
disease and damage.
The potassium increases the content of soluble solids and acidity, changes the color, increases fruit mass
On the other hand, nitrogen deficiencies are characterized by greenish-yellow to yellow foliage, small and and diameter, produces higher firmness of the skin and pulp and reduces the browning of pineapple fruits.
narrow leaves, a weak plant with slow growth and can lead to small fruits with poor flavor. Pineapples that
are deficient in nitrogen tend to give a lower yield because of a shorter period of leaf maintenance, which During the early stages of K deficiency, leaves are dark-green and narrow, but if the deficiency is prolonged,
leads to a shorter period for the accumulation of reserves during the post-harvest cycle. Symptoms are leaves eventually become yellow.
common on soils poor in organic matter, without fertilization and under hot and sunny conditions In cases of potassium deficiency, pineapple productivity, quality and storage potential are negatively
A nitrogen application rate of 600 to 800 kg/ha/year is usually considered adequate for pineapples. affected. Poor fruit color (either a lack of color or dirty looking fruit) is observed in pineapples suffering from
potassium deficiency. Sugar content of fruits is also reduced. When potassium accumulation is excessive,
2. Phosphorus total acidity decreases and fruit pH becomes unacceptably high, which may impact storage
quality.
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient both as a component of several key plant structures and as a catalyst in
numerous key biochemical reactions in plants. Phosphorus is a vital component of adenosine triphosphate To reach the plant’s requirement for high amounts of K, large quantities of K fertilizer are applied to the soil,
(ATP), the “energy unit” of plants. ATP forms during photosynthesis, has phosphorus in its structure, and is or as a foliar spray, or both. The optimum soil K level at planting is 150 mg/kg (neutral ammonium acetate
active from the beginning of seedling growth through to the formation of fruits and maturity. extraction), and deficiencies symptoms are observed when soil level is below than 60 mg/kg.
It is important to maintain a K/Mg ratio of approximately 3/1 in the soil.
A large pre-planting application of K fertilizer can bring positive benefits, nevertheless previous soil analysis
Phosphorus is important for the general health and vigor of all plants including pineapples. Some specific must be done to determine the doses and avoid nutrient imbalances.
growth benefit that have been associated with phosphorus are: a stimulation of root development,
improved flower formation and fruit production, improved crop quality, increased resistance to disease, 4. Sulfur (S)
and more vigorous development throughout the growth cycle.
Phosphorus deficiencies symptoms include dark, bluish-green foliage, which is more pronounced in the Sulfur demand for pineapples is relatively low in comparison with other nutrients and the incorporation of
presence of excess N, and leaves that completely dry out at the tips, starting from the older ones. The old sulfur in a fertilization program in not common because sulfate is usually the accompanying ion when K, Mg
leaves have dry, brownish-red tips and brown transverse striations and the borders of these leaves turn and most micronutrients (except B) are sprayed as foliar fertilizers.
yellow from the tips. Plants suffering from P deficiency also have more erect, long and narrow leaves and
roots with longer, more colored and less ramified hairs; the fruit is small and reddish in color. P deficiency Sulfur deficiencies are rarely observed, though some symptoms associated with a deficiency of sulfur are:
causes a reduction in the growth of all parts of the plant. Visual deficiency symptoms are often not seen and pale yellow to gold colored foliage; pinkish leaf borders, especially on older leaves; normal plant stature;
are not very specific, and hence could be mistaken for symptoms resulting from damage to the root system very small fruit.
caused by water deficiency, nematodes or pests.
The pineapples crop is one of the few crops that can be profitable when grown in acid sulfate soils, probably
The addition of P fertilizer in the root zone will increase plant access to the nutrient and there must be because of its tolerance to soluble aluminium in the soil.
adequate soil moisture for a good nutrient diffusion and root uptake. Therefore, foliar applications of
phosphorus are more effective than simple dry basal applications. Fertilization programs with around 100 kg of S per hectare per year usually relate to yields greater than 85
tons per hectare in the first harvests.

