Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

SEXUALITY TODAY 11TH EDITION

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Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

Multiple Choice

1. A female pseudohermaphrodite possesses

a. female external genitalia, but male internal structures.
b. one ovary and one testis.
c. two ovaries and some male genitals but no testes.
d. two testes and some female genitals but no ovaries.
Answer: c
Type: Factual
Page 96

2. The terms berdache and hijra refer to

a. gender roles for a "third sex" recognized in particular societies.
b. individuals in various societies who have a same-sex sexual orientation.
c. malformed genitalia in newborn infants.
d. women who choose to live as males in their respective societies.
Answer: a
Type: Conceptual
Page 96

3. Which of the following best describes the traditional view of intersexuality in modern Western culture?
a. Modern Western culture generally has welcomed intersexed individuals and created a special social
role for them.
b. Modern Western culture has generally embraced a one-sex model in which both females and
intersexed individuals are considered less developed versions of males.
c. Modern Western culture has tended to view intersexuality as a biological accident or disease.
d. Unlike many other cultures, modern Western culture generally has been unconcerned with gender
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

roles and the sexual categorization of individuals and so has not recognized intersexuality.
Answer: c
Type: Conceptual
Page 97

4. A person's genetic sex is determined

a. at birth.
b. at conception.
c. during gestation.
d. during the fetal period.
Answer: b
Type: Factual
Page 98

5. At birth, people are usually categorized on the basis of

a. body sex.
b. brain sex.
c. genetic sex.
d. social sex.
Answer: a
Type: Factual
Page 98

6. Anatomical structures at birth define a person's

a. body sex.
b. gender identity.
c. gender role.
d. sexual orientation.
Answer: a
Type: Conceptual
Page 98

7. Robin feels deep inside herself that she is female. In other words, she has a clear sense of her
a. brain sex.
b. gender identity.
c. gender role.
d. secondary sex characteristics.
Answer: b
Type: Applied
Page 97

8. Chris wears clothes and acts in ways identified as feminine in her society. Such behavior is one aspect of
a. brain sex.
b. gender identity.
c. gender role.
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 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

d. sexual orientation.
Answer: c
Type: Applied
Page 97

9. The process by which an embryo or fetus develops into a male, female, or intersexual organism is called
a. gender identity development.
b. gender role adherence.
c. ongoing socialization.
d. sexual differentiation.
Answer: d
Type: Factual
Page: 99

10. Sexual differentiation is determined

a. at birth by external genital structures.
b. at puberty by hormones secreted by the gonads.
c. before birth by the chromosomes.
d. by an interaction of biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors.
Answer: d
Type: Conceptual
Page 99

11. If an individual has at least one X chromosome, that individual

a. cannot be a boy.
b. might be a boy.
c. must be a boy.
d. must be a girl.
Answer: b
Type: Conceptual
Page 99-100

12. The term SRY refers to

a. factors during infancy and childhood that contribute to sexual differentiation.
b. one of several chromosomal disorders that affect the gender assignment of the newborn.
c. the region of the Y chromosome that seems to trigger the development of male sex organs.
d. the sensitivity of the young child to factors that can influence gender role development.
Answer: c
Type: Conceptual
Page 100

13. Preliminary research focused on the DAX-1 gene suggests that

a. genetic determinants of sex may be overturned during postnatal development.
b. sexual differentiation begins during the middle fetal stage of development.
c. the X chromosome may also carry a sex-determining gene.
d. toxic substances ingested by the mother during fetal development may result in a chromosomal
disorder.

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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

Answer: c
Type: Conceptual
Page 100

14. Which of the following is characteristically present in individuals with Turner syndrome?
a. Female external genitalia
b. Female internal genitalia
c. The XXX chromosome combination
d. Traits of a true hermaphrodite
Answer: a
Type: Conceptual
Page 101

15. Which of the following genetic combinations has NOT been identified among humans?
a. XO
b. XXY
c. XYY
d. YO
Answer: d
Type: Conceptual
Page 99-100

16. Jane has a miscarriage during the sixth week of pregnancy. Which of the following statements about the
genetic sex of the embryo is true?
a. Because chromosomal disorders are so common, it was probably an intersexual individual.
b. It was more likely a girl than a boy because more girls are conceived.
c. It would be impossible to tell the sex of the embryo by visually inspecting the embryo.
d. The sex of the embryo would not have been determined until the twelfth week of gestation.
Answer: c
Type: Factual
Page 100

17. In fetal development, it is not possible to determine the sex of a human embryo by its appearance until at
least
a. 5 weeks.
b. 8 weeks.
c. 12 weeks.
d. 16 weeks.
Answer: b
Type: Factual
Page 100

18. The embryonic structures that develop into ovaries are called the
a. genital tubercles.
b. Müllerian ducts.
c. ovarian ducts.

