Semi Finals

Cestodes General Characteristics General Structures

Known as tapeworms Flat and ribbon-like Scolex
33mm – 10mm White yellow-ish in color - Majority – with 4 cup-like
suckers/grooves/acetabulum
Method of growth: Segmented - Rostellum
addition of segments
Scolex Monoecious Neck
(hermaphroditic and - Region of growth
partially parthenogenic) - Nearer – younger; Farther -
older
Most tapeworm eggs No gastrointestinal tract Proglottids
contain hexacanth
embryo or oncospheres
Habitat: Small Intestine No circulatory system - Strobila – chain of
proglottids/segments
MoT: Oral route Has well developed - Immature – nearest to the
reproductive organs neck.
- Mature – middle portion
- Garvid/ripe – farthest from
the neck
- Filled with eggs
- Can be detached through
apolysis
Eggs: Generally non- Has tegument (outer
operculated and mature/ covering)(For entry of
embryonated. Except fr D. nutrients and exit of
Latum wastes)
Life Cycle: Egg – Larva -
adult

Pseudophyllidean and
Cyclophyllidean parasites Pseudophyllidean Cyclophyllidean
Species Diphyllobothrium latum T. Solium
Spirometra T. Saginata
Dipylidium caninum
Hymenolepis nana
H. diminuta
E. garanulosus

Note: Known as false Note: Known as true

tapeworms tapeworms
Scolex Spoon, spatula or almond Globular or pyriform shaped
shaped Quadrate (fourcup-like
With bothria {sucking suckers)
grooves} With/without rostellum
No hooklets (w/w/o hooklets)
Strobila Anapolytic Apolytic
Gravid proglottid All reproductive structures
are seen Only uterus can be seen {in
Their uterus has a rosette-like different shapes/patterns}
appearance
Ova Hexacanth
Oval, operculated and embryo/oncosphere
immature (Spherical, non-operculated,
embryonated with hooklets)
 Larval stages 1st: Coracidium Cysticercus (for taenia spp)
2nd: Procercoid Cysticercoid (for hymenolepis
3rd: Plerocercoid/sparganum spp)
Hydatid ( for E. granulosus)
Intermediate host 1st: Crustaceans
(copepods,cyclops) Zero to one intermediate
2nd: Freshwater fishes host

Note: They have three hosts Note: one to two hosts

PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA (DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM)

- LARGEST TAPEWORM

New name Dibothriocephalus latus

Broad fish tapeworm
Common name Broad tapeworm
Fish tapeworm
Habitat Small Intestine
Diagnostic stage Egg/scolex
1st Intermediate stage Copepods (Cyclops, diaptomus)
2nd Intermediate host Freshwater fish
1st Infective stage Coracidium
2nd Infective stage
Paratenic host Carnivorous host
Larval stages Coracidium – Procercoid – Plerocercoid
MoT Ingestion
Treatment Praziquantel
Prevention Freezing of fishes
Proper cooking of fishes

EGGS

- 1 million eggs/ova per day

- Non-embryonated
- Operculum on one end with terminal knob on the other end
- With underdeveloped coracidium
- Mistaken with P. westermani

ADULT WORMS

Lifespan 25 years
Length 3-5 meters to 10 meters
Species Found in canines/felines
Scolex Spatulate/spoon/almond shaped
2 bothrium
Uterus Rosette-like appearance
Strobila 4000 proglottids
 CYCLOPHYLLIDEA (TAENIA SPECIES)
T. saginata T. solium
Common Beef tapeworm Pork tapeworm
name Unhooked tapeworm Hooked tapeworm
Habitat Small Intestine Small Intestine
Intermediate Cattle, cows, Pigs, man
host Camels
Larval stage Cysticercus bovis Cysticercus cellulosae
Infective stage Cysticercus bovis Cysticercus cellulosae and
embryonated egg
MoT Ingestion of measly beef with Ingestion of measly porl with
infective larva embryonated egg
Pathology Taeniasis saginata Taeniasis solium (due to
adult)
Cysticercosis (due to larva)
Treatment Praziquantel, Niclosamide Praziquante, Niclosamide

STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES

ADULT
T. saginata T. solium
- With 4 cup-like - With 4 cup-like
Scolex suckers suckers
- No rostellum nor - With armed rostellum
hooklets
Strobila 1000-2000 <1000 segments/proglottids
segments/proglottids
Gravid 15-20 to 30 lateral branches 7-13 to 15 lateral branches
Proglottids
Length 4-10 meters (up to 25 7 meters (2-4 meters)
meters)

Note: longest cestode

EGGS

- Spherical and striated

- Embryonated when laid/deposited
- Has 6 hooklet pairs
- Motile
- indistinguishable from each other
- Adults may lay 594,000 ova per year

