2 3

Date: o1 12 9
RoSSb Uave
Lac.no.25
#Rossby aUave s is the Large seale atmosphere
usethain exfStenee to the
flow process. These waves
Latitudes. In
vDriation os the corio lis foree wtth
orden to isolate he Rozsby awave fnom 0The Tees
mation
o5 atmos pherie disturban ees/we nefer the
FFo the fsobarie eoondinote systems whie eliminates
byentiea propogting sound cwave5/ k e
monmentumn
cThe and e0mponemts 6+he
can be r i H
euation and the eontinurty equation
e n aD BE+utvSz) u - $v = - (1)
(2)
+ fu
-
=
tu+
+ o 3)
DSF (1) to. T. to (2) .r.to
and and Subtracting
(1) r G (2) k noting -that
+u;+V)
+ V ) -3)+ugf+

He obtaint u + v ) 3 t v (4) k ] -
=o

he hoTizanta
Absdlute velocrty is e onserrved flowing
motiom in isobarie eomdinate s.
we naw assume a tho the'motion eonsists 6 a
basie 2anad State. veloeity plus a small horwi zoma
Perrupbation
Consider, u =k+u', v=v', g g'
We ngo detine a pemmurbahon stream unetion ¥,
according fo
U+u)*+v)+vo
u=- v'-

he pertunbation form 6f (4) 15 thon

dyr
-(5)
Dherte. B= is a eon starth and we
have
negleeted the produet o the perturbation
quantrhien Date: 03 12 19
Loa.no; 24
WeaSsume a solutim of equatiom (5) 6 the fonpm
V= Ae 'K(x-et)
eo3my -(G)
Whene, k 2omal vave
o n a l Phase speed
length
m 20nal lai-tudjnal aave number
Sulbtooeting eq (6)) în (5), we get
tue +ikk) (-K-m) +ikß =o
-+T) ( - m + =o
-etü(- )=-e
-C+u =

.'. =u -
Thusthe RossbCave PIOpagaes a ave coards
relativefothe mean 20na low.

S Peed depends an th
GJaves
Thusthe Ross b
Zonal and merridionot
wave numbersW
meridional
-
 he
Thus h e Rossby (uaves ane dispergíve rave S CJhoge

phase Spced is lne rease arTHh -the save

langth
M
-plane apmoimatiom
2 L Sin -(1)
2S Sinp.(2)
. and .
()-(2) we get

- =25(sim-sin)
4 005 +o. sinP -(B )
p, + Uhe ne Li. Thenrm (o) we
get 5=4eor d, sin
\~e. 2R

7f-S. 2 2Co6,
=

Whieh iS h o -PlaTte
approfmatin.vX
Date: o4 12.19
LsobarS
Loe. no:27
Isobmie cunYe 996 mb
996 mb 99Cmb

0domb lovo mh
100dmb
A Line dnaan dn a wea-then mae eOnneeting poînts
ofequal Prescune is ealled an isobar. dsobars are
enerated
8eneated Srom mean-Sea-lavel pressune reports
an d afven in milibars.

Maps that shoto adguspd

1s0barfe maps Pressure

adusted to sea level are called isobarie maps.

ibar: A unt atmospherie Pressure equal

equa
t one thatsamd d a barr is caled mb

1013 mb at sea Levee,

Atmspheie pressure
MB A unit measurrtng Soree per umt area

Bar A unt of presSure equal to a million

e. 1o6 dynes per Squane centimeter.
Mllibar A unt o atmos pherie pressure equal
fo O o 1 bar.
Darte: o8 12.19
Lec.n0: 28
N Greostrophie wind
At +ho initial
stage the P-G.F
00rioLis faree asill be zer.
Sine thR Speed is zeTD, but P
velotrh
Prile
there Cuill be an aceeleratim coriolis Smee
towards he low pressure
Then eoriolis foree will begin
to ad to rigkt of tha direetion and inal it
balanoe wtth tha pressure tareex,
o S n o P Wmd WIe
e t t on1:
eHtton
The equatrion ót metian
in sueh a situation
- 22 sing V=5 -()
252 Sin U=-
OP
(2)
-22sinø, coTiolis faree
Fogm (,
paramden.
4y = , -(3)

and- +220asg u
4)
ne meglects the eoriolis fonae, the equation
bee Cme S the (1)
hxdro
statie equuatioT .

The equoxtiaT ( 3) one ogeostnophie equation ind

hieh epress betweenthe hor?zortal @oriolis
and pressuregradiet Tonee.