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 9. Zinc (Zn)

Pineapples growing in soils with a pH of 6.0 or higher will often show signs of zinc deficiency. The symptoms
are present in the center cluster of leaves, which become mildly to sharply curved. The surfaces in older
leaves develop yellowish brown pinhead sized dashes coalescing to form elevated, blister-like spots.
5. Calcium (Ca)
Plants presenting Zn deficiency, like Ca deficient plants, tend to remain continuously vegetative. Zn
Calcium requirement is low compared to other nutrients. The Ca requirement for the MD-2 variety appears deficiency is distinguished from Ca deficiency by the curved central leaves and the presence of blisters on
to be higher than for Smooth Cayenne and the concentration in the plant depends on the availability of the leaf surfaces.
Ca in the soil. The level in soils for optimum growth should be > 100 mg/kg (neutral ammonium acetate
extraction). Calcium deficiencies symptoms are observed when soil Ca is less than 25 mg/kg. 10. Boron (B)

Calcium is quite important in the initial stages of crop establishment because cell division and differentiation Boron requirement is quite low and can be meet with leaf sprays of 3 to 5 kg/ha.
are dependent on an adequate supply. Calcium is also very important after floral induction (forcing) due to is
a period of rapid cell division and growth. Calcium may improve cell structure and reduce fruit translucence. Boron plays an important role in forming and strengthening cell walls, therefore a lack of boron in the plant
will generate fruit cracking followed by corking at fruitlet margins. Other symptoms include death of the
Calcium has an impact on the interior quality of pineapples, and fertilization may have positive or negative tips of the youngest leaves, with some serrations on the margins, while with severe deficiency the growing
effect on the availability of calcium and its uptake from the soil. Fertilization in calcium deficient soils is a point will die.
necessity, and this is very important in acidic soils.
There is a relationship between B and Ca as a consequence of deficiency of both these elements is the
6. Magnesium (Mg) disruption of cell development

Magnesium is a component of the chlorophyll molecule that intervenes in carbohydrate synthesis, and a
deficiency will reduce chlorophyll concentration, photosynthesis and growth. Deficiency symptoms can be
most pronounced just prior to the floral differentiation and all leaves may be yellow during fruit development
if the problem is not corrected. Such deficiencies are very common on soils low in Mg, especially when
intensely fertilized with K under conditions of high solar irradiation

The optimum soil level of Mg should be > 100 mg/kg (neutral ammonium acetate extraction) at planting
time. Deficiency symptoms are observed when soil Mg is below 10 mg/kg

7. Iron (Fe)

Iron deficiency symptoms starts in younger leaves, due to its low mobility in the plant. The first symptoms
are development of interveinal chlorosis; the leaves are generally flaccid, wide, and yellow with a green
mottling. The fruits on plants with severe Fe deficiencies will be small, hard and reddish in colour with a
chlorotic crown. Symptoms can appear when large quantities of nitrate have been added.
Iron deficiency can occur under in soils with high pH, soils rich in manganese with lox pH compacted soils,
areas of termite infestation and attack by pests both of which rapidly decrease root activity, and drought

8. Mangnese (Mn)

Manganese deficiency is rare too, but can occur in soil with high Ca and high pH. Deficiency symptoms are
often not very characteristic: the plant can present marbled leaves with pale green areas, especially where
the veins are located.
Mn deficiency occurs and visual symptoms become clearly visible when the Fe:Mn ratio in the leaf tissue is
greater than 10.5.

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 FOLIAR NUTRIENT REFERENCE VALUES
IN D-LEAF IN MD-2 PINEAPPLE
Element Unit Adequate range

N 1.5 - 2.0

P 0.1 - 0.2

K 3.3 - 3.8
%
Ca 0.4 - 0.5

Mg 0.25 - 0.4

11. Copper (Cu) S 0.1 - 0.2

Copper (Cu) deficiency symptoms show up as lighter green leaves than those of normal plants. The leaves Fe 50 - 150
in deficient plans are also narrow and the “U” shape in cross section is more distinct than for normal leaves.

Zn 20 - 40

mg/kg
Nutrient Requirement Table for Pineapple Plant Crop (PC) (90 to 130 T/ha, plant density 75 000 plant/ha, Cu 10 - 50
variety MD-2).
Mn 60 - 200

Total Vegetative Growth Fruit set & filling until harvest

B 20 - 25
kg/ha % %

N 600 - 800 100 0

P2O5 150 – 300 100 0

K2O 600 - 1000 80 - 75 20 - 25

S 50 – 100 75 26

CaO 60 – 150 90 10

MgO 100 – 150 75 25

B 5 100

Zn 5 100

Fe 8 100

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 ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS FERTILIZATION METHODS OR PRACTICES

