CONTINUE TO INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

Now we will go on the computations to indefinite integration.

Based on the following indefinite integrals, which can be obtained by anti derivative computations, we can
get extra indefinite integral computations.
The Substitution Rule

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 THE SUBSTITUTION RULE

The substitution rule is a trick for evaluating integrals. It is based on the following identity between
differentials (where u is a function of x):
du = 𝑢′ dx .
Hence we can write:
The Substitution Rule

or using a slightly different notation:

where u = g(x).

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Example:

Solution: 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

Using:
The Substitution Rule

Example:

Solution:
Using:

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Example:

Using:
The Substitution Rule

Example: Find න tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Solution: If we use tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 then we obtain ‫ ׬‬tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Using the substitution 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 we get 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑢

sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
න tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 = − න = − ln 𝑢 + 𝐶 = − ln cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 Using:
cos 𝑥 𝑢

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 𝑒𝑥
Example: Find න 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 +1

Solution: Using the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 we get 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑢
න 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 2 = arctan𝑢 + 𝐶 = arctan 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
The Substitution Rule

Using:
𝑒 +1 𝑢 +1

Example: Find න 23−𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Using the substitution 𝑢 = 3 − 𝑥 we get 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑢

2𝑢 23−𝑥
න 23−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − න 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 =− +𝐶 =− +𝐶 Using:
ln 2 ln 2

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Example: Find න sec 2 5𝑥𝑑𝑥

1
Solution: Using the substitution 𝑢 = 5𝑥 we get 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
5

1 1 1
The Substitution Rule

න sec 2 5𝑥𝑑𝑥 = න sec 2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶 = tan 5𝑥 + 𝐶 Using:

5 5 5

𝑑𝑥
Example: Find න
1 − 3𝑥 2
1
Solution: Using the substitution 𝑢 = 3𝑥 we get 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
3

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢 1
න =න = න = arcsin 𝑢 + 𝐶 Using:
1− 3𝑥 2 2 3 1− 𝑢2 3
1− 3𝑥
1
= arcsin 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 The Substitution Rule for Definite Integrals

When computing a definite integral using the substitution rule there are two possibilities:

Compute the definite integral first, then use the evaluation theorem:
𝑏
The Substitution Rule

𝑏
a. න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 ቚ = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎 𝐹 is the anti-derivative of 𝑓
𝑎
𝑎

Use the substitution rule for definite integrals and change the integration limits in compatible with the
substitution :

𝑏 𝑢 𝑏
b. න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 𝑢 𝑎

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 𝜋
4
Example: Calculate න sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
4 𝜋
4 𝜋
Solution: න sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 ቚ = sec − sec 0 = 2 − 1 Using:
0 4
0
The Substitution Rule

3𝜋
4

Example: Calculate න csc 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝜋
2
3𝜋
4 3𝜋
4 3𝜋 𝜋
Solution: න csc 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −cot 𝑥 ቚ𝜋 = − cot − cot Using:
2
4 2
𝜋
2

= − −1 − 0 = 1

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 4

Example: Calculate න 2𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥

0
1
Solution: Using the substitution 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1 we get 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑢
4 𝑢 4 9
1 1 1 2 3 ห9 1 3 3 1 26
The Substitution Rule

න 2𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = න 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 2 = 9 − 1 = 27 − 1 =

2 2
2 2 23 1 3 3 3
0 𝑢 0 1
𝜋
−4

Example: Calculate න cot 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
−3

cos 2𝑥 1
Solution: Since cot 2𝑥 = , using the substitution 𝑢 = sin 2𝑥 we get 𝑑𝑢 = 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑢
sin 2𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
−4 𝑢 −4 −1
1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢 1 −1 1 3 1 3 1 3
න cot 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න = න = ln 𝑢 ቚ 3 = ln −1 − ln − = 0 − ln = − ln
2 𝑢 2 𝑢 2 −2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 3
−3 𝑢 −3 −2

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 7 5

Example: If න 𝑓 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 10 then find the value of න 𝑓 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3 11

Solution:

7 22 22
The Substitution Rule

𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 1 1
න 𝑓 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = 10 ⟹ ⟹ න 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 10 ⟹ න 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 30
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 3
3 10 10

22 11 11
𝑢 = 2𝑥
න 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 30 ⟹ ⟹ 2 න 𝑓 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 30 ⟹ න 𝑓 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 15
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
10 5 5

11 5

න 𝑓 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 15 ⟹ න 𝑓 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −15
5 11

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Exercises

1. Find න 10𝑥 4 − 2sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Answer: 2𝑥 5 − 2 tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

2. Find න 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 4 + 2 𝑑𝑥
The Substitution Rule

1
Answer: sin 𝑥 4 + 2 + 𝐶
4
𝑥
3. Find න 𝑑𝑥
1− 4𝑥 2 1
Answer: − 4 1 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝐶

2
𝑑𝑥
4. Calculate න 2 1
3 − 5𝑥 Answer: 14
1

𝑒
ln 𝑥
5. Calculate න 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑥 Answer: 2
1

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 6. Find න 𝑒 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Answer: 𝑒 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

sin 𝑥
7. Find න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
The Substitution Rule

Answer: −2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

8. Find න cos 𝑥 cos sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Answer: sin sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

9. Calculate න 𝑥 − 1 25 𝑑𝑥

0 Answer: 0

10. Calculate න 𝑥 𝑥 − 1𝑑𝑥 16

1
Answer: 15

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