TPTA620 - Teaching Practice

Assignment Lesson Plan (Spring 2023)

Student ID = BC190203887

Objective:
To assess the students’ understanding of concepts of teaching and enable them for implementing
lesson planning practically.

Instructions:

 Late assignments will not be accepted.

 If the file is corrupt or problematic, it will be marked zero.
 Plagiarism will never be tolerated. Plagiarism occurs when a student uses work
done by someone else as if it was his or her own; however, taking the ideas from
different sources and expressing them in your own words will be encouraged.
 No assignment will be accepted via e-mail.
 The solution file should be in Word document format; the font color should be
preferably black and font size should be 12 Times New Roman.

List of Activities
Lesson plans and teaching will be assessed in google classroom. A sample lesson plan
assignment is also uploaded in download section. Please read it carefully and prepare lesson plan
as per format provided.
(Check DOWNLOADS section for schedule uploaded by your supervisor. The schedule will be
named by your assigned supervisor. Check Announcement section on daily basis).
You should prepare 06 lessons of subjects you have selected in your first assignment as the
number given below:

1. Students need to prepare TWELVE lesson plans for each subject within the due
date on LMS. Lesson plan needs to be submitted within the due date.
i.e. Subject 1 = 12 Lesson plans
Subject 2 = 12 Lesson plans
Subject 3 = 12 Lesson plans
Total lesson plans = 36

2. You will prepare 36 lesson plans on different topics in this assignment. Subjects
should be same as mentioned in Subject selection form. (If Subject selection form is
not approved, get approval via email).
Sr. Grade/Class Subject Topic
No
 1 6th Mathematics Types of Natural Numbers
2 6th Mathematics Real Numbers
3 6th Mathematics Complex Numbers
4 6th Mathematics Distance Formula
5 6th Mathematics Linear Equations
6 6th Mathematics Positive and Negative Integers
7 6th Mathematics Ratio and Proportion
8 6th Mathematics Line Segments
9 6th Mathematics Data
10 6th Mathematics Graph
11 6th Mathematics Addition of integers
12 6th Mathematics Subtraction of integers
13 7th English Present Tense
14 7th English Punctuation
15 7th English Active and Passive voice
16 7th English Adverb
17 7th English A Nation’s Strength
18 7th English A dengue patient visits a doctor
19 7th English Kaghan Valley
20 7th English Quaid-i-Azam
21 7th English The rooster and the fox
22 7th English I dream a world
23 7th English Inventories and Discoveries
24 7th English A terrible Earthquake
25 8th Science Carbon and Oxygen cycle
26 8th Science Brain
27 8th Science Applications of Biotechnology
28 8th Science Metals and nonmetals
29 8th Science Properties and uses of metals and nonmetals
30 8th Science Salts
31 8th Science Properties and uses of Salts
32 8th Science Spherical mirrors
33 8th Science Image formation in convex and concave
mirrors
34 8th Science Space Exploration
35 8th Science Technological tools used in Space
Exploration
36 8th Science Galaxy
 Lesson Plan 1

Subject: Mathematics

Grade level/Class: 6th

Textbook: Mathematics Punjab textbook board

Topic & Sub Topic: Types of natural numbers

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Know about natural numbers

2. Understand about types of natural numbers

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Define natural numbers

2. Explain types of natural numbers
3. Distinguish between even and odd numbers

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Markers
3. Duster
4. Mathematics text book of 6th class Punjab board
5. Chart showing numbers
6. Flash cards

Procedure

a. Introduction
 At the start of lesson students attention can be grasped by showing number flashcards to
the class and asked them about numbers. In this way students will be attentive.
b. Teaching Procedure:
I will use lecture and activity method in the class and write different numbers on the
white board. I will arrange the students in groups. So they can differentiate the numbers.
Types of Natural numbers
Natural numbers are classified into two ways, either even or odd numbers or prime and
composite.
Even Numbers
The numbers which are divisible by 2 are called even numbers. The set of even numbers
is denoted by capital letter E.
E= {2,4,6,8,….}
Odd Numbers
The numbers which are not divisible by 2 are called even numbers. The set of odd
numbers is denoted by capital letter O.
O= {1,3,5,7,…..}
Prime Numbers
A number having exactly two factors, 1 and the number itself is called prime number.
The set of prime number is denoted by capital letter P.
P= {2,3,5,7,11,13, …….}
Composite Numbers
A number having factors other than 1 and itself is called composite number or we can say
that the numbers having more than two factors are composite numbers. The set of
composite number is denoted by capital letter C.
C= {4,6,8,9,10,12,14,……}
c. Student participation:
Students are divided into two groups and one group writes first 25 even numbers and
other group writes first 25 odd numbers then shares it with others.
d. Formative Check:
During lesson I will stand student one by one and check their knowledge and
understanding about the topic and tell them to solve the questions on notebook.
e. Closure/Summarizing:
At the end of the lecture, I will summarize the whole lecture in detail with example.
Assignment or Homework:

I will assign homework to the students in which students will:

Assessment of Student Learning:

At the end of the lesson the students learning assess by asking:
1. Define natural numbers
2. Differentiate between even and odd numbers.

Lesson Plan 2
Subject: Mathematics

Grade level/Class: 6th

Textbook: Mathematics Punjab textbook board

Topic & Sub Topic: Real Numbers

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Recognize real numbers

2. Understand the sets of real numbers

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Define real numbers
2. Differentiate between rational and irrational numbers
3. Demonstrate a number with terminating and non-terminating recurring decimals
on the number line
4. Enlist few examples of natural numbers on their notebook

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. Scale
2. Graph paper
3. White board
4. Markers
5. Duster
6. Mathematics text book of 6th class Punjab board
7. Chart showing real numbers
8. Number flashcards
Procedure

Introduction

At the start of lesson students attention can be grasped by showing number flashcards to the class
and asked them about numbers.

Teaching Procedure:

Demonstration method and pair work will be used in this lesson. The graph paper will show to
the students and by drawing the number line on paper students will look at the real numbers and
also concept of rational and irrational number will be explained to the students.

Set of real numbers:

First we recall about the set of rational and irrational numbers.

Rational numbers:

All numbers of the form p/q where p, q are integers and q is not zero are called rational numbers.
The set of rational numbers is denoted by Q.

For example, the numbers 1, 4, 6 are all rational numbers.

Irrational numbers:

The numbers which cannot be expressed as quotient of integers are called irrational numbers.

The set of irrational numbers is denoted by Q’.

For example, the numbers 2.141414…, 3.131313…., 5.4545454…., are all irrational numbers.

The union of the set of rational numbers and irrational numbers is known as the set of real
numbers. It is denoted by R.

Terminating Decimal Fractions:

The decimal fraction in which there is finite number of digits in its decimal part is called a
terminating decimal fraction.

Recurring and Non-terminating Decimal Fractions:

The decimal fraction (non-terminating) in which some digits are repeated again and again in the
same order in its decimal part is called a recurring decimal fraction.
Student participation:

For the better understanding students will write five rational and irrational numbers and discuss
these with their peer.

Formative Check:

Some numbers will be written on white board and students will recognize the type of number. By
this activity students understanding will be checked.

Closure/Summarizing:

Quick review of number and sets of numbers students learnt in order to end the lesson.

Assignment or Homework:

I will assign homework to the students in which students will:

Write definition of natural, whole, rational numbers along with examples and also draw on
number line.

Assessment of Student Learning:

At the end of the lesson the students learning assess by asking:

1. What are integers?

2. Give three examples of whole numbers?
3. Why 8 is a rational number?
4. Is 1.333 a rational number or irrational number? Justify.

Lesson Plan 3
Subject: Mathematics

Grade level/Class: 6th

Text Book: Mathematics Punjab textbook board

Topic & Sub Topic: Complex Numbers

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Understand the concept of complex numbers

2. Know about the different properties of complex numbers

Specific/ Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Define complex numbers

2. Differentiate between real numbers and complex numbers
3. Find conjugate of complex numbers
4. Enlist few examples of complex numbers

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White Board
2. Board Markers
3. Duster
4. Mathematics of 6th class by Punjab textbook board
5. Flashcards

Procedure:

Introduction:

At the start of lesson students attention can be grasped by showing number flashcards to the class
and asked them about numbers.

Teaching Procedures:
Demonstration method and pair work will be used in this lesson. The graph paper will show to
the students and by drawing the number line on paper students will look at the complex numbers.