The nutritional demand of the pineapple plant is high in comparison to other crops and depends on the The application of fertilizers sources in pineapple plantations can be made either with solids (granular or
cultivar, weight of the fruit, and planting density, among other factors. Nutrient amounts required soluble) or with liquids fertilizers.
often exceed those which the majority of cultivated soils can supply. For this reason, fertilization is almost
mandatory where the fruit is destined for sale. Granular solid fertilizers can be applied into the planting pits or furrows or as a side dressing. In addition,
the fertilizer can be being directed to the bases of the oldest leaves, these practice is normally realize during
Pineapple is a nutritionally demanding crop, with emphasis on nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and iron (Fe) the first months of the crop. The application of granular fertilizers is done by hand, using simple tools like
nutrients, and relatively low requirements for phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) nutrients. These requirements scoops. Indistinctly of the application method used, fertilizers should not fall into the upper youngest leaves
are low until about 4 months after planting: requirements increase sharply afterward and peak at two to or into the center of the plant, because of the damage they may cause. Preplant fertilizers can be banded
four months before flower induction. just below or adjacent to the plant line during bed formation to allow early root in interception.

Phosphorus uptake in not proportional to the supply available, but reflects the plant’s requirement and this Soluble and liquid fertilizers are applied to the leaves as foliar sprays. The architecture of the plant and the
is also true for iron as long as soluble manganese levels do not interfere with iron upake. morphological and anatomical characteristics of its leaves favors foliar absorption of nutrients. This method
of application is widely used to apply N, P, K, Ca, Mg and micronutrients. Foliar application is done using
A well-developed root system will facilitate the nutrient absorption as long as the nutrients are available spray booms attached to backpacks or tractor mounted tanks. Generally, the concentration of fertilizers in
in the soil. Pineapples are highly efficient in extracting K from the soil and, if readily available, more K is the solution should not exceed 10%. The mature pineapples leaves tolerate high concentrations of fertilizer
accumulated than is required from optimum growth. salts well, soil applications of excessive amounts can injure or kill roots by desiccation. Spray applications of
fertilizers can cause plant damage if the concentration and volumes are both high. Most fertilizers sprays are
During flowering and fruit filling, many nutrients are translocated, mainly from the leaves to the fruit and applied in high volume, usually 2000 to 2 500 l/ha. The compatibility of the fertilizers source should keep in
crown. The supply of Ca during the early stages of fruit development is quite important, since it improves mind when applying several fertilizers.
the quality of the fruit and gives it greater tolerance to bacterial diseases; playing an important role in the
post-harvest fertilization to ensure fruit firmness in the next season’s crop. The doses of Ca and Mg will Fertigation is commonly used with overhead spray irrigation or with high frequency localized irrigation.
depend to a great extent on the acidity levels of the soil. Finally, the fertilization program must always be Nitrogen is most often applied with irrigation, followed by potassium. Calcium, magnesium, sulfur and
prepared based on the requirement of the crop and the nutritional status of the soil. micronutrients may also be applied by fertigation. Fertigation with phosphorus is not common; P fertilizers
are usually applied only once as a solid before planting in the planting pits or furrows, or as a soil cover,
within 30 to 60 days after planting.

16 17
 TESSENDERLO KERLEY INT. FERTILIZERS
SOIL

SOIL AERIAL
PRODUCTS STARTER PRE-PLANTING VEGETATIVE GROWTH FLOWERING, FRUIT SET AND FILLING
SOIL

SOIL AERIAL
STARTER
SOIL

Thio-Sul® SOIL AERIAL

STARTER
SOIL
FERTIGATION
FOLIAR SOIL SOIL

FOLIAR
FERTIGATION
SOIL AERIAL
STARTER
SOIL SOIL

KTS® SOIL AERIAL SOIL AERIAL

STARTER STARTER
SOIL
FERTIGATION
FOLIAR SOIL SOIL

FOLIAR
FERTIGATION SOIL

SOIL AERIAL SOIL AERIAL

STARTER STARTER
SOIL SOIL

Solupotasse AERIAL AERIAL

SOIL SOIL
STARTER STARTER
SOIL
FERTIGATION
SOIL
FERTIGATION
FOLIAR SOIL
FOLIAR
FOLIAR
SOIL
FERTIGATION SOIL SOIL

FOLIAR
FERTIGATION
SOIL AERIAL SOIL AERIAL
STARTER STARTER
SOIL SOIL

MagThio® AERIAL AERIAL

SOIL SOIL
STARTER SOIL
STARTER
SOIL
SOIL FERTIGATION
AERIAL
SOIL
FERTIGATION
STARTERFOLIAR SOIL
FOLIAR
FOLIAR
SOIL FERTIGATION SOIL SOIL

