CALCULUS-II

PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI

CALCULUS-II

ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE FACULTY
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 The Area Problem

Here we try to find the area of the region S under the curve
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) from a to b, where f is a continuous function.
The Area Problem

In order to estimate that area we begin by dividing the interval [a, b] into n subintervals [𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ], [𝑥1 ,𝑥2 ],
[𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ], . . . , [𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑥𝑛 ], each of length ∆𝑥 = (b − a)/n (so 𝑥𝑖 = a + i ∆𝑥 ).

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 The area 𝑆𝑖 of the strip between 𝑥𝑖−1 and 𝑥𝑖 can be approximated as the area of the rectangle of width
∆𝑥 and height 𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ , where 𝑥𝑖∗ is a sample point in the interval [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ]. So the total area under the
curve is approximately the sum
The Area Problem

This expression is called a Riemann Sum.

The estimation is better the thinner the

strips are, and we can identify the exact
area under the graph of f with the limit:

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 𝑏
That limit is represented ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬, and is called definite integral of f from a to b:

Evaluating Integrals: We will soon study simple and efficient methods to evaluate integrals, but here
we will look at how to evaluate integrals directly from the definition.
The Area Problem

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Example: Find the value of the definite integral ‫׬‬0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 from its definition in terms of Riemann sums.
Solution: We divide the interval [0, 1] into n equal parts, so 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑖/𝑛 and ∆𝑥 = 1/𝑛. Next we must
choose some point 𝑥𝑖∗ in each subinterval [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ]. Here we will use the right endpoint of the interval
𝑥𝑖∗ = 𝑖/𝑛. Hence the Riemann sum associated to this partition is:

𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
So, 12 + 22 + ⋯ + 𝑛 2 =
6
2𝑛3 + 3𝑛2 + 𝑛
=
6

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 In order to check that the result does not depend on the sample points used, let’s redo the
computation using now the left endpoint of each subinterval:

So, 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 2𝑛 − 1
12 + 22 + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 2
=
The Area Problem

6
2𝑛3 − 3𝑛2 + 𝑛
=
6

The Midpoint Rule: The Midpoint Rule consists of computing Riemann sums using 𝑥ഥ𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖−1 + 𝑥𝑖 /2
midpoint of each interval as sample point. This yields the following approximation for the value of a
definite integral:

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 1
Example: Use the Midpoint Rule with 𝑛 = 5 to approximate ‫׬‬0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.

Solution: The subintervals are [0, 0.2], [0.2, 0.4], [0.4, 0.6], [0.6, 0.8], [0.8, 1], the midpoints are
0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and ∆𝑥 = 1/5, so
The Area Problem

which agrees up to the second decimal place with the actual value 1/3.
If we increase the 𝑛 number, we get the following values;

𝒏 Value
5 0.33
10 0.3325
15 0.33296
20 0.33313

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Riemann Lower Sum and Riemann Upper Sum
Using min 𝑓 𝑥 instead of 𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ gives Riemann Lower Sum which is
𝑥∈[𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ]

R. L. S ≔ σ𝑛𝑖=1 min 𝑓 𝑥 ∆𝑥.

𝑥∈[𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ]

Similarly, using max 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 instead of 𝑓 𝑥𝑖∗ gives Riemann Upper Sum which is
The Area Problem

𝑖∈[𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ]

R. U. S ≔ σ𝑛𝑖=1 max 𝑓 𝑥 ∆𝑥.

𝑥∈[𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ]

The exact value of integral is always between Riemann Lower Sum and Riemann Upper Sum.
𝑏

R. L. S ≤ න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ R. U. S
𝑎

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 2
Example: Calculate the Riemann Lower Sum for ‫׬‬−1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 for 𝑛 = 4.
3 1 1 1 1 5 5
Solution: ∆𝑥 = 4 and the subintervals are −1, − 4 , − 4 , 2 , , , ,2
2 4 4

2
1
min 𝑥 = , min 𝑥 2 = 0
The Area Problem

1
𝑥∈ −1,−4 16 𝑥∈ −1,1
42

1 25
min 𝑥2 2
= , min 𝑥 =
15
𝑥∈ 2,4 4 𝑥∈ 5,2 16
4

1 1 25 3
R. L. S = + 0 + 4 + 16 =1.40625
16 4

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 2 𝑥3
Example: Calculate the Riemann Lower and Upper Sums for ‫׬‬−2 6 𝑑𝑥 for 𝑛 = 4.
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Solution: ∆𝑥 = = 1 and the subintervals are [-2, -1], [-1, 0], [0, 1], [1, 2]
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𝑥3 4 𝑥3 1 𝑥3 1 𝑥3
min = − , min =− max = − , max =0
𝑥∈ −1,−1 6 3 𝑥∈ −1,0 6 6 𝑥∈ −1,−1 6 6 𝑥∈ −1,0 6
𝑥3 𝑥3 1
The Area Problem

min = 0 , min = 𝑥3 1 𝑥3 4
𝑥∈ 0,1 6 𝑥∈ 1,2 6 6 max = , max =
𝑥∈ 0,1 6 6 𝑥∈ 1,2 6 3
4 1 1 4 1 1 4 4
R. L. S = − 3 . 1 − 6 . 1 + 0.1 + 6 . 1 = − 3 R. U. S = − 6 . 1 + 0.1 + 6 . 1 + 3 . 1 = 3

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Exercises

1. Let 𝑓 be a function such that 𝑓: [−1,3] → ℝ, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2. Divide the interval [−1,3] into 4 equal
subintervals and calculate the Riemann Upper Sum.
Answer: 23
The Area Problem

2. Let 𝑓 be a function such that 𝑓: [−2,1] → ℝ, 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥 2 . Divide the interval [−2,1] into 3 equal
subintervals and calculate the Riemann Lower Sum
Answer: 0