Complex Numbers:

We recall that the square of a real number is non-negative. So the solution of the equation x 2 + 1
= 0 or x2 = –1 does not exist in R. To overcome this inadequacy of real numbers, we need a
number whose square is –1. Thus the mathematicians were tempted to introduce a larger set of
numbers called the set of complex numbers which contains R and every number whose square is
negative. They invented a new number –1, called the imaginary unit, and denoted it by the letter i
(iota) having the property that i 2 = -1. Obviously i is not a real number. It is a new mathematical
entity that enables us to enlarge the number system to contain solution of every algebraic
equation of the form x2= –a, where a > 0. By taking new number

i = -1, the solution set of x2 + 1 = 0

Students Participation:

Now students will come and write three examples of complex numbers on white board and
explain these examples. Students will be appreciating during the lesson.

Formative Check:

Students understanding can be check by playing the quiz game between the different groups of
students in which different questions related to topic will be asked. Students will recognize the
different numbers whether these are real or complex.

Closure/Summarizing:

In the end of the lesson key points revised quickly. Lesson will be completed by recalling the
complex numbers and conjugate of complex numbers.

Assignment or Homework:

Homework will assign to the students based on:

Solve all the parts of question no 2 and question no 3 of exercise 2.5 of the textbook.

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to topic to students and student’s will answer these questions. Student learning is
accessed by asking these questions:

1. Give two examples of complex numbers?

2. Find conjugate of 2-3i?
3. Write real and imaginary part of the number 5+4i?
4. Evaluate i50

Lesson Plan 4

Subject: Mathematics
Grade level/Class: 6th

Text Book: Mathematics Punjab textbook board

Topic & Sub Topic: Distance Formula

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Understand the distance formula

2. Know about the use of distance formula

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Define distance formula

2. Derive distance formula
3. Find distance between two points
4. Describe the use of distance formula

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Charts
4. Duster
5. Mathematics book of class 6th’

Procedure:

a. Introduction:
At the start of the lesson I will put question that how will we find the distance between
the white board and the student on the first bench and this question grasping the attention
of students. Every student wants to answer such type of question.
b. Teaching Procedures:
 Activity method and demonstration teaching method with lecture method will used for
this lesson of distance formula. In lesson I choose two students and label these students
with the values and then solve the question on the board and find the distance between
the two students.
Distance formula:
The study of geometrical shapes in a plane is called plane geometry. Coordinate
geometry is the study of geometrical shapes in the Cartesian plane (coordinate plane). We
know that a plane is divided into four quadrants by two perpendicular lines called the
axes intersecting at origin. We have also seen that there is one to one correspondence
between the points of the plane and the ordered pairs in R × R.
c. Student Participation:
Students will be asked to find the distance between their homes and school by using the
distance formula. In this way students will participate during the lesson and find the
distance.
d. Formative check:
Now during the lesson students will be asked about the questions related to distance
formula in which students come on the board and write the distance formula. From there
responses it will be clear that up to what extent students understand the topic.
e. Closure/summarizing:
By quick review of distance formula and methods of finding distance between two points
the lesson will be ended.
Assignment or Homework:

I will assign homework and students will:

Solve P (-6, -4) and Q (-3, 0) using distance formula?

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different
questions related to topic to students and student’s will answer these questions. Questions
used at the end of lesson to assess student learning are:
1. Derive distance formula?
2. What is the use of distance formula?
3. Find distance between A (2, 9) and B (-7, 8)?
 Lesson Plan 5

Subject: Mathematics

Grade level/class: 6th

Textbook: Mathematics (Punjab textbook board)

Topic & Sub topic: Linear Equations

Time duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture, students will be able to:

1. Understand linear equations

2. Know about technique for solving linear equations

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able:

1. Define linear equations

2. Recall linear equation in one variable
3. Solve linear equations in one variable
4. Enlist few examples of linear equations

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White Board
2. Board Markers
3. Charts
4. Duster
5. 6th class Mathematics Punjab textbook board

Procedure:
a. Introduction:
At the start of lesson I will tell students whether they know about linear. I will show chart
to the class in which different forms of linear equation will be seen. By this method I will
grasp the student’s attention.
b. Teaching Procedure:
Lecture method will be used for this lesson in which students will be told about the linear
equations and methods to solve the linear equations. Different problems related to linear
equations will be given to the students and students will apply appropriate technique to
solve such problem.
Linear equations:
A linear equation in one unknown variable x is an equation of the form ax + b = 0, where

a, b R and a ≠ 0. A solution to a linear equation is any replacement or substitution for

the variable x that makes the statement true. Two linear equations are said to be
equivalent if they have exactly the same solution.
Solving a Linear Equation in One Variable:
The process of solving an equation involves finding a sequence of equivalent equations
until the variable x is isolated on one side of the equation to give the solution.
Technique for Solving:
The procedure for solving linear equations in one variable is summarized in the following
box.
 If fractions are present, we multiply each side by the L.C.M. of the denominators
to eliminate them.
 To remove parentheses we use the distributive property.
 Combine alike terms, if any, on both sides.
 Use the addition property of equality (add or subtract) to get all the variables on
left side and constants on the other side.
 Use the multiplicative property of equality to isolate the variable.
 Verify the answer by replacing the variable in the original equation.
Question:
Solve the equation 3x/2 – x-2/3 = 25/6
 Multiplying each side of the given equation by 6, the L.C.M. of denominators 2, 3 and 6
to eliminate fractions, we get
9x - 2(x - 2) = 25
⇒9x - 2x + 4 = 25
⇒ 7x = 21
⇒x=3
Since x = 3 makes the original statement true, therefore the solution is correct.
c. Student Participation:
Students also divided into pairs and each pair form three linear equations and also solve
these equations.
d. Formative Check:
During the lesson the students understanding will be checked in which students solved
the problems related to linear equations such as:
Find x if 4x-3(2x-4) = 16
e. Closure/Summarizing:
By quickly revising the key points about the linear equations and techniques used to solve
linear equations the lesson will be end up.
Assessment or Homework:
Homework will be assigned to students in which students will:

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different
questions related to topic to students and student’s will answer these questions. After the
completion of lesson the student learning will be assessed by questions:
1. If 7-x = 0 then find the value of x?
2. How many methods are used for solving linear equations?
3. Find the value of x if x2 – 36 = 0?
 Lesson Plan 6

Subject: Mathematics

Grade level/class: 6th

Textbook: Mathematics (Punjab textbook board)

Topic & Sub topic: Positive and Negative Integers

Time duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lesson, students will be able to:

1. Know about integers.

2. Understand about different types of integers

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Define integers
2. Represent integers on number lines
3. Explain difference types of integers

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Mathematics text book of 6th Punjab board
4. Duster

Procedure:
a. Introduction:
I will start the lecture with question to check the previous knowledge of students, then
describe to them about integers in detail.
b. Teaching Procedures:
I will use lecture and activity method in the class and write question on the white board. I
will arrange the students in groups. So they can solve the questions easily.
Integers
We are familiar with the numbers of type 1,2,3,…. These numbers are called integers.
There are two types of integers
1. Positive integers
2. Negative integers
Positive integers
The natural numbers 1,2,3,…. are called positive integers. We can add, subtract, multiply
and divide integers.
Negative integers
The numbers with negative signs are called negative integers. -1,-2,-3…. are negative
integers.
c. Student Participation:
During the lesson students will write positive and negative integers on their notebook and
participate in this way. Show -2, -5,3, -6,6 on number line

d. Formative Check:
During lesson I will stand student one by one and check their knowledge and
understanding about the topic.

e. Closure/Summarizing:
At the end of the lecture, I will summarize the whole lecture in detail with example.
Assignment or Homework:
Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different
questions related to topic to students and student’s will answer these questions .Students
will be assessed by:
1. What is Integer?
2. What are the different types of integers?
3. Arrange list of integers in ascending and descending order
 Lesson Plan 7

Subject: Mathematics

Grade level/class: 6th

Textbook: Mathematics (Punjab textbook board)

Topic & Sub topic: Ratio and Proportion

Time duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture, students will be able to:

Know about ratio and proportion

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Define ratio as a relation which one quantity bears to another quantity of same kind with
regard to their magnitude
2. Explain difference between ratio and proportion
3. Know that two quantities forming a ratio

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White Board
2. Board Markers
3. Duster
4. 6th class Mathematics Punjab textbook board
5. Multimedia
Procedure:

a. Introduction:
I will use white board and multimedia in the class to grasp the student attention and write
the name of the topic on the board.
b. Teaching Procedure:
I will use the lecture method and ask answer question to check their previous knowledge
about lesson.
Ratio and Proportion:
The numerical comparison between two quantities of the same kind is called ratio. Ratio

a:b= as the comparison of two alike quantities a and b, called the elements (terms) of
a ratio. (Elements must be expressed in the same units). Equality of two ratios was
defined as proportion. That is, if a: b = c: d, then a, b, c and d are said to be in proportion.
c. Students Participation:
I will arrange the class in different groups and give them activity to solve the problems.
d. Formative Check:
I will ask different question from student during the lecture like:
What do you know about ratio and theorem?
e. Closure/Summarizing:
At the end I will summarize the whole lecture in parts.
Assignment or Homework:
I will assign homework to students what I teach them in the class for their better
understanding.