FOLIAR
FERTIGATION
SOIL AERIAL SOIL AERIAL
STARTER STARTER

FERTIGATION
FOLIARFERTIGATION FERTIGATION
SOIL
SOIL SOIL

FOLIAR SOIL
FOLIAR
FOLIAR
FERTIGATION SOIL

FOLIAR
FERTIGATION

GranuPotasse
SOIL

SOIL AERIAL
STARTER
SOIL

SOIL

SOIL AERIAL
SOIL AERIAL STARTER
Legend:
STARTER

PRODUCTS Foliar application Soil application granules

SOIL
Fertigation
SOIL AERIAL SOIL

STARTER FERTIGATION
SOIL AERIAL
SOIL

FOLIAR SOIL
FERTIGATION
STARTER FOLIAR
SOIL
Soil application liquids FERTIGATION
FOLIAR
SOIL
FERTIGATION
FOLIAR

SOIL
FERTIGATION
FOLIAR

NUTRIENT CONVERSION FACTORS*

TO CONVERT TO MULTIPLY BY
Ca CaO 1.40
Mg MgO 1.66
K K2O 1.20
P P2O5 2.29
S SO3 2.50
S SO4 3.00

* To convert elemental units to oxide units multiply by the same factors

18 19
 THIO-SUL P-SURE

Characteristics and advantages Characteristics and advantages

• Sulfur and nitrogen source without chloride. • P-Sure is 100% liquid.

• The addition of Thio-Sul transforms UAN into a stabilized nitrogen fertilizer. • P-Sure has a high concentration of nutrients.
• Sulfur in the unique thiosulfate form is a highly effective sulfur source, which is partly available immediately, and which • P-Sure provides the essential nutrients phosphorous and nitrogen.
is partly available over a period of several weeks. • P-Sure has 50% P in the orthophosphate form that is immediately available for plants.
• The leachability is significantly lower than with sulfur in the sulfate form. • P-Sure has 50% P as a long chain polyphosphate available for plants over a period covering a few days to a few weeks.
• Promotes thiobacillus stimulation and especially the microbiological activity in the soil. • Combines effectively with KTS to give a highly efficient NPKS starter fertilizer.
• Releases nutrients that are present in the soil.

Specifications
Specifications
Ammonium polyphosphate
Ammonium thiosulfate - N (w/w) as ammoniacal nitrogen 11%
- N (w/w) as ammoniacal nitrogen 12% - P2O5 (w/w) 37%
- S (w/w) 26%

Typical properties
Typical properties
- Appearance/color Clear, green or colorless
- Appearance/color Clear, colorless to light yellow - pH range 6-7
- pH range 6.5 - 8.5 - Density range (at 25°C) 1.41 kg/l - 1.47 kg/l
- Density range (at 25°C) 1.32 kg/l - 1.35 kg/l - Density (at 25°C) 1.44 kg/l
- Density (at 25°C) 1.33 kg/l - Salt Out Temperature (SOT) - 20°C
- Salt Out Temperature (SOT) + 4°C - N (w/v) as ammoniacal nitrogen 15.8%
- SO3 (w/w) 64.9% - P2O5 (w/v) 53.3%
- N (w/v) as ammoniacal nitrogen 16% - N (g/l) as ammoniacal nitrogen 158
- S (w/v) 34.6% - P2O5 (g/l) 533
- SO3 (w/v) 86.3%
- N (g/l) as ammoniacal nitrogen 160
- S (g/l) 346 APPLICATION DOSE PER APPLICATION GROWTH STAGE COMMENT
- SO3 (g/l) 863
- Chemical formula (NH4)2S2O3 Foliar
(sprayboom)-
40 to 60 l/ha Vegetative growth Every 28 days
Fertigation
(sprinkler/pivot)

APPLICATION DOSE PER APPLICATION GROWTH STAGE COMMENT

Thio-Sul (when
combined with
5 to 10% Thio-Sul ratio Vegetative growth With each UAN application
UAN)

Foliar
(sprayboom)-
10 to 20 l/ha Vegetative growth Every 14 days
Fertigation
(sprinkler/pivot)

