THE SCIENCES OF ANATOMY

AND PHYSIOLOGY

Guide
In-Person Online
Slides – 1-6 Slides – 7-40
Slides – 41-73
Black Bar Means Testable Material 1
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Compare the levels of organization and their

relationships.

2. Identify the organ systems of the body.

3. Define Essential Life Processes

4. Apply the various anatomical terminology

associated with the human body

5. Determine how negative and positive feedback

systems apply to homeostasis
In-Person 2
 WHAT IS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY?

Gray 112; Henry Gray; CC0

In-Person 1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships. 3

 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• Human Anatomy is • Human Physiology is

the study of body the science of body
structure. functions.

Circulatory System; Mariana Ruiz Villarreal; CC0

In-Person 1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships. 4
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
INTERACTIONS
Structure and function of the body are inseparable.
Structure mirrors function:
– Bones of the skull are heavy and secure to protect brain
function.
– The thin air sacs of the lungs permit movement of gases
between the lungs and the blood.

Gray 118; Henry Gray; CC0

Respiratory System; Mariana Ruiz Villarreal; CC0

In-Person 1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships. 5

 ESSENTIAL LIFE PROCESSES

• Essential life processes common to all organisms:

1. Organization – Complex structure and order

2. Metabolism – Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
3. Growth & Development - Increased size and
specialization
4. Responsiveness – Ability to sense and react to stimuli
5. Regulation - Ability to adjust internal bodily function to
accommodate environment changes
6. Reproduction - Produce new cells for growth,
maintenance, and repair. Sex cells (gametes) can develop
into new organisms
In-Person Continue at 41 1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships. 6
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Levels of Organization; Openstax; CC BY-4.0

Online 1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships. 7
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: ANALOGY

Letters of the alphabet

Words

Sentences

Paragraphs

Chapters

The entire book

Online 1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships. 8

 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: CHEMICAL

• The chemical level of organization:

– Atoms

Atom; CC0

– Molecules – one or more combined atom

Vitamin C; CC0

– Macromolecules – more complex molecules

DNA; Wikimedia; CC0

Letters of the alphabet

Online 1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships. 9
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: CELLULAR
• The cellular level is next in complexity, in fact many billions of
times more complex than molecules.
– Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an
organism.

Prototypical Human Cell; Opentextbc; CC-BY-4.0 Words

Online 1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships. 10
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: TISSUE

• Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a similar

function.
• While there are many different types of cells, they all work to form
4 basic types of tissues:
– Connective Tissue
– Muscle
– Epithelium
– Nervous Skeletal Muscle; CC0

Epithelium; CC0

Neuron; CC0

Sentences
Connective Tissue; CC0

Online 1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships. 11

 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: ORGANS
• Organs are structures composed of two or more different
types of tissues.
– Organs have specific functions and recognizable shapes.
– Example: The skin contains connective, epithelial,
nervous, and muscle tissue.

Structure of the Skin; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

Paragraphs
Online 1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships. 12
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: ORGAN SYSTEMS

• An organ system consists of related organs

with a common function.

• For instance, the Digestive system handles

all aspects of taking in and breaking down
food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating
wastes.

– It includes all the organs of the mouth,

esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.

Digestive System System;

Mariana Ruiz Villarreal; CC0

1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships.

Chapters
Online 13
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: ORGANISM

There are 11 organ systems in the body that make

up the organism.

Exploded Thorax; Paolo Mascagni; CC0

The entire book!
Online 1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships. 14
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: REVIEW

Levels of Organization; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

Online 1. Compare the levels of organization and their relationships. 15
 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

• Multicellular
organisms require
organ systems to
perform multiple
activities
• In humans, there are
11 organ systems,
each composed of
interrelated organs,
that work together
to perform specific
functions

Organ Systems I; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0 Organ Systems of the Human

Body Cont.; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0
Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 16
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY: INTEGUMENT
• Integumentary System
– Consists of the skin and
related structures (hair,
nails, and glands).
– Protects body, regulates
temperature, and
eliminates wastes through
sweat and other secretions