Assessment of Student Learning:

I will check the student performance by giving them questions.
1. Define ratio and proportion?
 Lesson Plan 8

Subject: Mathematics

Grade level/class: 6th

Textbook: Mathematics (Punjab textbook board)

Topic & Sub topic: Line Segments

Time duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture, students will be able to:

1. Know about line segment

2. Understand addition and subtraction of line segments

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Define line segment

2. Find the sum of measures of two line segments
3. Find the difference of measures of two line segments

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White Board
2. Board Markers
3. Duster
4. 6th class Mathematics Punjab textbook board
5. Multimedia

Procedure:
a. Introduction:
I will use white board and multimedia in the class to grasp the student attention and write
the name of the topic on the board. I will start with the definition of the line segment and
explain in detail about the topic.
b. Teaching Procedure:
I will use the lecture method with discussion method and ask answer question to check
their previous knowledge about lesson.
Line Segment
A line segment is the basic terms of geometry which helps us in construction of
geometrical figures of different shapes and sizes. A line segment is a part of line which
has two distinct end points.

c. Students Participation:
I will arrange the class in different groups and give them questions to solve the problems
like group 1 will find the sum of measures of two line segment.

And group 2 will find the difference of measures of two line segment.

d. Formative Check:
 I will ask different question from student during the lecture like:
What do you know about line segment?
e. Closure/Summarizing:
At the end I will summarize the whole lecture in parts.
Assignment or Homework:
I will assign homework to students what I teach them in the class for their better
understanding.

Assessment of Student Learning:

I will check the student performance by giving them questions.
1. Define line segment.
2. Explain the sum of measures of two line segments
3. Explain the difference of measures of two line segments
 Lesson Plan 9

Subject: Mathematics

Class: 6th

Text Book: Punjab textbook board Lahore

Topic and Sub Topic: Data

Time duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives

At the end of the lesson students will be able to:

1. Know about data

2. Understand the types of data

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to tell about:

1. Define data
2. Explain the types of data
3. Give real life examples of data

Resources/Materials

1. White board
2. Board marker
3. Duster
4. Text book

Procedure

Introduction:
I will start the lesson by asking questions from students about data. What are it and how students
find them in grouped data? Students will try to answers these questions and in this way I will
grasp students’ attention.

Teaching procedure:

Demonstration and lecture method will be used to explain in details about the topic to the
students. I will start my lesson with the definition of data.

Data:

A data is a set of information and facts which is represented in the form of figure. We can collect
data by several ways depending upon quantity of data and reasons for its collection. For
example, Miss Ifra, the manager of the restaurant wants to know about the liking of food of her
restaurant among her customers. She gives a survey form to 100 regular customers and ask them
to select one favorite food of restaurant. From this survey form, she makes a data table which is
given below;

Classification of data

Data can be classified into two parts.

1. Grouped data
2. Ungrouped data

Grouped data

The data which provides us information about groups is called the group data. For example, we
can represent data in groups as:
Ungrouped data:

The data which provides us information about individuals is called the ungroup data. For
example, 11 players of cricket team enhanced the score the team is a one day match as given in
the following table.

Student’s participation:

By asking questions related to the topic and by solving questions on their note book.

Which table is showing group data?

Formative check:

Students understanding can be check by playing the quiz game between the different groups of
students in which different questions related to topic will be asked. Students will explain data
and types of data.
Closure:

Briefly explain the topic data and types of data which daily life examples. The topic will be
summarized in short time.

Homework:

Assessment for student learning:

Give answers of following questions:

1. Define data
2. Differentiate between grouped data and un grouped data with examples.
 Lesson Plan 10

Subject: Mathematics

Class: 6th

Text Book: Punjab textbook board Lahore

Topic and Sub Topic: Graph

Time duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives

At the end of the lesson students will be able to:

1. Know about graph

2. Understand the types of graphs

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to tell about:

1. Define graph
2. Explain the types of graphs
3. How to draw a graph

Resources/Materials

1. White board
2. Board marker
3. Duster
4. Text book
5. Pictures of graph

Procedure
Introduction:

I will start the lesson by asking questions from students about graphs. What are it and how
students can draw a graph? Students will try to answers these questions and in this way I will
grasp students’ attention.

Teaching procedure:

Demonstration and lecture method will be used to explain in details about the topic to the
students. I will start my lesson with the graph.

Graph:

A graph is a drawing that shows the relationship between numbers and quantities. We use a
graph to display a data in a simple, attractive and comprehensive way.

Bar graph

A graph in which data is represented by a number of rectangles bar is called a bar graph. A bar
has a uniform width and an equal distance from the other bars.

There are two types of bar graph

1. Vertical bar graph

2. Horizontal bar graph

Student’s participation:
I will show different pictures of graphs and ask students which type of graph is it. In this way
students will take part in lesson.

Formative check:

Students understanding can be check by playing the quiz game between the different groups of
students in which different questions related to topic will be asked. Students will explain graph
and types of graph.

Closure:

Briefly explain the topic graph and types of graph which daily life examples. The topic will be
summarized in short time.
Homework:

Assessment for student learning:

Give answers of following questions:

1. Define graph
2. Differentiate between horizontal bar graph and vertical bar graph
3. How to draw a graph

Lesson Plan 11
Subject: Mathematics

Class: 6th

Text Book: Mathematics Punjab textbook board

Topic & Sub Topic: Addition of integers

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Know about addition of integers

2. Understand how to draw a number line

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Define number line

2. Describe addition of integers on number line

3. Solve real life number stories involving addition of integers

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board

2. Board markers

3. Duster

4. Mathematics textbook of 6th class Punjab board

5. Charts

Procedure:
a. Introduction:

At the start of the lecture I will ask students what they know about addition and how we

add different things in our daily life. Students will answer these questions and in this way

I will grab students’ attention.

b. Teaching Procedures:

Lecture method and activity based teaching method will be used for this lesson in which I

will tell students about addition of integers in detail with the help of examples. After that

I will provide daily life problems related to addition of integers. I will tell them how to

draw number line and add integers on it.

Addition of integers:

A number line can be used to display the sum of given integers as shown:

c. Student Participation:

Some problems related to find addition of integers will be given to the students and

students will solve these problems on their notebook during the lesson.

d. Formative check:

For the process of assessment I will asked about the questions related to addition of

integers from different students in the class.

e. Closure/summarizing:

I will end my lesson by quickly summarizing the concept of addition of integers and how

to do it on number line..

10. Assignment or Homework:

I will assign homework to the students in which students will:

11. Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different

questions related to topic to students and students will answer these questions.

1. Define number line

2. Describe addition of integers on number line

 Lesson Plan 12

Subject: Mathematics

Class: 6th
Text Book: Mathematics Punjab textbook board

Topic & Sub Topic: Subtraction of integers

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Know about subtraction of integers

2. Understand how to draw a number line

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Define number line

2. Describe subtraction of integers on number line

3. Solve real life number stories involving subtraction of integers

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board

2. Board markers

3. Duster

4. Mathematics textbook of 6th class Punjab board

5. Charts

Procedure:

a. Introduction:
 At the start of the lecture I will ask students what they know about subtraction and how

we substract different things in our daily life. Students will answer these questions and in

this way I will grab students’ attention.

b. Teaching Procedures:

Lecture method and activity based teaching method will be used for this lesson in which I

will tell students about subtraction of integers in detail with the help of examples. After

that I will provide daily life problems related to subtraction of integers. I will tell them

how to draw number line and add integers on it.

Subtraction of integers:

We know that Subtraction is an opposite process of addition. A number line can be used

to display the subtraction of given integers as shown:

c. Student Participation:

Some problems related to find subtraction of integers will be given to the students and

students will solve these problems on their notebook during the lesson.
d. Formative check:

For the process of assessment I will asked about the questions related to subtraction of

integers from different students in the class.

e. Closure/summarizing:

I will end my lesson by quickly summarizing the concept of addition of integers and how

to do it on number line..

Assignment or Homework:

I will assign homework to the students in which students will:

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different

questions related to topic to students and students will answer these questions.