20 21
 SOLUPOTASSE KTS

Characteristics and advantages Characteristics and advantages

• SoluPotasse is a cost-effective source of potassium and sulfur and is chloride and nitrate free. • The concentrated liquid form is ideal for applications in low water volumes and for large areas.
• SoluPotasse provides a high concentration of these important crop nutrients. • Active thiosulfate technology enhances the uptake of phosphorus and micronutrients present in the soil or from
• SoluPotasse dissolves rapidly and completely, leaving no residues. fertilization.
• SoluPotasse has an extremely low salt index and is ideal for use in chloride sensitive crop or regions at risk from salinity. • The neutral pH level is ideally adapted to tank mixtures with acid or base sensitive materials.
• The acidification effect ensure optimal uptake of all nutrients and helps prevent clogging of the drippers. • KTS contains the two key crop nutrients potassium and sulfur, and it is chloride and nitrate free.
• SoluPotasse is of a consistently high quality and is the market leading water soluble SOP for fertigation. • Available in bulk and in 1,000 l containers.
• Available in 25 kg bags and big bags (1000 kg or 1200 kg). • Can also be applied to the soil as a starter fertilizer (with P-Sure®) and in overhead pivots and sprinklers.
• The thiosulfate form of potassium is taken up rapidly by the leaves.

Specifications
Specifications
Potassium sulfate
- K2O (w/w) Min. 51% Potassium thiosulfate
- Cl (w/w) Max. 1% - K2O (w/w) 25%
- S (w/w) 18.7% - S (w/w) 17%
- pH range 6.8 - 8.5
- Density range (at 25°C) 1.45 - 1.49
Typical properties
Typical properties
- Appearance/color Fine white powder
- Bulk density (struck/loose) 1.46 kg/l / 1.21 kg/l
- Angle of repose 40° - Appearance/color Clear and colorless
- pH (1% solution) 2.9 - Density (at 25°C) 1.47 kg/l
- Residues 0.03% - Salt Out Temperature (SOT) - 10°C
- Solubility at 25°C 120 g/l pure water - SO3 (w/w) 42.4%
- Dissolved after 3 mins with stirring 90% - K2O (w/v) 36.8%
- K2O (w/w) 51.5% - S (w/v) 25%
- Cl (w/w) 0.6% - SO3 (w/v) 62.4%
- SO3 (w/w) 47%
- K2O (g/l) 368
- H2O (w/w) 0.02%
- S (g/l) 250
- Chemical formula K2SO4
- SO3 (g/l) 624
- Chemical formula K2S2O3

GROWTH STAGE (DAYS APPLICATION DOSE PER APPLICATION GROWTH STAGE COMMENT
APPLICATION DOSE PER APPLICATION COMMENT
AFTER PLANTING)
Foliar
(sprayboom)- 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 days 5 postforcing applications (after floral induction - fruit
20 to 40 l/ha
25 kg/ha 14, 28 Fertigation after floral induction set and filling)
35 kg/ha 42, 56 (sprinkler/pivot)
Foliar
45 kg/ha 70, 84, 98, 112
(sprayboom)-
55 kg/ha 126, 140, 154 Every 14 days
Fertigation
65 kg/ha 168, 182, 196
(sprinkler/pivot)
70 kg/ha 210, 224, 238, 252

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 CATS GRANUPOTASSE

Characteristics and advantages Characteristics and advantages

• CaTs is a neutral to basic, chloride and nitrate free, clear solution. • GranuPotasse is a cost-effective source of potassium and sulfur, and it is chloride and nitrate free.
• CaTs may be applied by drip, sprinkler, or flood irrigation. • GranuPotasse provides a high concentration of these important crop nutrients.
• It may be blended with other fertilizers or applied as a foliar treatment on selected crops. • GranuPotasse is virtually dust-free.
• When used as a foliar fertilizer, CaTs should first be diluted with water before application. • GranuPotasse has a consistent granulometry that ensures uniform application, with a spreading range of up to 28
• Blends of CaTs should not be acidified below a pH of 6.0. meters.
• CaTs may be used as a fertilizer for the correction of calcium deficiency. • GranuPotasse is suitable for both pre-emergence and post-emergence application during early stages of crop growth.
• CaTs is an effective water soluble source of calcium and thiosulfate sulfur which assists in the correction of these nutrient • GranuPotasse has excellent stability, which makes it ideal for producing a wide variety of NPK blends.
deficiencies in crops. • Available in 25 kg bags or big bags (600 kg, 1,000 kg or 1,200 kg).
• CaTs may be used to improve water infiltration and assists in terms of leaching of harmful soil salts.
• CaTs is compatible with most fertilizer solutions.
• CaTs is not compatible with phosphate, sulfate and ammonium thiosulfate fertilizers. Specifications