TAENIA ASIATICA - Third specie of Taenia

Old name Taiwan Taenia spp. - Closely resembles T. saginata
Common Asia Taenia spp.
name
Intermediate Pigs, cattle, goats, wild boar,
host monkeys
Larval stage Cysticercus viscerotropica
 T. multiceps T. serialis T. brauna T. glomerata
Other name Multiceps None None None
multiceps
Common name Bladder worm
Habitat Eyes, brain Subcutaneous t. None None
Larval stage Coenurus larva (a unilocular encysted larva)
Infective stage Eggs
Intermediate h. Sheep Rabbits Herbivores
Final h. Dogs, foxes None None
Accidental h. Man
MoT Ingestion of food, water or fomites
Pathology Human coenurosis (most commonly caused by T. multiceps)

HYMENOLEPIS SPECIES
H. nana H. diminuta
Common name Dwarf tapeworm Rat tapeworm
Habitat Small intestine
Indirect – Rice/flour beetles
Dog flea (Ctenocephalides
IH canis) Arthropods
Human flea (Pulex irritans)
Rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopsis)
Final host Man Rat, man (a. host)
Larval stage Cysticercoid larva
Infective stage Direct – embryonated ova Cysticercoid larva
Indirect – cysticercoid larva
MoT Ingestion of embryonated Ingestion of cysticercoid larva
ova and/ cysticercoid larva

STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES
ADULT
H. nana H. diminuta
- Subglobular in shape - With 4 cup-like
Scolex - With 4 cup-like suckers
suckers - With unarmed
- With retractable rostellum
armed rostellum
Strobila 175-220 800-1000
segments/proglottids segments/proglottids
Gravid Sac-like uterus filled with eggs
Proglottids
Length 2-4 cm 20-60 cm
Note: smallest cestode

EGGS
H. nana H. diminuta
Hooklets Three pairs (hexacanth Three pairs (hexacanth
embryo) embryo)
Polar Present (two polars) Present
thickening
Polar filaments 4-8 polar filaments Absent
Embryophore Present Present
 DIPYLLIDIUM CANINUM
- Dog tapeworm
Common - Doubled-pore tapeworm
name - Flea tapeworm
- Cucumber tapeworm
- Pumpkin seed tapeworm
Habitat Small intestine
I host - Dog louse (Trichodectes canis)
- Dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis)
- Cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis)
- Human flea (Pulex irritans)
Final Host Dog
A. host Man
Larval stage Cysticercoid
I. stage Cysticercoid

ADULT WORMS
Length 10-70 cm
Scolex Globular
With four suckers
With armed rostellum (club shaped)
- 1-7 rows of rose-thorn shaped hooklets
Proglottids Double set of reproductive organs
Gravid P. Melon/Pumpkin shaped
With bilateral genital pore

EGGS
- Spherical
- Thin-shelled
- with 6 hooklets
- similar with taenia egg
- enclosed in egg capsule/packet (5-30 or 8-15 embryonated, egg per packet)
- Largest ova of cestodes due to being enclosed in a pocket

ECHINOCOCCUS SPECIES
E. granulosus E. multilocularis
Old name Taenia granulosus None
New name Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato None
Common Hydatid worm, dog tapeworm, Alveolar hydatid worm/cyst
name unilocular hydatid cyst
Habitat Small intestine, connective tissue Liver, lungs, brain
Incidental host Sheep, ox, goat, horse, camel Rodents
Final host Dog Fox, wolf
A. host Man Man
Larval stage Hydatid cyst Alveolar hydatid cyst
Infective stage Final host – Hydatid host Embryonated ova
IH – Embryonated ova
MoT Ingestion of egg Ingestion of egg
Pathology Hydatid disease
Hydatidosis cystic Alveolar hydatid disease
Echinococcosis
Treatment Surgical removal of cyst Albendazole,
Mebendazole
 Albendazole, Mebendazole,
Praziquantel

ADULT E. GRANULOSUS
Length 3-6 mm or 4-5 mm
They are the shortest tapeworm of man
Scolex - Pyriform
- With prominent armed rostellum (30-60 hooklets)
Proglottids Only 3 segments
Gravid P. Wildest and longest proglottid
With midline uterus

Eggs of E. granulosus is similar to Taenia spp.

E. OLIGARTHUS
Common name Larval tapeworm
Habitat Small intestine
Definitive host Dogs and other canids
I. host Broader variety of rodents and lagomorphs
Final host Humans
A. host Humans
Diagnostic stage Hydatid cyst in various organs
Infective stage Embryonated eggs in faeces
Mode of T Ingestion of eggs in contaminated food, water or soil, or
after direct contact with animal host

RAILLIENTINA GARSONI (most common intestinal cestode of rodents in the ph)

Intermediate host Flour beetle
Final host Rat
Accidental host Man
Larval stage Cysticercoid larva
Infective stage Final host – Cysticercoid larva
IH – Gravid proglottid

ADULT WORMS
Length 60 cm
Scolex - Subglobular
- With 4 suckers
- With prominent armed rostellum
Gravid P. Said to have a rice-gran appearance