1. Define number line

2. Describe subtraction of integers on number line

 Lesson Plan 13

Subject: English
Grade level/ Class: 7th
Text Book: English Punjab Text book board
Topic & Sub Topic: Present Tense
Time duration: 45 minutes
General Objectives

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Know about the tenses

Specific/Instructional Objectives:
Students will be able to:

1. Define simple present tense

2. Explain different types of present tense
3. How to make present tense

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Duster
4. English text book of 7th class

Procedure:

Introduction:

Students will be informed about the use of tenses in English language. Than students will be
asked what they know about present tense.
Teaching Procedures:
In teaching of this lesson lecture method will be used as students will be involved in discussion
during the lecture. Important points will be noted on whiteboard. Student’s participation and
interest will be insured through questions and informative contents.

Simple Present Tense:

The simple present tense is used to express a habitual action.

For example

We take refuge with Allah Almighty.

My clock keeps correct me.

I go to school.

Formation of the present tense

Subject + Verb + Object (If Subject is singular we add s or es with verb).

Types of present tense

There are four types of present tense

1. Present Indefinite Tense

2. Present Continuous Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Formative check
Students will be asked different questions related to the topic and students will answer these
questions like
Filling in the blanks using simple present tense
1. He ______ to school daily
2. She ____ writing a letter
3. I _____ going to Lahore
4. I_____ completed my task

Closure/summarizing:

Key points of the lesson written on the board will be revised with the help of students.

Assignment or Homework

Student will be asked to write the answer of these questions.

Write down 10 simple present tense in your notebook.

Assessment of Student Learning:

Complete the worksheet

 Lesson Plan 14

Subject: English
Grade level/ Class: 7th
Text Book: English Punjab Text book board
Topic & Sub Topic: Punctuation
Time duration: 45 minutes
General Objectives

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Know about punctuations

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Explain punctuation
2. Explain type of punctuation
3. Describe use of punctuation
4. Learn about comma, question marks and apostrophe etc.

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Duster
4. English text book of 7th class
5. Charts related to punctuation

Procedure:

Introduction:

I will start the lesson by asking students about question mark and full stop. Students will try to
answer that question. Students will be informed about the 8 punctuation used in English.
Teaching Procedures:
In teaching of this lesson discussion and cooperative method will be used as students will be
involved in discussion during the lesson and there will be group participation. Important points
will be noted on whiteboard. Student’s participation and interest will be insured through
questions and informative contents.

Punctuation
Punctuation means the right use of putting in points or stops in writing. The following are the
principles stop.

1. The comma (,)

2. The exclamation mark (!)
3. The question mark (?)
4. The colon (:)
5. Full stop (.)
6. The semicolon (;)
7. The quotation mark (“”)
8. The apostrophe (‘)

Student participations

Students are given a paragraph to punctuate it

perhaps you dont always need to use commas periods colons etc to make sentences clear when i
am in a hurry tired cold lazy or angry i sometimes leave out punctuation marks grammar is
stupid i can write without it and dont need it my uncle Harry once said he was not very clever
and i never understood a word he wrote to me i think ill learn some punctuation not too much
enough to write to Uncle Harry he needs some help

Formative check

Students will be asked different questions related to the topic and student will answer these

questions like explain punctuation.

Closure/summarizing:

Punctuation rules will be defined to the students at the end of the lesson.

Assignment or Homework

Student will be asked to write the answer of these questions.

Assessment of Student Learning:

Explain use of question mark?

What is full stop and where it is used?

Complete the worksheet

Lesson Plan 15

Subject: English
Grade level/ Class: 7th
Text Book: English Punjab Text book board
Topic & Sub Topic: Active and Passive voice
Time duration: 45 minutes
General Objectives

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Define passive and active voice

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Explain passive voice

2. Explain active voice
3. Differentiate between passive and active voice
4. Learn about proper use of passive and active voice

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Duster
4. English text book of 7th class

Procedure:

Introduction:

I will start lesson by writing the name of topic on the board and grasp the student attention.
Students will be informed about the use of Passive and active voice with the example of a
sentence.

Active voice: I drive a car

Passive voice: Car is driven by me
Teaching Procedures:
In teaching of this lesson discussion and cooperative method will be used as students will be
involved in discussion during the lesson and there will be group participation. Important points
will be noted on blackboard. Student’s participation and interest will be insured through
questions and informative contents.

Active voice

In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the
verb.

 I am going to school
 He is driving a car

Passive voice

One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so
that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive.

For example

 Car is driven by me
 Cricket is being played by them

Formative check:

Students will be asked different questions related to the topic and student will answer these

questions like explain active voice.

Closure/summarizing:

Active and passive voice rules will be explained in details to the students at the end of lesson.

Assignment or Homework

Student will be asked to write the answer of these questions.

Change the voice

 I am writing a letter
 She played cricket

Assessment of Student Learning:

Answer the following question

 Lesson Plan 16

Subject: English
Grade level/ Class: 7th
Text Book: English Punjab Text book board
Topic & Sub Topic: Adverb
Time duration: 45 minutes
General Objectives

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Know about verb

2. Understand about adverb

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Learn use of adverbs in English grammar

2. Types of adverbs
3. Form sentence using proper adverbs

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Duster
4. English text book of 7th class

Procedure:

Introduction:

I will start the lesson by writing the name of the topic of the board and grasp the student
attention. After that I will explain in detail about the topic and start by telling the definition of
adverb. Students will be informed about the use of adverbs in English grammar.
Adverb
An adverb is a word/a set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. It tells
when, where, and how an action is performed or indicates the quality or degree of the action.

Many adverbs end in -ly but some words which end in -ly (such as friendly) are not adverbs.
Many words can be both adverbs and adjectives according to their activity in the sentence.

Example:
  Robin is always hungry for success.
 I love her very much.
 He is running fast.
 Alex works hard.
 He wrote that willingly.

Types of Adverbs:

 Conjunctive Adverbs
 Sentence Adverbs
 Adverbs of Time/Frequency (When?)
 Adverbs of Place/Direction (Where?)
 Adverbs of Degree (How Much?)
 Adverbs of Manner (How?)

Formative check

Students will be asked different questions related to the topic and student will answer these

questions like explain adverb.

Closure/summarizing:

Adverb rules will be explained in details to the students at the end of the lesson.

Assignment or Homework

Student will be asked to write the answer of these questions.

Your roommate drives quite fast, doesn't she? The adverb "quite" modifies

 verb
 adjective
 adverb

Our house is practically on the highway. The adverb "practically" modifies

 sentence
  prepositional phrase
 verb

Assessment of Student Learning:

Answer the following question

Lesson Plan 17

Subject: English

Grade level/Class: 7th

Textbook: English Punjab textbook board

Topic & Sub Topic: A Nation’s Strength

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture, students will be able to:

1. Know about nation’s strength

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Analyze the poem for main idea

2. Identify lines and stanza
3. Explain the summary of the poem

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Duster
4. English textbook of class 7th

Procedure:

Introduction:

I will write the name of the topic on the white board and ask the students if anyone know about
the nation. In this way students will also take part in the lesson and they want to answer the
question.

Teaching Procedure:

Lecture method will be used in the lesson and students also participation by reading the poem
from the textbook. Then group based discussion will be done to know about nations and how can
people make a strong nation.
Student participation:

I will ask students to read the poem from book for better understand and ask meanings of words
if they don’t know.
Formative check:

Student understanding with topic will be checked by asking the question from the same topic like
what is the nation’s strength.

Closure/ Summarizing:

I will recall the main points of poem focusing on specific objectives at the end of the poem
which include summary of the poem.

Assignment or Homework

The homework for the students will be:

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to topic to students and student’s will answer these questions.

1. What can we do to make a strong nation?

2. Who suffers for the nation?
3. Write the summary of the poem?

Complete the worksheet

Lesson Plan 18

Subject: English

Grade level/ Class: 7th

Text Book: Punjab Text Book Board

Topic & Sub Topic: A dengue patient visits a doctor

Time Duration: 45 Minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture, students will be able to:

1. Know about dengue fever

2. Understand the use of dictionary

Specific/ Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

 1. Explain about dengue fever
2. How to prevent spread of dengue fever
3. Explain the meaning of words used in text
4. Develop speaking reading writing and listening skills.