Potassium sulfate
Specifications - K2O (w/w) Min. 50%
- Cl (w/w) Max. 2.5%
- S (w/w) 18%
Calcium thiosulfate
- Ca (w/w) 6%
- S (w/w) 10%
- pH range 6.5 - 8.8 Typical properties
- Density range (at 25°C) 1.22 - 1.26
- Appearance/color Light grey to beige granules
- Bulk density (struck/loose) 1.40 kg/l / 1.27 kg/l
Typical properties - Angle of repose 33°
- Sieve analysis 97% between 1.6 mm and 5 mm
- Appearance/color Clear and colorless - K2O (w/w) 50.2%
- Density (at 25°C) 1.25 kg/l - Cl (w/w) 2.3%
- Salt Out Temperature (SOT) 0°C - SO3 (w/w) 45%
- H2O (w/w) 0.2%
- CaO (w/w) 8.4% - Chemical formula K2SO4
- SO3 (w/w) 25%
- Ca (w/v) 7.5%
- S (w/v) 12.5%
- CaO (w/v) 10.5%
- SO3 (w/v) 31.2% APPLICATION RATE PER APPLICATION GROWTH STAGE COMMENT
- Ca (g/l) 75
- S (g/l) 125 Apply either soil incorporated prior to planting or
- CaO (g/l) 105 apply annually as a basal dressing
Soil application 200 - 400 kg/ha Prior to planting
- SO3 (g/l) 312 Dose will depend on what other forms of potash
- Chemical formula CaS2O3 fertilization are used

APPLICATION RATE PER APPLICATION GROWTH STAGE COMMENT

Soil (drench) 100 – 150 l/ha Pre-planting To manage soil salinity problems

Foliar
(sprayboom)
20 to 30 l/ha Vegetative growth Every 28 days
Fertigation
(sprinkler/pivot)

Foliar
(sprayboom) 14, 28 days after floral 2 postforcing applications
20 to 30 l/ha
Fertigation induction (after floral induction-fruit set and filling)
(sprinkler/pivot)

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 TESSENDERLO KERLEY FERTILIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS

Pre-Planting

TKI Fertilizer Crop Stage Pre-Planting

Cycle 0
DAP* 0
Liquids
Thio-Sul (l/ha)**
P-Sure (l/ha)
KTS (l/h)
CaTs (l/h)*** 100 - 150
Water Soluble
SoluPotasse (kg/ha)
Solids
GranuPotasse (kg/ha)**** 200 - 400

*DAP: days after planting

** Thio-Sul can be blended with UAN solutions in a ratios of 5% to 10% Thio-Sul

FERTILIZATION
*** To manage soil salinity problems
**** To improve soil imbalances due to excess Ca and Mg, recover soils with low contents of K or keep soil
reserves.

RECOMMENDATIONS Fertilization recommendations are for illustrative purposes. Many different products are available for
use in fertilization and fertilizer choice will depend a many different factors. Always consult our qualified

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 Fruit set & Filling until Harvest

TKI Fertilizer Crop stage Fruit set & Filling until Harvest

Cycle 1 2 3 4 5

DAF* 14 28 42 56 70
Vegetative Growth
Liquids

TKI Fertilizer Crop Vegetative Growth Thio-Sul (l/ha)**

stage
P-Sure (l/ha)
Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
KTS (l/ha) 20-40 20-40 20-40 20-40 20-40
DAP* 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 252
CaTs (l/ha)*** 20-40 20-40
Liquids
Water Soluble
Thio-Sul 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10-
(l/ha)** 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
SoluPotasse
P-Sure (l/ha) 40- 40- 40- 40- 40- 40- 40- 40- 40- (kg/ha)
60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Solids
KTS (l/ha)
GranuPotasse
(l/ha)****
CaTs 20- 20- 20- 20- 20- 20- 20- 20- 20-
(l/ha)*** 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
*DAF: days after forcing (floral induction)
Water Soluble ** Thio-Sul can be blended with UAN solutions in a ratios of 5% to 10% Thio-Sul
*** To manage soil salinity problems
SoluPotasse 25 25 35 35 45 45 45 45 55 55 55 65 65 65 70 70 70 70
**** To improve soil imbalances due to excess Ca and Mg, recover soils with low contents of K or keep soil
(kg/ha)
reserves.
Solids
Fertilization recommendations are for illustrative purposes. Many different products are available for
Granupotasse
use in fertilization and fertilizer choice will depend a many different factors. Always consult our qualified
(kg/ha)****

