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Overview of Material Balance For Combustion Process

The document discusses material and mass balances for combustion processes. It provides an overview of combustion, including definitions of terms like theoretical air and excess air. It also presents examples of solving material balance problems for combustion, including determining flue gas compositions and calculating excess air percentage.

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Mehbuba Sayma
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88 views

Overview of Material Balance For Combustion Process

The document discusses material and mass balances for combustion processes. It provides an overview of combustion, including definitions of terms like theoretical air and excess air. It also presents examples of solving material balance problems for combustion, including determining flue gas compositions and calculating excess air percentage.

Uploaded by

Mehbuba Sayma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FTRI 1201: Energy and Mass Balance in Food Processing

An Overview on
Material Balance for
Combustion Process

BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY


FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Mehebuba Akter Sayma


What is
Material
Balance?
Material Balance
A material balance (also known as mass
balance) is a quantitative expression of the
law of conservation:

Material input = material output + material accumulation

W
F1
P
F2

F1 + F2 W+P

F1 + F2 = W + P
Did you hear
about
Combustion
Process?
Combustion Process
Combustion is a chemical process in which
a substance (coal, hydrocarbons, S, H )
reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off
heat.

Combustion

Complete Incomplete
combustion combustion

CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + Energy 4 CH4 + 7 O2 2 CO + 2 CO2 + 8 H2O + Energy


Material Balance for Combustion Process

Fuel

C, H, O, S
Flue or Stack Gas
Furnace
CO2
Air
CO
O2
21 mol% O2
N2
79 mol% N2
SO2
Refuse H2O

Fuel + Air = Flue or Stack Gas + Refuse


Chemical Reaction in Combustion Processes

C + O2 CO2

C + ½ O2 CO

2 H + ½ O2 H 2O

S + O2 SO2
Terms Associated with Combustion Processes
Flue or Stack Gas: All Theoretical air or Excess air: Air provided more
gases resulting from than that required for
theoretical oxygen: complete combustion.
combustion including Minimum amount of air * Excess air is calculated based
water vapor, also called or oxygen required for on how much fuel can be
wet basis. burned, not on how much fuel
complete combustion. is actually burned.

Orsat analysis or dry Compositions on a wet Compositions on a dry


basis: All gases resulting basis: Commonly mole basis: Commonly mole
from combustion not fractions or fractions or
including water vapor. percentages of gas percentages of gas not
including water vapor. including water vapor.
Material Balance Problem Approach
Mass input = Mass output + Mass Accumulation

Read the problem carefully. What is it asking for?


*Keywords/phrases
*be careful of assumptions

Draw a picture. Label knowns/unknowns.


Solve for easy unknowns ahead of time.

Write down the proper chemical reaction if any. For


reactive systems, the general mole balance equation is
important.

Start with mass balances


Stoichiometry includes all the quantitative relationships involving:
atomic and formula masses
chemical formulas

Chemical compounds present less than their stoichiometric amount


will disappear first.
This reactant will be the limiting reactant and
all the others will be excess reactants.

Calculation should be done by limiting reactant for accurate results of


reactant or product.
Mathematical Problems and Solutions

Problem 1: In a furnace, 95% of carbon is converted to carbon


dioxide and the remainder to carbon monoxide. By material
balance, predict the quantities of gases appearing in the flue gases
leaving the furnace.
Step 1: Simple diagram of the process

C 95% CO2

O2 Furnace 5% CO

Step 2: Chemical equations


From the equations we get that, 44 kg of carbon dioxide is formed by the combustion of 12 kg
of carbon, and 28 kg of carbon monoxide is formed by the combustion of 12 kg of carbon.

Let, Amount of CO2 produced:


The basis is 1 kg of carbon
12 kg C is used to produce 44 kg CO2
0.95 kg C is converted to CO2 1 kg C is used to produce 44/12 kg CO2
0.95 kg C is used to produce ( (44*0.95)/12) kg CO2
0.05 kg C is converted to CO =3.48 kg CO2

Amount of CO produced:

12 kg C is used to produce 28 kg CO
1 kg C is used to produce 28/12 kg CO
0.05 kg C is used to produce ( (28*0.05)/12) kg CO
=0.12 kg CO2
Problem 2: A hydrocarbon gas is burned with air. The dry basis product gas
composition is 1.5% CO, 6.0% CO2, 8.2% O2, and 84.3% N2. There is no
atomic oxygen in the fuel gas and speculate on what the fuel might be.
Then calculate the percent excess air fed to the reactor.
Basis 100 mol dry product gas

nc mol C
nH mol H2

100 mol gas

na mol air Reactor 1.5% CO


6% CO2
0.21 mol O2/mol 8.2% O2
0.79 mol N2/mol 84.3% N2

nw mol H2O
N2 balance:
0.79 na = 0.843*100
na = 106.7 mol air

Atomic balance for C:


nc = (100*0.015*1) + (100*0.06*1)
nc = 7.5 mol C
Atomic balance for O:
0.21* na*2 = nw*1 + 100 (0.015*1 + 0.06*2 + 0.082*2)
nw = 14.9 mol H2O

Atomic balance for H: The ratio of C to H:


n H = 2 nw
nH = 29.8 mol H H/C = nH / nc = 29.8/7.5 = 3.97
The fuel gas is CH4
Combustion reaction for CH4:

CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O


Percent excess air = ((106.7-71.43)/71.43)*100%
= 49.4%

1 mol of CH4 requires 2 mol of O2


7.5 mol of CH4 requires (7.5*2) mol of O2
=15 mol of O2
mol of air required (15/0.21) = 71.43 mol

We know that,
Percent excess = ((mole fed – mol reacted)/mole reacted)*100
Application of Combustion Process in Food Engineering

The thermal energy produced from the


combustion of either fossil fuels such as
coal or oil, or renewable fuels such as
firewood, is harvested for diverse uses
such as cooking, the production of
electricity, or industrial or domestic
heating.

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