Resources/ Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board marker
3. Charts
4. English textbook of class 7th

Procedure:

a. Introduction:
I will give Introduction of the chapter by reading the statement and explanation from the
textbook and then after one by one reading the sub-headings and translate the paragraph
into Urdu. I will explain the meaning of words to help students understand. I will also ask
question at the start of lesson.
What do you know about dengue fever?
b. Teaching Procedure:
I will use reading based lecture method which involves the student’s participation. A
group based demonstration about spread of dengue fever will be done during the class.
Students are encouraged to ask question about the dengue fever and I will answer it.
Dengue fever:
It is infectious disease spread by mosquitoes. The symptoms are high fever, headache,
pain behind the eyes, aching of muscles and joints. It is also known as break bone fever.
It usually spread during and after the rainy seasons.
c. Student Participation:
Students are allowed to ask the question which they cannot understand. They are asked to
underline the word which they cannot understand the meaning. Students are also asked to
make sentences.
d. Formative Check:

In formative assessment students learning about the topic is checked during the lesson.
During the lesson the understanding of students can be checked by asking questions from
students about the topic that what you know about dengue fever.

e. Closure/ Summarizing:
The lesson will be concluded by recalling all main points of the topic.
Assignment/ Homework:
The homework of the students will be:
1. What are the symptoms of dengue fever?
2. How can we protect ourselves from dengue fever?
Assessment of Student learning:
After demonstration some short questions especially from weak students are may asked
to evaluate the success of lesson.
1. What is dengue fever?
2. What happens if a patient does not take precautions?
 Lesson Plan 19

Subject: English
Grade level/Class: 7th

Textbook: English Punjab textbook board

Topic & Sub Topic: Kaghan Valley

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture, students will be able to:

Know about visit to Kaghan valley

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Explain the visit to Kaghan valley

2. Analyze text pattern and identify the topic sentences
3. Develop a story with the help of graphic organizer

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Duster
4. English textbook of class 7th

Procedure:

a. Introduction:

I will write the name of the topic on the white board and ask the students if anyone know
about the topic. In this way students will also take part in the lesson. I will also ask questions
at the start of the lesson

1. Have you ever visited a valley?

2. Do you enjoy visiting parks
b. Teaching Procedure:

I will use the reading based lecture method which involves student’s participation by reading
the paragraph from the textbook. Then group based demonstration about that visit to kaghan
valley.

Kaghan valley is situated in Mansehra district KPK Pakistan. The weather in this valley is
very cool and pleasant from May to September. Winters are very cool and freezing in this
valley, so the tourists do not visit the valley during winters. Their route to kaghan is through
Balakot, Abbotabad and Mansehra.

c. Student participation:

Students are allowed to ask the question which they cannot understand or the meaning of any
word if they do not know it.

d. Formative check:

Student understanding with topic will be checked by asking the question from the same topic
like what adds to the natural beauty of Kaghan valley.

e. Closure/ Summarizing:

I will recall the main points of lesson focusing on specific objectives at the end of the lesson.

1. Assignment or Homework
The homework for the students will be:

Write a paragraph o 60-70 words on A visit to Murree using following map.

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different
questions related to topic to students and student’s will answer these questions.

1. What is the route to Kaghan valley?

2. What is the height of lake Saif-ul-Muluk?
3. Where is Siri Payay?
 Lesson Plan 20

Subject: English

Grade level/Class: 7th

Textbook: English (Punjab textbook board)

Topic & Sub Topic: Quaid-i-Azam

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture, students will be able to:

1. Know about Quaid-i-Azam

2. Understand the topic sentence

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Explain about Quaid-i-Azam

2. Analyze text pattern and identify the topic sentence
3. Find the meaning of difficult words

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Duster
4. English textbook of class 7th
1. Procedure:

a. Introduction:

I will write the name of the topic on the white board and ask the students if anyone know
about the Quaid-i-Azam In this way students will also take part in the lesson and they want to
answer the question.

b. Teaching Procedure:

Lecture method will be used in the lesson and students also participation by reading the
paragraph from the textbook. Then group based demonstration about Quaid-i-Azam will be
done.
 Quaid-i-Azam was born on December 25, 1876 in Karachi. After being taught at home, He
was sent Sindh madrassa-tul-Islam. At the age of 16, he passed his matriculation examination
from mission high school. Later in 1893, he joined Lincoln’s Inn to obtain the highest degree
of Law.

c. Student participation:

I will show picture of Quaid-i-Azam to the student and ask questions about Quaid-i-Azam
like when Quaid-i-Azam first entered politics.

d. Formative check:

Student understanding with topic will be checked by asking the question from the same topic
like why did the Muslims struggle for a separate home land.

e. Closure/ Summarizing:

I will recall the main points of lesson focusing on specific objectives at the end of the lesson
which include summary of the lesson.

Assignment or Homework

The homework for the students will be:

1. What is Quaid-i-Azam’s motto?

2. Who gave the idea of Pakistan?
Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to topic to students and student’s will answer these questions.

1. How did he perform in Lincoln’s Inn as a student?

2. What did every Muslim desire?
3. Why is Quaid-i-Azam called father of the nation?

Lesson Plan 21

Subject: English

Grade level/Class: 7th

Textbook: English (Punjab textbook board)

Topic & Sub Topic: The Rooster and the Fox

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture, students will be able to:

1. Know about story of rooster and fox

2. Understand the topic sentence

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Explain about story of rooster and fox

2. Describe the moral of the story
3. Find the meaning of difficult words

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Duster
4. English textbook of class 7th

Procedure:

a. Introduction:

I will write the name of the topic on the white board and ask the students if anyone know
about the rooster and fox. In this way students will also take part in the lesson and they want
to answer the question.

b. Teaching Procedure:

Lecture method will be used in the lesson and students also participation by reading the
paragraph from the textbook. I will explain the story of rooster and fox with Urdu translation
so students can understand the meaning of difficult words.
 The rooster saw a fox; it was coming from the forest. The fox heard the rooster. He stopped
and looked up at the fat rooster. The fox was feeling very hungry and wanting some breakfast
as soon as possible. He thought the rooster would make a fine meal.

c. Student participation:

During the lesson I will ask meaning of difficult words and students will answer the
meanings like meal, peace, fun and wonderful.

d. Formative check:

Student understanding with topic will be checked by asking the question from the same topic
like why was it a turn of fortune for the fox.

e. Closure/ Summarizing:

I will recall the main points of lesson focusing on specific objectives at the end of the lesson
which include summary of the lesson.

Assignment or Homework

The homework for the students will be:

1. Where was the rooster sitting?

2. What are the foxes famous for?

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to topic to students and student’s will answer these questions.

1. Why was the fox happy on seeing that fat rooster?

2. How did the rooster scare the fox?
3. What is the moral of the story?
 Lesson Plan 22

Subject: English

Grade level/Class: 7th

Textbook: English Punjab textbook board

Topic & Sub Topic: I dream a world

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture, students will be able to:

1. Know about dream

2. Understand main idea of the poem

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Analyze the poem for main idea

2. Identify lines and stanza
3. Explain the summary of the poem

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Duster
4. English textbook of class 7th

Procedure:

Introduction:

I will write the name of the topic on the white board and ask the students if anyone know about
the dream and world. In this way students will also take part in the lesson and they want to
answer the question.

Teaching Procedure:
Lecture method will be used in the lesson and students also participation by reading the poem
from the textbook. Then group based discussion will be done to know about dream and dream of
the poet.

I dream a world where man

No other man will scorn,

Where love will bless the earth

And peach its path adorn

Student participation:

I will ask students to read the poem from book for better understand and ask meanings of words
if they don’t know.
Formative check:

Student understanding with topic will be checked by asking the question from the same topic like
what is the meaning of dream a world

Closure/ Summarizing:

I will recall the main points of poem focusing on specific objectives at the end of the poem
which include summary of the poem.

Assignment or Homework

The homework for the students will be:

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to topic to students and student’s will answer these questions.

1. What is the dream of poet?

2. What can we do to make this dream true?
3. Write the summary of the poem?
 Lesson Plan 23

Subject: English

Grade level/Class: 7th

Textbook: English (Punjab textbook board)

Topic & Sub Topic: Inventories and Discoveries

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture, students will be able to:

1. Know about invention of science

2. Understand about era of science

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Explain about inventions of science

2. Write an essay on given topic
3. Find the meaning of difficult words

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Duster
4. English textbook of class 7th

Procedure:

a. Introduction:
 I will write the name of the topic on the white board and ask the students if anyone know
about the inventions of science. In this way students will also take part in the lesson and they
want to answer the question. I will also ask some questions related to the topic

1. What was life before the inventions of science?

2. What kind of fathers our forefathers live?

b. Teaching Procedure:

Lecture method will be used in the lesson and students also participation by reading the
paragraph from the textbook. I will explain the inventions and discoveries of science with
Urdu translation so students can understand the meaning of difficult words.

This is the era of science. At every stage of our life, today we depend on science. Science has
blessed us with so many gifts. With the help of science man has become the master of the
whole universe, in agriculture, commerce, industry, communication, household appliances,
medicine, transport and entertainment. In all department of life, science and technology have
ushered us into a new era of hope and prosperity.

c. Student participation:

During the lesson I will ask to tell at least one thing that man has made through science
which made the man life easy. Students will answer this questions by tell different things.

d. Formative check:

Student understanding with topic will be checked by asking the question from the same topic
like which scientific invention do you find at home.

e. Closure/ Summarizing:

I will recall the main points of lesson focusing on specific objectives at the end of the lesson.