FaT geostnophie twind the PTeSSuTe Tadie mt and

20TPio Lis roe balance each other
2S2 = - p

(2 XY) =- y vP
7 Y VP =o
Y VP= o
. the tluid lows at g h t angle to tho
pressure gradient, Sueh the eoríou's Soree act toto-
ands he Tright df the veloeity.
 apd t :
Puys-Ballot [aw: A Law sterting that if an dhsepver
stands Tth the baek to the wind fn he N hemi-
sphere ahmosphere pressure
ROm equation ( 3)
V OP
OP

Yu-+v?
k o , 0, 1
x V P =(ot+o.94d.) x a P

e Bkxf) + 3 ( 3)+
+3f) +

a =k x P/
Stahed mre TayonPrrard Mnn heonem Date: 0. 12 19
Lea. no; 29
Fon beostrophie wind, we have

22 xYa VP

Tauing
Tauing cur 0n both sides, we get,
4
Vx( x%) = v x ( - P )

( a2 +(7)22 -v)Y-(v21)y
 0 + ( e - (2 ) Y0 =
-- (*)

()n -(2 ) ¥ =o

0
oT in ecmpressible aluid , V Ya
Fpom equation (*) , we aet,

AS
[o, 0, 1
eemstat)

Thenetore the flow is tud dimensional.

Heneehe veloity is anoned, hen any Small distun
bance ield must be in he limit S zero or
Ross umber is inde penden z(o height*)
This is the laLor-Proud m a n h e o t e m A

Grradierc wind

entrifugal Jonee and criolis Joree balanee

h PGtF. O

Theremal i n d weun-ot a Darte: 11 12 19

loe.no 30
We have4he
W e have tha geostmophic wind equation is

-(a)
DiS. r. to hoighet (z), we have

-((2)
 NotO dHfenerciating hdrosaie equation a.r.to

and,we aet,

-(®)

Using em co) in eTca) we get,

-27
and f aVg =
3f [ (), g ) ,° ] +hen.

2
(7PXve) =Fe
hich_isthe hermal ind equatiorn
3 = o , then ho atmosphere is barotnopic.
f # o , Hhen+ha atmas phere îs baroelirie
=0
hieh meansthor in a baroropie cotmsphere
there ean be no inerease F gerstropie wind a h K /

Problem: An experimant in a mass drbiter space

eraft indieaed Sunface pressune 4.9mb and
m b , dí this disfenenoe is to be eperienced bfop
aphie fexhures. Fndhe disferenee în elevation
assuming a mean air temperolure 20°C.
Solurtion; We know, the hdrostatic cquaion is

dp-(dz (a)
From equation stale, pv=RT
RT
.' F -C2)
using () in eT (a) we get,
dP=- P
RT
dz d2=dP

dz = -RT.dp
dz= = -T S

TnP
7-2-I) Hene, R= 76
&=49
In ) R 8:34 xio
561.0.92m
Fon mos
3:73 ms
5 61 km
T- -20 = f20t273) k
Tho d3ferenaa in elevction 53
6 . 1 km V

K-12-J9 AB (ak)
Eplain eyelone ml omty eyelene Wniledown
Tadiemt wind eun omd hence gh trot
n1V= - t f r : V +
Dvegene Date: 15 12 19
Loc.no: 31

QOnvergent

(Low

Conergene

Dvergenee

CO)
Cel one
Antieylorne
TheThe geostrophie ind is a speaia case o5 aradie ntt
wind. Giradient wind ho lds strickly for ciraular isobars
0ourse dor o-thar curved iso bars itsliees at
least
be-Her appromimotion
to
reality than geostrophie
geostrophic
wind4n tha case 6 a aetre o w presure,
h o wind blows Counter-0loakwise dinecfion s o e
4 h +he e enthroi dugal fonce and ariolus foree
Coumfen ac -h pressure gTadjen-his typeaind Bu
motion 1s aalled .cyclome Usir
cencre tha
hgh Pressure
4n th 0abe 6f a
 he wind blows clock-uise So that the oentrifugal
-+he
foree and pressune gradient force must balangg
aaridlis force. his tyre df motioTn is caled anti-
yelone
nhe zeostrophie approximoatitn the wind velo-
othy beemes 2ero Whenhe pressure gradjent is
zePo. snhe ease os Slow pressure area o
we en oTOhe gradient wind equation is