Organ Systems I; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 17

 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY: SKELETAL
• Skeletal System
– Consists of the bones and
joints.
– Provides protection and
support
– Houses cells that will
become red blood cells,
white blood cells, and
platelets

Organ Systems I; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 18

 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY: MUSCULAR

• Muscular System
– Consists of the named
skeletal muscles, as
well as smooth muscle
and cardiac muscle.
– Participates with the
skeletal system to
facilitate movement
and maintain posture

Organ Systems I; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 19

 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY: NERVOUS

• Nervous System
– Consists of the
brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory
organs.
– Senses and
responds to body
conditions through
nerve impulses
Organ Systems I; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 20

ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY: ENDOCRINE

• Endocrine System
– Consists of hormone
producing cells and
glands scattered
throughout the body.
– Regulates the body
through chemical
mechanisms
(hormones)

Organ Systems I; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 21

 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY:
CARDIOVASCULAR
• Cardiovascular
– Consists of the heart,
blood, and blood
vessels.
– Carries blood and
nutrients throughout
the body
– Regulates body
temperature and blood
volume
Organ Systems I; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 22

 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY: LYMPHATIC
• Lymphatic System and
Immunity
– Consists of the lymphatic
fluid, lymph nodes, and
lymphocytes – and the
other associated organs.
– Transports fats and
proteins to the
cardiovascular system
– Filters blood and protects
against disease

Organ Systems of the Human

Body Cont.; Openstax; Modified;
CC-BY-4.0

Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 23

ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY: RESPIRATORY

• Respiratory System
– Consists of the upper
airways, the trachea
and major bronchi,
and the lungs.
– Extracts O2 and
eliminates CO2
– In conjunction with
the kidneys, regulates
acid/base balance
Organ Systems of the Human
Body Cont.; Openstax; Modified;
CC-BY-4.0

Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 24

 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY: URINARY
• Urinary System
– Consists of the kidneys,
ureters, bladder, and
urethra.
– Involved in the collection
and excretion of waste
products in urine, and the
regulation of fluid,
electrolyte, & acid/base
balance

Organ Systems of the Human

Body Cont.; Openstax; Modified;
CC-BY-4.0

Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 25

 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY: DIGESTIVE
• Digestive System
– Consists of the esophagus,
stomach and intestines,
and the accessory
digestive glands like the
salivary glands, liver, and
gallbladder.
– Accomplishes the
physical and chemical
breakdown of food and
elimination of waste

Organ Systems of the Human

Body Cont.; Openstax; Modified;
CC-BY-4.0

Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 26

 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY:
REPRODUCTIVE
• Reproductive Systems
–Consists of the ovaries, uterus and vagina in the female,
and the testes and penis in the male (along with
associated organs and glands in both sexes).

Organ Systems of the Human

Body Cont.; Openstax; Modified;
CC-BY-4.0

Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 27

 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY:
COORDINATION
• The systems of the body may
appear to be separate and
distinct, but the maintenance
of most body functions
requires many systems
working together.
• For example, regulation of
body temperature involves:
– The muscular, cardiovascular,
nervous, and endocrine
systems

Thermometer Temperature; CC0

Online 2. Identify the organ systems of the body. 28

 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

Regions of the Human Body;

Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

Online 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 29
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY: STANDARD
ANATOMIC POSITION
Anatomic Position
• The subject stands erect facing the
observer with the head level, the eyes
facing forward, feet flat on the floor
directed forward, and the arms at their
sides, palms forward.
• All anatomical descriptions are in
reference to this position.