Assignment or Homework

The homework for the students will be:

1. What is the importance of electricity in our daily life?

 2. What are the two main contributions of science?

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to topic to students and student’s will answer these questions.

1. What do you understand by era of science?

2. How has science changed our attitude?
3. What is the moral of the story?
 Lesson Plan 24

Subject: English

Grade level/Class: 7th

Textbook: English (Punjab textbook board)

Topic & Sub Topic: A terrible earthquake

Time Duration: 45 minutes

General Objectives:

After this lecture, students will be able to:

1. Know about natural disaster

2. Understand effects of natural disaster

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Explain about natural disaster

2. Describe the effects of natural disaster
3. Find the meaning of difficult words

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. Duster
4. English textbook of class 7th

Procedure:

a. Introduction:
 I will write the name of the topic on the white board and ask the students if anyone know
about natural disaster. In this way students will also take part in the lesson and they want to
answer the question. I will also ask some questions related to the topic

1. What is natural disaster?

2. Have you ever read about calamity?

b. Teaching Procedure:

Lecture method will be used in the lesson and students also participation by reading the
paragraph from the textbook. I will explain in detail about natural disaster and effects of
natural disaster on human life with Urdu translation so students can understand the meaning
of difficult words.

A natural disaster is a sudden overwhelming and unforeseen event. No two disasters are
same, yet they all have similarities in human suffering and material loss. There are many
natural disasters that can imperil life and property. Some of them are volcanoes, earthquakes,
floods, explosion and avalanches etc. There are result of natural phenomenon and strike
without warning.

c. Student participation:

During the lesson I will ask students about different types of natural disasters they have ever
seen in their life. Students will answer this questions by tell different situations. I will explain
the earthquake struck in 2005.

d. Formative check:

Student understanding with topic will be checked by asking the question from the same topic
like do all natural disaster cause equal damage.

e. Closure/ Summarizing:

I will recall the main points of lesson focusing on specific objectives at the end of the lesson.

Assignment or Homework
 The homework for the students will be:

1. Which areas were affected by the earthquake of 2005?

2. How can timely disaster management save lives?

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to topic to students and student’s will answer these questions.

1. Why was the initial rescue work hampered?

2. How can people be trained for disaster management?
3. What is natural disaster?
 Lesson Plan 25

Subject: Science
Class: Grade 8th
Text Book: Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore
Topic & Sub-Topic: Carbon and Oxygen cycle
Duration of the Lesson: 45 minutes.
General Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students will be able to:
1. Know about role of living things in cycling oxygen and carbon
2. Understand about ecology
Specific Objectives:
At the end of this lesson student will be able to:
1. Define ecology
2. Describe the role of living things in cycling oxygen and carbon through an ecosystem.
3. Relate how oxygen and carbon cycle are compulsory process
Resources:
1. White Board
2. Text Book
3. Board Marker
4. Projector
5. Small Video Clips
Procedure
I will use step by step method
Introduction
I will speak on the topic very shortly but I will also keep in mind the suspense of the topic so that
it will seek the attention of the students. I will ask some questions to know the prior knowledge
of the students.
1. What are ecology?
Then I will tell the students that today we are going to discuss about the important carbon and
oxygen cycle that are making the life of man easy and smooth.
Teaching Procedures
I will use lecture along with demonstration method to represent this topic to the students. I will
tell the students about the ecology.
Ecology
The study of relationships between the biotic and abiotic components of an environment is called
ecology.

Carbon and Oxygen cycle

Carbon and oxygen are two elements that are essential for life. They are naturally present in the
form of carbon dioxide and oxygen gases. They constantly circulate between the environment
and living organisms in a cyclic way. When plants prepare food in photosynthesis, they take in
carbon from atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. In this process, they also release oxygen
gas to the atmosphere. All animals and plants respire to get energy. During respiration, they take
in oxygen from atmosphere and release carbon dioxide to atmosphere.
Student Participation
In order to engage the students in the class I will demonstrate the video related to the topic in
front of students to explain carbon and oxygen cycle to the students.
Formative check
In order to check the knowledge of the students about topic I will ask the following questions
like what is ecology
Closure
Before summing up the lecture I will recap all important points of the lecture and ask the
students if they have any confusion about the topic. After rectifying their mistakes I will tell
them that we can use biotechnology techniques in many ways and get benefits of these
technologies. Nowadays these technologies are making our lives comfortable by solving many
problems. At the end I will also share the list of modern biotechnology techniques with the
students.
Homework
I will assign the following as homework
Explain the process of carbon and oxygen cycle
Assessment
1. Define ecology
2. Differentiate between oxygen and carbon cycle
 Lesson Plan 26

Subject: General Science

Grade level/ Class: 8th
Text Book: General Science (Punjab Text Book Board)
Topic & Sub Topic: Brain
Time duration: 45 minutes
General Objectives

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Understand about human brain

2. Know different parts of brain

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Explain human brain

2. Identify the major parts of the brain
3. Describe the structure of the cerebrum

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. General science text book of 8th class
4. Charts related to brain

Procedure:

Introduction:
At the start of the lesson, I will ask students about human brain that where it is and what is the
functions of human brains. All students will answer try to answer these questions. In this way I
will grasp students’ attention.

Teaching Procedures:

In teaching of this lesson deductive method will be used as students will be involved in general
information to specific conclusion with the help of charts and diagrams. Students will be asked to
discuss in group about human brain and part of brain.

Brain

Human brain is enclosed in a boney skull called cranium and consists of billons of inter neurons.
It is divided in to three parts

1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain

Forebrain

Forebrain is the largest part of the brain. It consists of three main parts; cerebrum, thalamus and
hypothalamus.

Midbrain
Mid brain is small part of the brain which is present below the cerebrum. It receives information
from sense organs which is then passed to the appropriate part of the fore brain.

Hindbrain

Hindbrain consists of three parts; cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.

Formative check

During the lesson I will ask different questions related to the topic and students will answer these
questions.

What is midbrain?

Closure/summarizing:

At the end of the lesson, brain and parts of brain will be summarized to the students in quick
time.
Assignment or Homework

Student will be asked to write the answer of these questions.

1. Explain the functions of mid brain

2. Describe main part of forebrain

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to the lesson and students answer these questions.

1. Explain human brain

2. Identify the major parts of the brain
3. Describe the structure of the cerebrum
 Lesson Plan 27

Subject: General Science

Grade level/ Class: 8th
Text Book: General Science (Punjab Text Book Board)
Topic & Sub Topic: Applications of Biotechnology
Time duration: 45 minutes
General Objectives

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Understand about biotechnology

2. Use the applications of biotechnology

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Explain bio technology

2. Discuss the applications of biotechnology in Pakistani context
3. Describe the effect of biotechnology one people and environment

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. General science text book of 8th class
4. Charts related to Vaccines

Procedure:

Introduction:

People have been changing the genomes of plants and animals for many years using traditional
breeding techniques. Artificial selection for specific, desired traits has resulted in a variety of
different organisms, ranging from sweet corn to hairless cats. But this artificial selection, in
which organisms that exhibit specific traits are chosen to breed subsequent generations, has been
limited to naturally occurring variations. In recent decades, however, advances in the field
of genetic engineering have allowed for precise control over the genetic changes introduced into
an organism. Today, we can incorporate new genes from one species into a completely unrelated
species through genetic engineering, optimizing agricultural performance or facilitating the
production of valuable pharmaceutical substances. Crop plants, farm animals, and
soil bacteria are some of the more prominent examples of organisms that have been subject to
genetic engineering.

Teaching Procedures:

In teaching of this lesson deductive method will be used as students will be involved in general
information to specific conclusion with the help of charts and diagrams. Students will be asked to
discuss in group about applications of bio technology.

Applications of biotechnology

Four major areas in which biotechnology is applied include agriculture, food production,
preservation, health and environment.

Agriculture

Biotechnology has played an important role in improving our agriculture and production of high
yield crops. Herbicides and pesticides are used to eliminate the crops enemies.

Food production and preservation

Use of better quality genes in animals is producing high yield of milk and meat. Production of
better quality fruits and vegetables are also due to biotechnological techniques.

Formative check

During the lesson I will ask different questions related to the topic and students will answer these
questions.

What is biotechnology?

Closure/summarizing:

Applications of biotechnology will be summarized to the students at the end of the lesson.
Assignment or Homework

Student will be asked to write the answer of these questions.

1. How biotechnology techniques are helpful in health?

2. Write the applications of biotechnology in agriculture.

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to the lesson and students answer these questions.