Y® +2 sing. V-
vt2or sing.V- o
V 2orsm+4rsino+4

7v-tersing tJwrsin +2 (A)

Where f= 2w sing

radierdt wnnd
LThieh s the,eqm eyelrne
Darte: 1712:19
we knowtho qeo5trophie u j nd 10.no: 32
equation is
w5ing
P
-(2)
UsinA eq (2)
Using in eq"(1), we get
a 2SinS 20sing. v)
 2Cwsinng
t v

7 =v+ -(®)
nsin

v+Y Where f=205ing

hug the gradiere uind equation In yloneis
Sm allap hanth geastrrophie aind at the sama.
pressure JradientX/
The mevense is also-tmue in t h Cane rfarctieyelor

-Vg = -v + cor SjnØ

7-Il=-Iv]+
v-

fr
Thich tmplies-hot Vg V.

Heneethe geostrophic value fs an under estimate

the gradient aind.
Fram equation (*) we gaE,

- sinøtor*sinto + DP
rsin g
0,hen
NE-r sin (1 ti)
i . Tha athieyalon motion îs positive even. m
fhs absenee tha preSSure gradient orae.
 4f the madiatiom othe latitude is desregprted. The motion
rllbe a cirele radius r=|sin Z=r

Fon high pressure area o then

SInP |1-1 psirto T

The veloctty argund a high Pressure area s
negative. Because the poots must be rea, ?t So||ows
hat
6TR eo sind

h a Pressure aradient and he veloeit beaames

toa hgh, ,tha eoiolis damee eannot balanee t h
PTessure gradiert foree (PGF) andHhe cemHfugal
Tora.
This hdlds speeially maar ha cemre of fhs antiey-
lone Where r is Small
e
Date; i8 '12 19
4 Voioty theorem Lee.no.3

F.()-ofse
The yoTiZotal equation motion are
u4u yt =fv- t5-1)
U +v + = fu - t (2)
Whene o= and the Small tenm R o s p has

been megleete d .The v a t i a abaut a vertjeal axis

(3)
**.*
 With hegt) O. In
hensson torum) he
en
Neglechir the
herma Wind can belrmD

/pT
a mam a r b i t e r Saae
3uet; An aperiment on
OaPP indieaded swtaea Prreswre of
4.9 milbsr (mb) and 7.6 mb TPthis
dierent isto ezPerdento bi topogTaPhie
be

2ature Hnd the diHrernee in elevodion

aws umir a meanairntenp -oe
So1 we have dp=-Pg d -O
mdt Pv =R7 vz4/e
Pp RT

Then
P PRT
O becomeb, dp
P/pT*de
 '

de == RT de

Tntegnadirg,
d dp

2-2, - RT In P2 -
Dubirg- thero in u e 9ct Here
P 7.6 m
P2 4- mb
37 R .4XI
T 20 :44
20+278) K 9=33ma
:T =
259 K
 d Ekman layenu i

win d,ThiS
The i n d papauel to h e geo shophic
Ekman layer.
as he top of he
Level s designed
Darte: 20 11 19
Lae. no: 23
i s indieated fnom obsenvatian
hat he wind appronehes ts geostrophie value a t
abot cne kilcme ter above the gmound. Then the
upper limt F 4he bounday Layer is determined
bythe level ahene v=o
at 2H
Ug e sinyz = o

sinYz =o =SinT
Z =H
'H=
H &9Sing
Whare, f=20 sin s»lortihude
Angular veloerty the
eath.

217
pi6 Dacte: 28 11 19
Ectrop Lae,no', 24
A quarttit SJhich ether fnerease m remainn Cons-
tarc in and Possible prooess taking plac e in a n
isdlated
System is ealled ercropannd 1++ is
repres ented
Sa ds and
ds- ds
T
t Foam tirst law of hêpmodynamies
 d du+ pdv
d6 g dt tpdv--(1) E:du-
we lenoT, the pisson's eq uotion

0 T1000)R/
P -(2)
Taking log on both sides weget,
Lco= loaT +lg (a0) - Log P
Denetiorting, we get,
+0- pP

T
(3)
But, da= Cpd T
-

Vdp both sides

Dividing on
d T
p -R PV-RT :

Cp= d R 4)

+ Rdf R da
-

m(3) p
p d - ds d s definition erthopy
ds =Cp
plcge teonstat | integrating7
.S =

Henee the entnapy the system is given by tha

Lgarithm of tha poterztial temperature. ivW
| lsobaric surfaee SoMTPIe SurJaceT
fATT