*DAP: days after planting

** Thio-Sul can be blended with UAN solutions in a ratios of 5% to 10% Thio-Sul
*** To manage soil salinity problems
**** To improve soil imbalances due to excess Ca and Mg, recover soils with low contents of K or keep soil
reserves.

Fertilization recommendations are for illustrative purposes. Many different products are available for
use in fertilization and fertilizer choice will depend a many different factors. Always consult our qualified

28 29
 GUIDELINES

General Water solubles

• Do not apply products to crops which are sensitive to the effects of sulfur. • Continuous agitation or stirring will speed up dissolution.
• The time required to dissolve the product, however, will also depend on the quality and temperature
• Use the correct type of spray nozzles that are recommended for foliar applications. of the spraying water. Poor quality water may affect solubility.
• Contact a representative of Tessenderlo Kerley if you require any additional information. • To get the best results from the products:
• The purpose of this brochure is to provide information about fertilizer products and to make
suggestions regarding their use in pineapples. The exact quantities of nutrients required by 1. Fill the tank with water to at least two-thirds of its capacity.
the crop will depend on local growing conditions including, but not limited to, soil type and 2. Add the product taking care not to exceed the maximum recommended concentration.
nutrient content, climate conditions; crop variety, target yield, etc. 3. Maintain stirring or agitation throughout the entire operation.
• Use of tissue and soil analysis to determine crop and soil nutrient status is recommended 4. Fill the remainder of the tank with water.
• Tessenderlo Kerley recommends that you seek advice on your specific fertilization program 5. Check that the product has dissolved completely before using the solution.
from a qualified agronomist 6. The use of filters is recommended, as generally advised for most solid fertilizers when used in
solution.
Liquids
• Avoid applying products as a foliar spray when temperature exceeds 30° C - apply products preferably
early in the morning or in the evening.
• Avoid applying products as a foliar spray when the temperature exceeds 30°C. Ensure you apply
products (preferably) early in the morning or in the evening. When mixing with other products, it is • Do not mix sulfates with materials containing calcium.
recommended to conduct a small-scale trial in order to check the compatibility of the mixture before • When mixing with other products it is recommended to conduct a small-scale trial to check the
compatibility of the mixture before operating on a larger scale.
operating on a larger scale and applying.
• Store products in dry conditions, avoiding extreme heat or cold.

Always respect and comply with local legislation and regulation regarding the use of fertilizer
products.

©2020, Tessenderlo Group NV/SA. All rights reserved. This material is protected by copyright laws and international treaties. Any reproduction for
distribution is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of Tessenderlo Group.

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 SUSTAINABLE CROP NUTRITION FOR AGRICULTURE
For over 100 years Tessenderlo Kerley International has demonstrated its commitment to nurturing crop life through innovation,
research and the development of novel fertilizers for a more sustainable agriculture. Our diverse product portfolio addresses the
challenges of modern agriculture by delivering essential nutrients in forms that protect soil health and optimize nutrient use efficiency.

We provide an extensive range of both liquid and solid/soluble fertilizers

HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUIDS HIGH QUALITY SOLID/SOLUBLES

Our Crop Vitality experts are familiar with your region and crops. For more contact information, please get in touch with:
Their support includes: Tessenderlo Kerley International, part of Tessenderlo Group
Troonstraat 130 - 1050 Brussels, Belgium
• Agronomic advice
Tel. +32 2 639 18 11
• Providing technical information
[email protected]
• Carrying out field studies that are specific to your issues
www.tessenderlokerley.com
• Providing application and storage tips

While every care has been taken to ensure that the information in this brochure is correct at the time of publication, Tessenderlo Group can neither give any guarantee as to its accuracy nor accept any
liability resulting from its use. KTS®, Thio-Sul®, MagThio®, N-Sure®, CaTs®, K-Leaf®, SoluPotasse® and GranuPotasse® are trademarks of Tessenderlo Group NV/SA.

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