Human Skeleton; CC0

Online 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 30
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR

• Directional Terms: Superior

• Superior
– Above, top, toward head

• Inferior
– Below, bottom, away from
head
Human Skeleton; CC0 Inferior
Online 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 31
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
Anterior Posterior
Directional Terms:

• Anterior (Ventral)
–Toward the front

• Posterior (Dorsal)
–Toward the back
Morris 1933; Henry Morris; CC0

Online 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 32
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
MEDIAL AND LATERAL
Lateral <-->Medial<--> Lateral
Directional Terms:

• Medial
– Toward the midline

• Lateral
– Away from midline

Midline

Human Skeleton; CC0

Online 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 33
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
PROXIMAL AND DISTAL
Proximal

Directional Terms:

• Proximal
–Nearest to the origination

• Distal Distal

–Farther from origination

Human Skeleton; CC0

Online 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 34
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY OVERVIEW

Directional Terms; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

Online 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 35
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
IPSILATERAL AND CONTRALATERAL
Directional Terms:
• Ipsilateral
– Same side of the body
• Contralateral
– Opposite side of the body
This right arm
This right leg is
is ipsilateral
contralateral to
to this right
this left arm
leg

Human Skeleton; CC0

Online 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 36
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP
Directional Terms:
• Superficial
– Towards the surface of the body
• Deep
– Towards the interior of the body
Superficial

Superficial Deep Superficial

Elements of Animal Physiology; John Angell; CC0 Superficial

4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body
Online 37
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
VISCERAL AND PARIETAL
Descriptive
Terms:
• Visceral Parietal

–Pertaining to
Visceral
covering an
organ
• Parietal
–Pertaining to
covering
against a cavity
wall
Elements of Animal Physiology; John Angell; CC0
Online 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 38
 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY: REGIONS
Regional Names:
• Cranial - Skull
• Cervical - Neck
• Orbital - Eye
• Buccal - Cheek
• Axillary - Armpit
• Thoracic - Chest
• Gluteal - Buttock
• Inguinal - Groin
Regions of the Human Body; Opentextbc; Modified; CC-BY-4.0
Online 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 39
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY: REGIONS (CONT.)

Regional Names:
• Cubital - Elbow
• Carpal - Wrist
• Metacarpal –
Hand/palm
• Femoral - Thigh
• Patellar - Front of
knee
• Tarsal - Ankle
• Plantar – Sole of foot
• Digital or Phalangeal
– Toes or fingers
Regions of the Human Body;
Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

Online End 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 40
 BODY PLANES
• Body planes are
imaginary flat surfaces
that separate the body or
body part into portions.
• There are three major
planes:
– Midsagittal (midline)
– Transverse (horizontal)
– Frontal (coronal)

Human Anatomy Planes; YassinaMrabet; CC-BY-4.0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 41
 BODY PLANES IN DETAIL
• Frontal (or coronal) planes divide
the body (or an organ) into anterior
(front) and posterior (back)
portions.
• Transverse (or horizontal) planes
divide the body into superior
(upper) and inferior (lower)
portions.
• Midsagittal planes divide the body
into left and right halves.

Planes of the Body; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 42
 CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE

Coronal Plane; Osteomyoamare; CC-BY-4.0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 43
 TRANSVERSE (HORIZONTAL) PLANE

Transverse Plane; Osteomyoamare; CC-BY-4.0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 44
 MIDSAGITTAL PLANE

Sagittal Plane; Osteomyoamare; CC-BY-4.0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 45
 OTHER BODY PLANES
Sagittal Plane
• Sagittal plane
– Divides a structure into
left and right structures at
any number of sites
– Parallel to midsagittal
plane
Oblique Plane
• Oblique planes
– Pass through structures at
an angle Morris 1933; Henry Morris; CC0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 46
 BODY PLANES: ORGANS

A frontal (or coronal) brain

section

A midsagittal
section of
the human
brain

A transverse (or horizontal)

brain section
Sectional Planes of the Brain; BruceBlaus; CC-BY-4.0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 47
 BODY CAVITIES
Internal organs are housed within enclosed spaces
– These body cavities are named according to surrounding
structure
– Body cavities grouped into a posterior aspect and a
ventral cavity

Body Cavities; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 48
 BODY CAVITIES: POSTERIOR ASPECT
Cranial cavity

Posterior
Aspect
or
Dorsal
cavity Thoracic
cavity

Ventral
cavity
Vertebral
Canal
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity

Body Cavities; Modified; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

The Body Cavities; CC0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 49
 BODY CAVITIES: POSTERIOR ASPECT (CONT)
Posterior aspect Cranial cavity