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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

d. Wolffian ducts.
Answer: b
Type: Factual
Page 100

19. The embryonic structures that develop into testes and related reproductive structures are called the
a. genital tubercles.
b. H-Y antigens.
c. Müllerian ducts.
d. Wolffian ducts.
Answer: d
Type: Factual
Page 100

20. The chemical agent that helps change the fetal gonads into testes is called
a. DAX-1.
b. FSH.
c. H-Y antigen.
d. testosterone.
Answer: c
Type: Factual
Page 101

21. During fetal development, the SRY gene activates

a. an increase in the level of DSS.
b. expression of DAX-1.
c. production of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH).
d. the development of the penis.
Answer: c
Type: Factual
Page 101

23. If you were able to closely examine a 12-week-old fetus, you would
a. be able to determine if DHT-deficiency syndrome is present.
b. be able to distinguish male or female genitalia.
c. be able to observe changes in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
d. not be able to tell the sex of the fetus.
Answer: b
Type: Applied
Page 100

24. Recent research suggests that

a. fetal sex hormones only affect the functioning of the peripheral nervous system.
b. fetal sex hormones affect the number and location of nerve synapses in the hypothalamus.
c. fetal sex hormones have an effect on behavior only after the organism has reached sexual maturity.
d. the presence of male hormones has an effect on brain development only after birth.
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 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

Answer: b
Type: Factual
Page 103

25. Recent studies of fetally androgenized females suggest that

a. corrective surgery can override genetic sex in assigning a person to a particular gender.
b. fetal androgen exposure during the second trimester of pregnancy is associated with masculine
behavior in early childhood
c. in the absence of masculinizing hormones, sex and reproductive structures take on a female form.
d. prenatal sex hormones influence adult sexual orientation.
Answer: b
Type: Factual
Page 104

26. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the core problem in AIS?
a. A build-up of androgenic hormones in XX females produces masculinized genitals and masculine
traits.
b. Developing cells of XY males fail to respond normally to testosterone, and female genitals and
incomplete female internal structures develop.
c. Prenatal exposure to synthetic testosterone results in greater aggression and individualism in both
females and males.
d. The absence of DHT results in undescended testes and an underdeveloped penis.
Answer: b
Type: Factual
Page 104-105

27. Studies of DHT-deficient individuals in the Dominican Republic and New Guinea demonstrated
a. how parents can influence the gender identity and sexual preferences of their children.
b. how socialization and hormonal factors interact in the development of gender identity.
c. that modern medical interventions can disrupt normal sexual differentiation.
d. that sex assignment at birth and the resulting gender identity cannot be altered at puberty.
Answer: b
Type: Conceptual
Page 105

28. Which statement most accurately reflects the concept of the multiplier effect?
a. Being genetically male can lead to a great many development-related problems.
b. Biological and socioenvironmental factors increasingly build on each other as a person grows up.
c. Genetic factors override hormonal factors in determining the shape of the external genitalia.
d. The presence of sex hormones during prenatal development influences a multitude of organs and
functions.
Answer: b
Type: Factual
Page 104

29. Using different disciplinary techniques with girls and boys, interacting with boys more roughly than with
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

girls, and selecting different types of toys for boys and girls are all examples of the impact of
a. differential socialization.
b. secondary sexual characteristics.
c. sexual differentiation.
d. the multiplier effect.
Answer: a
Type: Applied
Page 106

30. The child's earliest sense of his or her own masculinity or femininity is his or her
a. core gender identity.
b. process of sexual differentiation.
c. socially assigned sex.
d. ultimate sexual orientation.
Answer: a
Type: Factual
Page 107

31. In boys, puberty typically begins at around age

a. 9.
b. 11.
c. 13.
d. 15.
Answer: c
Type: Factual
Page 107

32. In girls, puberty typically begins at around age

a. 9.
b. 11.
c. 13.
d. 15.
Answer: b
Type: Factual
Page 107

33. What is gynecomastia?

a. Delay in the onset of menstruation in females
b. Development of an enlarged clitoris in females
c. Failure of the male larynx to grow and deepen the voice
d. Slight breast enlargement in males
Answer: d
Type: Factual
Page 108

34. Harry believes that if he is aggressive, competitive, and brave in dangerous situations, he cannot also be

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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

conciliatory, cooperative, and fearful in dangerous situations. What model of masculinity/femininity does he
appear to believe in?
a. Androgynous
b. Bipolar
c. Oblique
d. Orthogonal
Answer: b
Type: Applied
Page 110