1. Discuss the applications of biotechnology in Pakistani context

2. Describe the effect of biotechnology one people and environment
 Lesson Plan 28

Subject: General Science

Grade level/ Class: 8th
Text Book: General Science (Punjab Text Book Board)
Topic & Sub Topic: Metals and non-metals
Time duration: 45 minutes
General Objectives

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Know about metals and non-metals

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Define metals with examples

2. Explain nonmetals with examples
3. Differentiate between metal and non-metal

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. General science text book of 8th class
4. Charts related to metals

Procedure:

Introduction:

I will start lesson by asking students about metals. Have they ever seen iron, silver or gold in
their life? Students will try to answer this question and be attentive for the lesson.

Teaching Procedures:
In teaching of this lesson deductive method will be used as students will be involved in general
information to specific conclusion with the help of charts and diagrams. Students will be asked to
discuss in group about metals.

Metals

Metals are those elements which are hard and solid. They reflect light from their surfaces and are
good conductor of heat and electricity. Some metals are ductile while others are malleable. Iron,
gold, silver, copper and sodium are examples of metal.

Nonmetals

Nonmetals are usually soft and bad conductors of heat and electricity. However graphite is a
good conductor of electricity. Nonmetals cannot be drawn into sheets or wires because they are
brittle. Carbon, sulphur, chlorine, bromine, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are examples of
nonmetals.

Formative check

I will ask different questions related to the topic and students will answer these questions like

What is ductile?

Closure/summarizing:

Metals and nonmetals with their examples will be summarized to the students at the end of the
lesson.
Assignment or Homework

Student will be asked to write the answer of these questions:

Define metals

Why metals are good conductor of electricity and heat?

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to the lesson and students answer these questions.

1. Define metal and nonmetal

2. Differentiate between metal and nonmetal with examples.
 Lesson Plan 29

Subject: General Science

Grade level/ Class: 8th
Text Book: General Science (Punjab Text Book Board)
Topic & Sub Topic: Properties and uses of metals and nonmetals
Time duration: 45 minutes
General Objectives

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Know about properties of metals and non-metals

2. Understand the uses of metals and non-metals

Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Explain the uses of metal

2. Describe the properties of metal
3. Illustrate the properties of nonmetal

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. General science text book of 8th class
4. Charts related to metals and nonmetals

Procedure:

Introduction:

I will start lesson by asking students about metals. Have they ever seen iron, silver or gold in
their life? Students will try to answer this question and be attentive for the lesson.

Teaching Procedures:
In teaching of this lesson deductive method will be used as students will be involved in general
information to specific conclusion with the help of charts and diagrams. Students will be asked to
discuss in group about properties and uses of metals and nonmetal.

Properties and uses of Metals

State

Most of the metals are found in solid state at room temperature. Mercury (Hg) is the metal which
exists in liquid state and filled in the blubs of thermometers to measure temperature.

Hardness

Generally metals are hard solids. Due to this property, iron is used to make steel, railway tracks
and ships.

Properties and uses of Nonmetals

1. Nonmetals are usually soft and bad conductors of heat and electricity.
2. Graphite is a form of carbon. It is mixed with clay to use in lead pencils.
 3. Diamond is another form of carbon. It is hardest matter on the earth. It is used to cut
glass.
4. Phosphorus is used in match industry.

Formative check

I will ask different questions related to the topic and students will answer these questions like

Describe the uses of nonmetals

Closure/summarizing:

Metals and nonmetals with their examples will be summarized to the students at the end of the
lesson.
Assignment or Homework

Student will be asked to write the answer of these questions:

1. Define metals
2. Explain the use of nonmetals.

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to the lesson and students answer these questions.

1. Describe the uses and properties of nonmetals

2. Differentiate between metal and nonmetal with examples.
3. Explain the malleability and ductility
 Lesson Plan 30

Subject: General Science

Grade level/ Class: 8th
Text Book: General Science (Punjab Text Book Board)
Topic & Sub Topic: Salts
Time duration: 45 minutes
General Objectives

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Explain salts
2. Describe use of salts in daily life
Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Define salt
2. Write common salts we use in our daily life
3. Describe the formula of salts

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. General science text book of 8th class
4. Charts related to salts

Procedure:

Introduction:
I will start lesson with definition of salts. A salt is a compound formed by the neutralization of
acid with base. A large variety of compounds exist as salt. Sodium chloride is a common salt
which we use in our food.

Teaching Procedures:

In teaching of this lesson deductive method will be used as students will be involved in general
information to specific conclusion with the help of charts and diagrams. Students will be asked to
discuss in group about salts.
Some common salts and their formulas are as follows:

Formative check

I will ask different questions related to the topic and students will answer these questions like

What is salt?
Closure/summarizing:

Definition of salt and some common salts with their formulas will be summarized to the students
at the end of the lesson.
Assignment or Homework

Student will be asked to write the answer of these questions:

1. Define salts
2. Write 3 salts name with formula

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to the lesson and students answer these questions.

1. Explain the sources of salts

2. Describe the common salt which we use in our daily life.
 Lesson Plan 31

Subject: General Science

Grade level/ Class: 8th
Text Book: General Science (Punjab Text Book Board)
Topic & Sub Topic: Properties and uses of Salts
Time duration: 45 minutes
General Objectives

After this lecture students will be able to:

1. Explain salts
2. Describe properties of salts
Specific/Instructional Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Define salt
2. Explain the properties of salts
3. Describe the uses of salt in our daily life

Resources/Materials A.V aids:

1. White board
2. Board markers
3. General science text book of 8th class
4. Charts related to salts

Procedure:

Introduction:

I will start lesson with definition of salts. A salt is a compound formed by the neutralization of
acid with base. A large variety of compounds exist as salt. Sodium chloride is a common salt
which we use in our food.
Teaching Procedures:

In teaching of this lesson deductive method will be used as students will be involved in general
information to specific conclusion with the help of charts and diagrams. Students will be asked to
discuss in group about salts.
Properties of salts

1. Salts exist in solid state. They are found in crystalline or in powder form. They have high
melting and boiling point.
2. Generally, salts are soluble in water. However the salt like calcium carbonate, lead
chloride and cadmium sulphate are insoluble in water.
3. Aqueous solutions of metal salts or their molten forms conduct electricity.

Uses of salt
Formative check

I will ask different questions related to the topic and students will answer these questions like

Which salt is also known as table salt? Why?

Closure/summarizing:

Definition of salt and its properties and uses of salts will be summarized to the students at the
end of the lesson.
Assignment or Homework

Student will be asked to write the answer of these questions:

1. Define salts
2. Explain the uses of salts in our daily life

Assessment of Student Learning:

The students learning will be evaluate at the end of the lesson by giving different questions
related to the lesson and students answer these questions.

1. Describe how salts are useful for human body.

2. Write 4 properties of salts
 Lesson Plan 32

Subject: Science
Class: Grade 8th
Text Book: Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore
Topic & Sub-Topic: Spherical Mirror
Duration of the Lesson: 45 minutes.
General Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students will be able to:
1. Know about spherical mirror
2. Understand the types of spherical mirror
Specific Objectives:
At the end of this lesson student will be able to:
1. Define spherical mirror
2. Describe the types of spherical mirrors
3. Explain the uses of spherical mirror
Resources:
1. White Board
2. Text Book
3. Board Marker
4. Projector
5. Small Video Clips
Procedure
I will use step by step method
Introduction
I will speak on the topic very shortly but I will also keep in mind the suspense of the topic so that
it will seek the attention of the students. I will ask some questions to know the prior knowledge
of the students.
What is mirror?
Then I will tell the students that today we are going to discuss about the spherical mirror and
types of spherical mirrors.
Teaching Procedures
I will use lecture along with demonstration method to represent this topic to the students. I will
tell the students about the spherical mirrors in detail.
Spherical mirrors
Spherical mirror is a type of mirror which has the space of a piece out of a spherical surface. It
has a curve. There are two types of spherical mirrors.
1. Concave mirror
2. Convax mirror
Concave mirror
Concave mirror is like the inside of the spoon. Its inner curved surface is reflecting. It produce
different kinds of images, depending upon the distance upon the distance of the object from the
mirror.

