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Fast Calculation

1. To multiply or divide by 5, it is often easier to first multiply or divide by 10 then by 2. 2. To square 2-digit numbers, one can subtract 25 from the number to get x, then subtract x from 25 to get a number a. The square is then a^2 + 100x. 3. When multiplying 2 numbers that differ only in their units digits and the sum of the units is 10, think of them as 10a+b and 10a+c where b+c=10. The product is then 100a(a+1) + bc.

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180 views

Fast Calculation

1. To multiply or divide by 5, it is often easier to first multiply or divide by 10 then by 2. 2. To square 2-digit numbers, one can subtract 25 from the number to get x, then subtract x from 25 to get a number a. The square is then a^2 + 100x. 3. When multiplying 2 numbers that differ only in their units digits and the sum of the units is 10, think of them as 10a+b and 10a+c where b+c=10. The product is then 100a(a+1) + bc.

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api-3719468
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Fast Calculation Tips

1. Multiplication by 5
It's often more convenient instead of multiplying by 5 to multiply first by 10 and then
divide by 2. For example, 137·5=1370/2=685.
2. Division by 5
Similarly, it's often more convenient instead to multiply first by 2 and then divide by 10.
For example, 1375/5=2750/10=275.
3. Division/multiplication by 4
Replace either with a repeated operation by 2. For example 124/4=62/2=31. Also,
124·4=248·2=496.
4. Division/multiplication by 25
Use operations with 4 instead. For example, 37·25=3700/4=1850/2=925.
5. Division/multiplication by 8
Replace either with a repeated operation by 2. For example 124·8=248·4=496·2=992.
6. Division/multiplication by 125
Use operations with 8 instead. For example, 37·125=37000/8=18500/4=9250/2=4625.
7. Squaring two digit numbers.
i. You should memorize the first 25 squares:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

225 256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576 625
iii. Squares of numbers from 26 through 50.
Let A be such a number. Subtract 25 from A to get x. Subtract x from 25 to get,
say, a. Then A2=a2+100x. For example, if A=26, then x=1 and a=24. Hence
262=242+100=676. Similarly, if A=37, then x=37-25=12, and a=25-12=13.
Therefore, 372=132+100·12=1200+169=1369. Why does this work? (25+x)2-(25-
x)2=[(25+x)+(25-x)]·[(25+x)-(25-x)]=50·2x=100x.
iv. Squares of numbers from 51 through 99.
The idea is the same as above. (50+x)2-(50-x)2=100·2x=200x. For example,
632=372+200·13= 1369+2600=3969.
v. Squares of numbers from 51 through 99, second approach (this one was
communicated to me by my father Moisey Bogomolny).
We are looking to compute A2, where A=50+a. Instead compute 100·(25+a) and
add a2. Example: 572. a=57-50=7. 25+7=32. Append 49=72. Answer: 572=3249.
vi. In general, a2 = (a + b)(a - b) + b2. Let a be 57 and, again, we wish to compute
572. Let b = 3. Then 572 = (57 + 3)(57 - 3) + 32, or 572 = 60·54 + 9 = 3240 + 9 =
3249.
8. Squares of numbers that end with 5.
Let A=10a+5. Then A2=(10a+5)2=100a2+2·10a·5+25=100a(a+1)+25. For example, to
compute 1152, where a=11, first compute 11·(11+1)=11·12=132 (since 3=1+2). Next,
append 25 to the right of 132 to get 13225! Another example, to compute 2452, let a=24.
Then 24·(24+1)=242+24=576+24=600. Therefore 2452=60025. Here is another way to
compute 24·25: 24·25=2400/4=1200/2=600. The rule naturally applies to 2-digit numbers
as well. 752=5625 (since 7·8=56).
9. Product of two one-digit numbers greater than 5.
This is a rule that helps remember a big part of the multiplication table. Assume you
forgot the product 7·9. Do this. First find the access of each of the multiples over 5: it's 2
for 7 (7 - 5 = 2) and 4 for 9 (9 - 5 = 4). Add them up to get 6 = 2 + 4. Now find the
complements of these two numbers to 5: it's 3 for 2 (5 - 2 = 3) and 1 for 4 (5 - 4 = 1).
Remember their product 3 = 3·1. Lastly, combine thus obtained two numbers (6 and 3) as
63 = 6·10 + 3.

The explanation comes from the following formula:

(5 + a)(5 + b) = 10(a + b) + (5 - a)(5 - b)

In our example, a = 2 and b = 4.

10. Product of two 2-digit numbers.


i. If the numbers are not too far apart, and their difference is even, one might use
the well known formula (a+n)(a-n)=a2-n2. a here is the average of the two
numbers. For example, 28·24=262-22=676-4=672 since 26=(24+28)/2. Also,
19·31=252-62=625-36=589 since 25=(19+31)/2.
ii. If the difference is odd use either n(m+1)=nm+n or n(m-1)=nm-n. Example
37·34=37·35-37=362-12-37=1296-1-37=1258. On the other hand,
37·34=37·33+37=352-22+37=1225-4+37=1258.
11. Product of numbers that only differ in units.
If the numbers only differ in units and the sum of the units is 10, like with 53 and 57 or
122 and 128, then think of them as, say 10a+b and 10a+c, where b+c=10. The product
(10a+b)(10a+c) is given by 100a2+10a(b+c)+bc =&nbs;100a(a+1)+bc. Thus to compute
53 times 57 (a=5, b=3, c=7), multiply 5 times (5+1) to get 30. Append to the result (30)
theproduct of the units (3·7=21) to obtain 3021. Similarly
122·128 = 12·13·100+2·8=15616.
12. Multiplying by 11.
To multiply a 2-digit number by 11, take the sum of its digits. If it's a single digit number,
just write it between the two digits. If the sum is 10 or more, do not forget to carry 1 over.
For example, 34·11=374 since 3+4=7. 47·11=517 since 4+7=11.
13. Faster subtraction.
Subtraction is often faster in two steps instead of one. Example: 427-38=(427-27)-(38-
27)=400-11=389. A generic advice might be given as "First remove what's easy, next
whatever remains". Another example: 1049-187=1000-(187-49)=900-38=862.
14. Faster addition.
Addition is often faster in two steps instead of one. Example: 487+38=(487+13)+(38-
13)=500+25=525. A generic advice might be given as "First add what's easy, next
whatever remains". Another example: 1049+187=1100+(187-51)=1200+36=1236.
15. Faster addition, #2.
It's often faster to add a digit at a time starting with higher digits. For example,
583+645=583+600+40+5=1183+40+5=1223+5=1228.
16. Multipliply, then subtract.
When multiplying by 9, multiply by 10 instead, and then subtract the other number. For
example, 23·9=230-23=207. The same applies to other numbers near those for which
multiplication is simplified. 23·51=23·50+23=2300/2+23=1150+23=1173. 87·48=87·50-
87·2=8700/2-160-14=4350-160-14=4190-14=4176.

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