35. A person whose behavior encompasses both traditionally feminine and masculine presentations, might be
described as
a. androgynous.
b. oblique.
c. orthogonal.
d. undifferentiated.
Answer: a
Type: Conceptual
Page 110

36. In the __________ and __________ models, individuals may have varying levels of both masculine and
feminine traits.
a. bipolar; oblique
b. bipolar; orthogonal
c. oblique; androgynous
d. orthogonal; oblique
Answer: d
Type: Conceptual
Page 110

37. Even though professional views about the pathology of transgenderism are changing, a person who does not
conform with a traditional male or female gender role would traditionally be diagnosed as displaying
a. androgyny.
b. gender dysphoria.
c. hypermasculinity.
d. same-sex sexual orientation.
Answer: b
Type: Conceptual
Page 114

38. Although he lives a fairly conventional masculine lifestyle, Louis feels he was born into the wrongly sexed
body. He is seeking hormonal treatment and surgery in order to live as a woman. Louis would be considered
a
a. cross-dresser.
b. homosexual.
c. transsexual.
d. transvestite.
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

Answer: c
Type: Applied
Page 115

39. Gender differences in mechanical aptitude, mathematical reasoning, and writing ability are believed by some
researchers to be due to
a. differences in the degree of cerebral lateralization.
b. differing unconscious motivations.
c. sociobiological forces.
d. the social construction of gender.
Answer: a
Type: Factual
Page 111

40. The theory of gender role development that includes concepts such as penis envy and castration anxieties is
a. cognitive-developmental theory.
b. gender schema theory.
c. psychoanalytic theory.
d. social learning theory.
Answer: c
Type: Conceptual
Page 112

41. Processes such as observation, imitation, and lifelong learning are important concepts in which theory of
gender role development?
a. Cognitive-developmental theory
b. Gender schema theory
c. Psychodynamic theory
d. Social learning theory
Answer: d
Type: Conceptual
Page 112

42. Which of the following statements is NOT an assertion of the cognitive-developmental theory of gender role
development?
a. Boys and girls come to perceive the masculine gender role and male genitals as more powerful and
desirable.
b. Gender role development begins with the child's self-categorization as a boy or girl.
c. The child comes to identify with the same-sex parent and becomes more attached to things related to
that masculine or feminine model.
d. The child comes to value things that are associated with his or her self-label as a boy or girl.
Answer: a
Type: Conceptual
Page 113

43. The complex cognitive network of associations and ideas through which the individual perceives and
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

interprets information about gender is called a

a. gender schema.
b. gender stereotype.
c. sex difference.
d. sex role.
Answer: a
Type: Factual
Page 113

44. Nina, a 6-year-old, states that she won't play softball, soldier, or explorer because they are boys' games. She
will only play school, house, or ballet dancer, stating that these are girls' games. Nina could therefore be
described as
a. androgynous.
b. gender aschematic.
c. gender schematic.
d. independent.
Answer: c
Type: Applied
Page 113

45. Which of the following has NOT been a theme in the socialization of girls in U.S. society?
a. Acceptance of dependence on others for a sense of self-worth
b. Acceptance of dependence on others for comfort
c. Rewards for compliant behavior
d. Strong criticism for stepping out of the female gender role
Answer: d
Type: Conceptual
Page 117

46. Which of the following has NOT been a theme in the socialization of boys in U.S. society?
b. Devaluing of female roles
c. Criticism for not adhering to a narrow definition of their gender role
c. Greater emphasis on obedience than achievement
d. Pressure to become self-controlling and independent
Answer: c
Type: Conceptual
Page 117

47. An important finding of the AAUW survey of boys and girls at different ages was that
a. although all adolescent girls developed lower self-esteem, this was especially true of African-
American girls.
b. girls expressed anger and all other emotions more frequently as they grew older.
c. girls were strongly discouraged from pursuing athletic interests.
d. the self-esteem of girls dropped significantly during adolescence, especially among white and Hispanic
girls.
Answer: d

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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

Type: Conceptual
Page 117

48. Aspects of the traditional male role that tend to make men uncomfortable include
a. the male as competent worker and provider.
b. the male as emotionally controlled stoic.
c. the male as sexual aggressor and sexual educator of women.
d. All of these
Answer: d
Type: Factual
Pages 120

Fill in the Blank

49. Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by the chromosomal combination ______________________.