Convex mirror
Convex mirror is like the outside of the spoon. Its outer curved surface is reflecting. It produce
smaller images. Images always appear erect and virtual.
Student Participation
In order to engage the students in the class I will demonstrate the video related to the topic in
front of students to explain convex and concave mirrors.
Formative check
In order to check the knowledge of the students about topic I will ask the following questions
like what is spherical mirror.
Closure
Before summing up the lecture I will recap all important points of the lecture and ask the
students if they have any confusion about the topic.
Homework
I will assign the following as homework
Explain types of spherical mirrors
Assessment
1. Define spherical mirror
2. Differentiate between convex mirror and concave mirror.
 Lesson Plan 33

Subject: Science
Class: Grade 8th
Text Book: Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore
Topic & Sub-Topic: Image formation in convex and concave mirrors
Duration of the Lesson: 45 minutes.
General Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students will be able to:
1. Know about uses of spherical mirror
2. Understand the image formation in convex and concave mirrors
Specific Objectives:
At the end of this lesson student will be able to:
1. Explain the image formation in concave mirror
2. Describe the image formation in convex mirror
3. Explain the uses of spherical mirror
Resources:
1. White Board
2. Text Book
3. Board Marker
4. Projector
5. Small Video Clips
Procedure
I will use step by step method
Introduction
I will speak on the topic very shortly but I will also keep in mind the suspense of the topic so that
it will seek the attention of the students. I will ask some questions to know the prior knowledge
of the students.
What is mirror?
Then I will tell the students that today we are going to discuss about the image formation of
convex and concave mirrors. We will also know the uses of spherical mirrors.
Teaching Procedures
I will use lecture along with demonstration method to represent this topic to the students. I will
tell the students about the spherical mirrors in detail.
Image formation in convex and concave mirrors
A concave mirror can form real as well as virtual image but a convex mirror forms only virtual
image.
Images with concave mirror
When light rays strike a concave mirror parrellel to its principal axis, after reflection they pass
through a common point in front the mirror. This coomon point is called principal focus and it is
denoted by F. A concave mirror has real principal focus F.

Images with concex mirror

Convex mirrors always diverge light rays. When light rays parellel to principal axis strike a
convex mirror, after relfection they diverge in such a way that they appear to come from a point
behind the mirror. This common point is called the principal focus F of the convex mirror.
Uses of spherical mirrors

Student Participation
In order to engage the students in the class I will demonstrate the video related to the topic in
front of students to explain image formation in convex and concave mirrors.
Formative check
In order to check the knowledge of the students about topic I will ask the following questions
like explain the uses of spherical mirror.
Closure
Before summing up the lecture I will recap all important points of the lecture and ask the
students if they have any confusion about the topic.
Homework
I will assign the following as homework
Explain the image formation of convex mirror
Assessment
1. Which mirror makes both real as well as virtual images
2. Differentiate image formation of convex mirror and concave mirror.
 Lesson Plan 34

Subject: Science
Class: Grade 8th
Text Book: Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore
Topic & Sub-Topic: Space Exploration
Duration of the Lesson: 45 minutes.
General Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students will be able to:
1. Know about space exploration
2. Understand the benefits of space exploration
Specific Objectives:
At the end of this lesson student will be able to:
1. Define space exploration
2. Describe the benefits of space exploration
3. How space exploration affects human life
Resources:
1. White Board
2. Text Book
3. Board Marker
4. Projector
5. Small Video Clips
Procedure
I will use step by step method
Introduction
I will speak on the topic very shortly but I will also keep in mind the suspense of the topic so that
it will seek the attention of the students. I will ask some questions to know the prior knowledge
of the students.
What is space?
Then I will tell the students that today we are going to discuss about the space exploration and
benefits of space exploration.
Teaching Procedures
I will use lecture along with demonstration method to represent this topic to the students. I will
tell the students about the space exploration in detail.
Space exploration
Scienctific study of the space using especially developed technology is called space exploration.
Common objectives of space exploration include advancing scienctific knwoledge, ensuring the
future survival of humanity and defense capabilities.
Benefits of space exploration
Improving health care
In the field of science and medicine, space exploration has enabled man to develop medical
diagnostic devices and treatment processes. Devices are used for getting instant relief in muscles,
joint pains and arthritis.

Global navigation
Geo stationary orbits and GPS use the network of satellites orbiting the earth to facilities to
communication and essential navigation. This system helps our T.V receiver and mobile phones
to receive signals from the satellites moving around the globe.
Weather forecast and prediction of national calamities
The accurate and reliable weather reports on hourly basis are possible because of weather
satellites in space. These satellites have also made it easy to predict natural calamities such as
floods, storms, tornadoes and hurricanes.

Student Participation
In order to engage the students in the class I will demonstrate the video related to the topic in
front of students to explain space exploration and benefits of space exploration.
Formative check
In order to check the knowledge of the students about topic I will ask the following questions
like how space exploration helps us in predicting natural calamities.
Closure
Before summing up the lecture I will recap all important points of the lecture and ask the
students if they have any confusion about the topic.
Homework
I will assign the following as homework
Explain the benefits of space exploration
Assessment
1. How space exploration helps in improving health care.
2. Define space exploration
3. What dies GPS stand for?
 Lesson Plan 35

Subject: Science
Class: Grade 8th
Text Book: Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore
Topic & Sub-Topic: Technological tools used in Space Exploration
Duration of the Lesson: 45 minutes.
General Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students will be able to:
1. Know about space exploration
2. Understand the technological tools used in space exploration
Specific Objectives:
At the end of this lesson student will be able to:
1. Define space exploration
2. Explain the technological tools used in space exploration
3. How space exploration affects human life
Resources:
1. White Board
2. Text Book
3. Board Marker
4. Projector
5. Small Video Clips
Procedure
I will use step by step method
Introduction
I will speak on the topic very shortly but I will also keep in mind the suspense of the topic so that
it will seek the attention of the students. I will ask some questions to know the prior knowledge
of the students.
What is exploration space?
Then I will tell the students that today we are going to discuss about the space exploration and
technological tools used in space exploration.
Teaching Procedures
I will use lecture along with demonstration method to represent this topic to the students. I will
tell the students about the technological tools used in space exploration in detail.
Technological tools used in space exploration
A few tools which are used in space exploration are as follows:
1. Space Rockets
Space rockets are the means of transporting the spacecraft, space shuttles and space stations into
the space.

International Space station (ISS)

It is habitable artificial satellite built with the collaboration 18 countries including USA, Russia,
Japan, Europe and Canada. The station serves as a gravity free and space environment research
lab. Space shuttles are used to and back transportations of scientists and other goods.
Telecommunication System
Rockets and spacecraft are provided with telecommunication system so that the space crew in the
rocket capsule can communicate with each other and with earth stations.
Student Participation
In order to engage the students in the class I will demonstrate the video related to the topic in
front of students to explain technological tools used in space exploration.
Formative check
In order to check the knowledge of the students about topic I will ask the following questions
like how space exploration helps us in telecommunication system.
Closure
Before summing up the lecture I will recap all important points of the lecture and ask the
students if they have any confusion about the topic.
Homework
I will assign the following as homework
Explain the technological tools used in space exploration
Assessment
1. Describe the various benefits generated by technology of space exploration
2. Define space exploration
3. What dies ISS stand for?
 Lesson Plan 36

Subject: Science
Class: Grade 8th
Text Book: Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore
Topic & Sub-Topic: Galaxies
Duration of the Lesson: 45 minutes.
General Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students will be able to:
1. Know about galaxies
2. Understand different types of galaxies
Specific Objectives:
At the end of this lesson student will be able to:
1. Define galaxies
2. Explain different types of galaxies
3. Describe information about milky way galaxy
Resources:
1. White Board
2. Text Book
3. Board Marker
4. Projector
5. Small Video Clips
Procedure
I will use step by step method
Introduction
I will speak on the topic very shortly but I will also keep in mind the suspense of the topic so that
it will seek the attention of the students. I will ask some questions to know the prior knowledge
of the students.
What is galaxy?
Then I will tell the students that today we are going to discuss about the galaxy and types of
galaxies in detail.
Teaching Procedures
I will use lecture along with demonstration method to represent this topic to the students. I will
tell the students about the galaxies in detail.
Galaxies:
The word galaxy comes from the Greek word gala meaning milk. Our galaxies look like a milky
cloud in the night sky. Hence, it is popularly known as Milky Way galaxy. It is spiral type galaxy
with mostly old stars at its center surrounded by a halo of newly generated stars. The stars we see
at night are all part of Milky Way galaxies.
Types of galaxies
1. Spiral galaxies
2. Elliptical galaxies
3. Jelly fish galaxies
4. Irregular galaxies
Student Participation
In order to engage the students in the class I will demonstrate the video related to the topic in
front of students to explain galaxies and types of galaxies.
Formative check
In order to check the knowledge of the students about topic I will ask the following questions
like write the age and diameter of Milky Way galaxy.
Closure
Before summing up the lecture I will recap all important points of the lecture and ask the
students if they have any confusion about the topic.
Homework
I will assign the following as homework
Explain the types of galaxies in detail
Assessment
1. Define galaxies
2. Write the names of types of galaxies.
3. Why our galaxy is called Milky Way galaxy?