3. Let 𝑓 be a function such that 𝑓: [−1,3] → ℝ, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4. Divide the interval [−1,3] into 4 equal
subintervals and calculate the ratio of
Riemann Upper Sum
Riemann Lower Sum
Answer: 1/11

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Properties of the Definite Integral
Properties of the Definite Integral

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 The Evaluation Theorem

If f is a continuous function and F is an antiderivative of f, i.e., 𝐹 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 , then

𝑏 𝑏

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝐹 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎
The Evaluation Theorem

𝑎 𝑎
1
Example: Find ‫׬‬0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 using the evaluation theorem.
𝑥3
Solution: An antiderivative of 𝑥 2 is , hence:
3

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Indefinite Integrals
If F is an antiderivative of a function f, i.e., 𝐹 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 , then for any constant C, 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶 is another
antiderivative of f(x). The family of all antiderivatives of f is called indefinite integral of f and
represented:

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶
Example:
Indefinite Integrals

2 𝑥3
‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ 3
+𝐶
Table of Indefinite Integrals: We can make an integral table just by reversing a table of derivatives.

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) connects the two branches of calculus: differential calculus
and integral calculus. It says the following:
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Suppose f is continuous on [a, b]. Then the function

𝑥

𝑔 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
′
is an antiderivative of f, i.e., 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 .

More generally if f is continuous and 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝑥 are differentiable functions and

𝑢 𝑥

𝑔 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 𝑥
then
𝑢 𝑥
′
𝑑
𝑔 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝑔′ 𝑥 = 𝑢′ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑢 𝑥 − 𝑣′ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑣 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑣 𝑥

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Example: Find
𝑥2
𝑑
න 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

𝑑𝑥
0
Solution: We can solve directly

𝑥2 𝑥2 ′
𝑡 4 𝑥2 4 𝑥8 𝑥 8
𝑔 𝑥 = න 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 = = −0= ⟹ 𝑔′ 𝑥 = = 2𝑥 7
4 0
4 4 4
0
or using the FTC
𝑥2
𝑑
න 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 2 ′ 𝑡 3 ቚ 2 − 0 ′ 𝑡 3 ቚ = 2𝑥. 𝑥 2 3
= 2𝑥. 𝑥 6 = 2𝑥 7 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 0
0

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Exercises

1. Using the fundamental theorem of calculus, find the solution of

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

𝑥
𝑑
න cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
−𝜋
Answer: cos 𝑥

2. Using the fundamental theorem of calculus, find the solution of

5𝑥 2
𝑑
න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
Answer: 10𝑥. 𝑓 5𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑓 2𝑥

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 The Distance Problem

Here we show how the concept of definite integral can be applied to more general problems. In particular
we study the problem of finding the displacement traveled by an object with variable velocity during a
certain period of time.

If the velocity 𝑣 were constant we could just multiply it by the time t: distance = 𝑣 × 𝑡. Otherwise we can
The Distance Problem

approximate the displacement traveled by dividing the total time interval into small intervals so that in
each of them the velocity varies very little and can be considered approximately constant. So, assume that
the body starts moving at time 𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 and finishes at time 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑 , and the velocity is variable, i.e., is a function
of time 𝑣 = 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . We divide the time interval into n small intervals 𝑡𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑖 of length
𝑡 −𝑡
∆𝑡 = 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 , choose some instant 𝑡𝑖∗ between 𝑡𝑖−1 and 𝑡𝑖 , and take 𝑣 = 𝑓 𝑡𝑖∗ as the approximate
velocity of the body between 𝑡𝑖−1 and 𝑡𝑖 . Then the displacement during that time interval is approximately
𝑓 𝑡𝑖∗ ∆𝑡, and the total displacement can be approximated as the sum

The result will be more accurate the larger the number of subintervals is, and the exact displacement will
be limit of the above expression as n goes to infinity:

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 That limit turns out to be the following definite integral:

= displacement
The Distance Problem

In the computation of the total distance traveled by the object when it moves to the left (while 𝑣 𝑡 ≤ 0)
is subtracted from the distance traveled to the right (while 𝑣 𝑡 ≥ 0). If we want to find the total
distance traveled we need to add all distances with a positive sign, and this is accomplished by
integrating the absolute value of the velocity:

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Example: Find the displacement and the total distance traveled by an object that moves with velocity
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 − 6 from t = 1 to t = 4.
Solution: The displacement is
The Distance Problem

In order to find the total distance traveled we need to separate the intervals in which the velocity takes
values of different signs. Those intervals are separated by points at which v(t) = 0, i.e., 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 − 6 = 0 ⟹
t = −2 and t = 3. Since we are interested only in what happens in [1, 4] we only need to look at the
intervals [1, 3] and [3, 4]. Since v(1) = −6, the velocity is negative in [1, 3], and since v(4) = 6, the velocity
is positive in [3, 4]. Hence:

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PROF. DR. MURAT SUBAŞI ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY
 Exercises

1. Find the displacement and total distance traveled by an object that moves with velocity
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 − 12 from 𝑡 = 2 to 𝑡 = 4.
Answer: Displacement: 2/3
Total Distance: 7
The Distance Problem

2. As 𝑠 𝑡 states the height of a balloon from ground at 𝑡 second, the rate of change of the height
of this balloon from the ground is defined by the function 𝑠 ′ 𝑡 = 40−3𝑡.This balloon is left to rise
upwards on a platform 80 meters high from the ground. What is the height of the balloon from the
ground at 20 seconds and what is the displacement and total distance at 20 seconds?
Answer: Displacement: 200
Height at 20 seconds: 280
Total Distance: 1000/3

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