Answer: XXY
Type: Factual
Page 108

50. Turner syndrome is characterized by the chromosomal combination ______________________.

Answer: XO
Type: Conceptual
Page 108

51. A genetic disorder that masculinizes chromosomal females and seems to lead to a masculinization of
behavior is known as ______________________.
Answer: CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)
Type: Factual
Page 113

52. A condition in which cells of genetic males are unable to respond normally to testosterone secreted by the
fetal testes is known as ______________________.
Answer: AIS (Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome)
Type: Factual
Page 113

53. A condition in which a boy is born with undescended testes and an underdeveloped penis that may be
mistaken for a clitoris is known as ______________________.
Answer: DHT-deficiency syndrome
Type: Factual
Page 114

54. ______________________ theory suggests that gender identity results from social and cultural models and
influences during the early years of development.
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

Answer: Social learning

Type: Conceptual
Page 124

55. ______________________ is a term used to describe the presence of high levels of both masculine and
feminine traits.
Answer: Androgyny
Type: Factual
Page 120

56. The most extreme form of transgenderism is ______________________.

Answer: transsexualism
Type: Factual
Page 121

57. _______________________ explain gender roles by describing how these roles might help the species
reproduce and survive.
Answer: Evolutionary psychologists
Type: Conceptual
Page 122

58. Fertilization of the ovum by a Y-bearing sperm produces an XY combination, resulting in a(n)
______________________ child.
Answer: male
Type: Factual
Page 109

True/False

59. There is recent evidence that intersex children frequently develop emotional and psychological problems.
Answer: T
Type: Factual
Page 104

60. Hermaphroditism is defined as the presence of high frequencies of both masculine and feminine behaviors
and physical traits in the same individual.
Answer: F
Type: Factual
Page 110

61. Pseudohermaphrodites have both testes and ovaries.

Answer: F
Type: Factual
Page 104
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

62. Human beings have an inner sense of themselves as female, male, or a position between the two, known as
gender identity.
Answer: T
Type: Factual
Page 104

63. Transvestitism is a sociocultural expression of cross-genderism.

Answer: T
Type: Factual
Page 121

64. The gene that appears to trigger the development of male organs is called the DSS gene.
Answer: F
Type: Factual
Page 108

65. In females, the Müllerian ducts develop into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and part of the vagina.
Answer: T
Type: Conceptual
Page 109

66. Research has found gender differences in the number and location of in the hypothalamus.
Answer: T
Type: Factual
Page 110

67. Individuals diagnosed as having AIS are genetic males who have developed normal-appearing female
genitals and incomplete internal organs.
Answer: T
Type: Conceptual
Page 113

68. Giving soft, cuddly toys to infant girls and hard, cold toys to infant boys is an example of differential
socialization.
Answer: T
Type: Conceptual
Page 115

69. The term androgyny refers to a type of gender neutrality ― that is, displaying neither traditionally feminine
personality traits nor traditionally masculine ones.
Answer: F
Type: Factual
Page 120

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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

70. Carol Gilligan's study in 1990 found that girls enter a repression phase during adolescence.
Answer: T
Type: Factual
Page 127

71. Feminists are women whose primary aim is to improve the status of feminine traits.
Answer: F
Type: Factual
Page 129

72. Because transgendered people cross socially determined barriers relating to gender expression, they may be
met with harsh judgment and prejudice.
Answer: T
Type: Factual
Page 120

Short Answer

73. Distinguish between the terms gender identity and gender role.
Answer: Gender identity is the inner sense of being male or female or some position between the two.
Gender role is the outward expression of gender identity.
Type: Factual
Pages 104-105

74. Briefly describe how chromosomes combine under normal conditions to begin the process of sexual
differentiation.
Answer: Both male and female gametes contain 23 chromosomes, one of which is a sex chromosome. The
sperm carries either an X or a Y chromosome. The egg carries an X chromosome. If an X-bearing
chromosome fertilizes an egg, the result is an XX combination, which produces a female. If a Y-bearing
chromosome fertilizes an egg, the result is an XY combination, which produces a male.
Type: Conceptual
Pages 107-108

75. What are the functions of SRY and DHT?

Answer: SRY, a region of the Y chromosome, controls the process by which testes are formed in males.
DHT — dihydrotestosterone — is a chemical that must be present for the development of the testes, scrotum,
and penis in the fetus.
Type: Conceptual
Page 108 and 110

76. What is the difference between true hermaphrodites and pseudohermaphrodites?

Answer: True hermaphrodites have one ovary and one testis. Pseudohermaphrodites have either testes or
ovaries but not both, along with some genitals of the other sex.
Type: Conceptual
Page 104