– Contains cavities completely

Posterior
encased in bone Aspect
or
– Subdivided into the cranial
Dorsal
cavity and the vertebral cavity cavity Thoracic
cavity
• Cranial cavity formed by
Ventral
bones of the cranium cavity
Vertebral
• Houses the brain Canal
Abdominal
• Vertebral cavity (Vertebral cavity
Canal) formed by the Pelvic
cavity
bones of the vertebral Abdominopelvic
cavity
column
• Houses the spinal cord The Body Cavities; CC0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 50
 BODY CAVITIES: VENTRAL CAVITY
Cranial cavity
Ventral cavity
–Larger, anteriorly Posterior
Aspect
placed or
Dorsal
–Does not completely cavity Thoracic
cavity
encase organs in bone
Ventral
–Partitioned into a Vertebral
Canal
cavity

superior thoracic Abdominal

cavity
cavity and an inferior Pelvic
abdominopelvic cavity cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity

The Body Cavities; CC0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 51
 BODY CAVITIES: VENTRAL CAVITY

Body Cavities; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 52
 ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
SUPERFICIALLY

Right Left
Upper Upper
(RUQ) (LUQ)

Right Left
Lower Lower
(RLQ) (LLQ)

Abdominopelvic Quadrants; BruceBlaus; CC-BY-4.0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 53
 INSIDE THE ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

• Abdominopelvic
cavity can be
divided into 4
compartments:
– Right and left
upper quadrant
– Right and left
lower quadrant
Regions and Quadrants of the Peritoneal Cavity; Openstax;
Modified; CC-BY-4.0

In-Person 4. Apply the various anatomical terminology associated with the human body 54
 ESSENTIAL LIFE PROCESSES AND
HOMEOSTASIS
• Essential life processes:
• Organization
• Metabolism
• Growth & Development
• Responsiveness
• Regulation
• Reproduction Set-Point Control; CC0

• In health, all parts of the body must be functioning

together in a process called homeostasis.

In-Person 3. Define Essential Life Processes 55

 HOMEOSTASIS
• We have a lot of anatomic structures and physiologic
processes that are continuously monitored and
adjusted
• Homeostasis - the ability of an organism to maintain
a consistent internal environment, or “steady state,”
in response to changing internal or external
conditions

Gender Equality Sign;

CC0

In-Person 3. Define Essential Life Processes 56

 WHAT CHALLENGES HOMEOSTASIS?
• Intense heat raising
body temperature on a
summer day
• Carbon dioxide
production during a
long run
• Low blood glucose
concentration from
skipping breakfast

Woman Jogging; CC0

In-Person 3. Define Essential Life Processes 57

 HOMEOSTASIS: KEEPING INTERNAL
CONDITIONS STABLE - COMPONENTS
OF HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEMS
• The body maintains homeostasis by using
homeostatic control systems
– Three components associated with each
system:
1. Receptor
2. Control center
3. Effector

Gender Equality Sign; CC0

In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 58
 HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEM
RECEPTOR

Receptor
Stimulus
• The structure that • Change in a variable
(e.g., Temperature,
detects changes in a pH, Stretch) Homeostasis
Disrupted
variable. Changes are
caused by the
• Example: a change Receptor
• Detector of the
in temperature stimulus (e.g.,
sensory neurons)
• Receptor consists of
sensory nerves

In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 59
 HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEM
CONTROL CENTER
Control center
– The structure that
interprets input from
Homeostasis
the Disrupted
– A portion of the
nervous system or an
endocrine organ
– Initiates changes
through the

In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 60
 HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEM
EFFECTOR
Effector
• The structure that brings about change to alter the stimulus
• Most body structure are effectors

Response of a homeostatic system occurs through a

feedback loop:
1. Stimulus
2. Detection of stimulus by a receptor
3. Information relayed to the control center
4. Integration of the input by control center and initiation of
change through effectors
5. Return of homeostasis by the actions of effectors