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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

77. What are berdaches and hijras?

Answer: Berdache was a role given to males among the Native American Plains Indians who did not have
the skills or interests required by the traditional male role in that culture. Berdaches were said to have special
powers and often were shamans. The hijras of India are given elements of both male and female roles and
are considered sacred.
Type: Factual
Page 104

78. What is the function of the H-Y antigen?

Answer: This chemical agent helps transform the undifferentiated fetal gonad into testes.
Type: Factual
Page 109

79. What hormones are necessary for the undifferentiated fetal genital tubercle to take on the characteristic shape
of the female external genitals?
Answer: It appears that no hormones are necessary for this development and that in the absence of DHT,
tubercles take on the female shape.
Type: Factual
Page 110

80. Explain what is meant by differential socialization.

Answer: This is the process of treating boys and girls differently as they grow up.
Type: Factual
Page 115

81. Explain the concept of androgyny and offer at least one example.
Answer: Androgyny refers to the strong presence of both masculine and feminine traits and behaviors in one
person. In traditional U.S. culture, a person who is both aggressive and gentle would be considered
androgynous, as Bem uses the term.
Type: Conceptual
Page 120

82. Name at least three cognitive or motor functions in which gender differences have been identified and
indicate whether, on average, females or males appear to possess superior abilities in performing that
function.
Answer: Females, on average, appear to have superiority in verbal fluency, spelling, reading speed,
understanding social interactions and emotional information, fine motor skills, and arithmetic calculations.
Males on average appear to have superiority in field independence, mathematical reasoning, understanding
spatial relations, target-directed motor skills, and mechanical reasoning.
Type: Factual
Page 123 (Table 5.3)

83. How does social learning theory account for gender role development?
Answer: To explain the development of gender roles, social learning theory emphasizes socialization through
observation, imitation, and instruction by parents, peers, and others. Modern social learning theorists see this
socialization as a dynamic process in which children play an active role.
Type: Conceptual
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

Page 124

84. What are the characteristics of societies in which men are less likely to affirm themselves through boasting,
aggression, and demonstrations of sexual process?
Answer: In such societies, men generally maintain close relationships with children, and women have
significant control over property.
Type: Factual
Page 132

85. According to recent cross-cultural studies, what characteristics are seen as most important and desirable in
potential mates?
Answer: Across cultures, preferred qualities of a mate are being kind, understanding, and intelligent; having
an exciting personality; being healthy; and being religious.
Type: Factual
Page 133

86. Describe the four biological levels of sexual development.

Answer: (a) Genetic sex, which is determined at conception by the combination of the parents' chromosomes
and establishes a map for the development of the other levels of biological sex. (b) Gonadal sex, which
involves the development of ovaries or testes which secrete hormones that shape sexual development. (c)
Body sex, or anatomical structures, which plays a major role in the sexual assignment of individuals as well
as in their development of a gender identity. (d) Brain sex, which refers to differences in the brains of males
and females.
Type: Conceptual
Page 106

Essay

87. Describe four theories of gender role development.

Answer: The psychodynamic approach explains gender role development in terms of complex unconscious
interactions between children and their parents. In contrast, social learning theory describes how children
learn gender roles through socialization and modeling. Cognitive-developmental theory adapts social
learning theory by emphasizing the role that human thought processes and identification play in children's
adoption of gender roles. Finally, gender schema theory focuses on how people come to define themselves as
masculine or feminine and emphasizes the importance of the complex network of associations and ideas that
people hold with regard to gender.
Type: Conceptual
Pages 124-125

88. Distinguish between transvestitism and transsexualism.

Answer: Transvestitism refers to cross-dressing — that is, wearing the clothing associated with the other sex.
It may occur for a variety of reasons — from playing a joke to establishing an alternative identity.
Transsexualism represents an extreme form of cross-genderism. Typically, transsexuals are anatomically
normal males or females who report that even at an early age they felt they had been born into the wrong-
sexed body. They often pursue hormonal and surgical intervention to "correct" this error.
Type: Conceptual
Pages 121-122
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chapter 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

89. A survey of 2,000 adult men finds they have had an average of 8.5 sexual partners. A similar sample of adult
women reports an average of 3.5 sexual partners. How would evolutionary psychologists explain these
findings?
Answer: To explain these findings, evolutionary psychologists would probably look for a way in which this
pattern of sexual activity might give the species an evolutionary advantage and might have a genetic basis.
For example, they might hypothesize that when males have many sex partners and females have fewer, the
chances increase that the species will produce many children who can be adequately cared for.
Type: Applied
Page 122

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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.