In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 61
 HOMEOSTATIC FEEDBACK LOOP
Stimulus
• Change in a variable
(e.g., Temperature,
pH, Stretch)

Homeostasis Homeostasis
Restored Disrupted
Effector Receptor
• Changes variable in • Detector of the
accordance with stimulus (e.g.,
control center output sensory neurons)

Control Center
• Integrate receptor
inputs and determine
outputs (Nervous or
Endocrine system)
In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 62
 HOMEOSTASIS
REGULATION BY NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Negative feedback system
• A type of homeostatic control system that maintains the variable within
a normal range
• Resulting action in the opposite direction of stimulus
– Maintains variable within a normal range, its set point
• If stimulus increases a variable, the control system responds to decrease the variable
• If stimulus decreases a variable, the control system responds to increase in the variable

• Controls most processes in the body

Stimulus
Response
In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 63
 HOMEOSTASIS
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK – BODY TEMPERATURE
Example: Body temperature drops
– Sensory receptors detect this and pass to the control center
(hypothalamus in the brain)
– Hypothalamus signals multiple effectors
• Blood vessels in the skin to constrict the vessels
– This decreases the amount of blood in the skin and less heat is released
• Nerve impulses are sent to skeletal muscles, causing shivering
• Nerve impulses are sent to smooth muscles of hair follicles, causing
“goosebumps”
• Hormones signal to the thyroid to increase metabolic rate

In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 64
 Negative

Stimulus
Feedback

Response
Thermoregulation; Modified; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0
In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 65
 KEEPING INTERNAL CONDITIONS STABLE:
REGULATION BY NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Example: Body temperature rises
– Sensory receptors detect this and pass to the
control center (hypothalamus in the brain)
– Hypothalamus signals multiple effectors
• Blood vessels in the skin increase blood flow
– This increases the amount of blood circulating to the
body surface so more heat is released through skin
• Sweat glands are stimulated and the evaporative
cooling decreases body temperature
• The thyroid decreases metabolism

In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 66
 Response
Stimulus
Negative
Feedback

Thermoregulation;
Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 67
 KEEPING INTERNAL CONDITIONS STABLE:
REGULATION BY POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Positive feedback system
– Stimulus and response move in the same direction
– Continues until a climactic event occurs
– Occurs much less frequently than negative
feedback
– Examples
• Childbirth
• Lactation
• Blood Clotting

Stimulus Response

In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 68
 KEEPING INTERNAL CONDITIONS STABLE:
REGULATION BY POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Example: Positive feedback during breastfeeding
• Sensory detectors detect baby suckling
• Message is transmitted to the control center - hypothalamus
• Hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release the
hormone oxytocin
• Oxytocin stimulates the mammary gland to eject breast milk
• Cycle repeats as long as the baby suckles

Stimulus Response

In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 69
 Stimulus
• Baby Suckles

More milk
ejection leads to
Nursing; CC0

Effector Receptor
• Oxytocin stimulates Positive • Sensory detection of
milk ejection Feedback suckling. Input sent
to hypothalamus

Control Center
• Hypothalamus directs
posterior pituitary to
release oxytocin

In-Person 5. Determine how negative and positive feedback systems apply to homeostasis 70
 KEEPING
INTERNAL
CONDITIONS
STABLE:
REGULATION
BY POSITIVE
FEEDBACK

Positive
Feedback

Let-Down Reflex; Openstax; CC-BY-4.0

In-Person 71
 ESTABLISHING NORMAL RANGES FOR
CLINICAL PRACTICE
Normal ranges for homeostatic variables
– Body temperature 98.6ºF
– Blood glucose 80–110 mg/dL
– Blood pressure 90–120/60-80 mm Hg
– Determined by sampling healthy individuals in a
population
– Normal range is value for 95% of individuals sampled
– 5% of healthy population have values outside normal
range

In-Person 72
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Compare the levels of organization and their

relationships.

2. Identify the organ systems of the body.

3. Define Essential Life Processes

4. Apply the various anatomical terminology

associated with the human body

5. Determine how negative and positive feedback

systems apply to homeostasis

In-Person 73