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/ 32
Unit V ‘
Chapter
DC Circuits
Syllabus
Energy sources - Ideal and practical voltage and current sources,
Classification of electrical networks,
Simplifications of networks using series and parallel combinations and star-delta conversions,
Chapter Contents
Introduction to Networks / Circuits
Energy Sources
8.3 Classification of Electric Networks
8.4 Circuit Simplification Techniques
Redundant Branches and Redundant Subci
85 — Removal of
8.6 — Source Transformation
tar Transformation
8&7 Star-Delta and Delta-St
Scanned with CamS ¥F basic Etctical Engnoorng Sem 1/N/SPPU)__ 62
DC Circuty
8.1 Introduction to Networks / Circuits
~ In this chapter we are going to discuss different
theorems and their use for the simplification of the DC
Circuits. Before doing so let us discuss some important
definitions related with the networks.
8.1.1 Network :
Definition :
~ Anetwork or circuit is an electrical configuration which
electrically connects various components such as
resistors, capacitors, inductors etc. and voltage sources
Cor current sources to each other.
Types :
~The networks can be DC or AC depending on the type
of source involved. For the DC circuits, the voltage and
current sources are DC whereas AC sources are
connected in the AC circuits.
~ Example of a DC source is a battery and that of an AC
source is the AC mains supply.
8.1.2 Circuit Element :
Definition :
= A circuit element is defined as any individual circuit
component present in a network which gets connected
to the other components.
Examples :
= Resistors, capacitors, inductors, voltage sources and
current sources etc. are the examples of circuit
‘elements.
8.1.3 Open Circuit
Definition :
= Two points in a circuit are said to be open circuited if
there is no circuit element or direct connection
between them.
An open circuit exists between points A and B in
Fig. 8.1.1(a). The resistance between the open circuited
points is infirite
Rug = 2
8.1.4 Short Circuit :
Definition :
= Two points in a circuit are said to be short circuited
when they are connected to each other by a good
conducting wire.
Points A and B are short circuited in Fig, 8.1.1(b), The
resistance between the short circuited points is zero
on
Rao
Open erent
8
(2) Open circuit
Fe
Aand aro
=
(@-1045) Fig. 8.1.1(b) : Short circuit
8.1.5 Branch:
Definition :
8.1.6 Mesh or Loop:
A branch of a network is defined as the group of
elements connected in series or parallel and which has
‘two terminals from connections. In Fig. 8.1.1(c) the
branches are : AB, BC, BOC, AE,
AB A-B-CE-A Loop 1
ac 8-0-cB Loop i
Boo A-B-0-C-E-A —Loopill
AE
Definition :
‘A mesh or loop is a set of branches, forming a closed
path in a network. For example in Fig. 81.1(c) the
closed path A-B-C-E-A forms Loop-l or the closed path
8-D-C-B forms Loop-IL
8.1.7 Node or Junction :
Definition :
It isa common point in a network at which two or more
branches meet. In Fig, 81.1(0). the points A, 8 C, D are
nodes.
rete
Scanned with CamS jc Electrical Enginoering (Sem_1/ 1 SPPU
Energy Sources
es
for the operation of all the electricaVelectronic circuits
3 source of power/eneray is essential. These sources
ilssified into Wo categories as
1, Voltage sources 2. Current sources
the voltage and current sources can be further
cassified a dependent sources and. independent
sources.
Vattage sources
arpendont | [ Dependent] [independent] [Depomaent
voltage current current
(71) Fig. 8.2.1 : Classification of sources
Independent Voltage Sources :
g24
2.1 Explain ideal and practical voltage sources.
(may 06)
Definition
~ An independent voltage source is that voltage source,
the terminal voltage of which is not dependent on any
ther voltage source or current source.
> The independent voltage sources can be further
Alassified as
Heal voltage sources.
Practical voltage sources.
‘al voltage source :
Definition :
An ideal voltage source is a two terminal device that
Maintains a constant voltage across its terminals,
independent of the load
The internal resistance ofan idea! source is 720
The circuit symbol for an ideal voltage source is 35
‘hown in Fig, 8.22. Note that the polarities of the
Yotage are indicated inside the circle and the terminal
DC Circuits
+ F
(a.m Fig. 8.2.2: Symbols
Characteristics :
— The source resistance of an ideal voltage source is 2er0.
Therefore the terminal voltage remains constant equal
to V volts without load (R= ~) or with load. This 15 35
shown in Fig. 82.3
Terminal voltage Vy
Vy = V volts “Terminal voltage remains constant
Load curront I
4, decreased —>
No oad (8 = =)
(4.73 Fig. 8.2.3: Terminal voltage of an
ideal voltage source
Practical voltage source :
Definition :
~ A practical voltage source is a voltage source, the
terminal voltage of which does not remain constant.
= Itvaries with load, temperature changes etc.
= The intérnal resistance of a practical voltage source is
Re (not zero).
= Symbol : The circuit symbol of a practical voltage
source is as shown in Fig. 8.2.4,
Rg (Internal resistance)
(a) Symbols (©) Terminal voltage at no
Toad (R, ==)
Torna
oe + Voltage
eo
t hon
© A yeves
t
(©) Terminal voltage with load
(0.74) Fig. 8.2.4: Prag
Loltage is V volts.
EEOC AIINIECU WILE UTI & ose fect
Enginoeri
(Som_1/11/SPPU) 8.
DC Circuits
Characteristics
When there is no toad connected (R= «), the current
1 0 Therefore there is no voltage drop across Ry and
the terminat voltage Vy =
Fig. 82.40),
V volts as shown in
Termnal votage Yi
*
Yi =V ots Idoal voltage source
“ «
-¢—Torminal voltage docreases:
+ Load current 1
oT R, decreasos >
Nokoas (R= 8)
(4.28in) Fig. $2.5: Variation of terminal voltage with
‘change in load current
~ When the load is connected, a finite load current “T”
starts flowing as shown in Fig. 82.4(¢). Hence some
voltage will drop across Ry and the terminal voltage will
be less than V.
~ With increase in the load current L the terminal voltage
gees on decreasing as shown in Fig. 825. This is
bec ~1Ry
wseV,
8.2.3 Current Sources :
Q.1 Explain idea! and practical current sources. (May 08)
Definition :
~ Accurrent source is an electronic citcuit that delivers or
absorbs an electric current which is independent of the
voltage across it
= 1 certain applications, like instrumentation it is
necessary to have a constant current to the load. There,
2 Current source is used instead of a voltage source.
Types:
~ Just like the voltage sources, the current sources also
‘are classified as independent and dependent current
sources.
Independent current sources :
Definition :
= An independent current source is the current source for
which the current supplied by the source does not
depend on any other voltage source or current source.
—. meee nin Fg 82.710,
are further classi
‘The independent current sources are further classified
1. Ideal current sources
2. Practical current sources.
{An ideal current source is a two terminal device, that
supplies a constant current, Independent of the load.
The internal resistance of an ideal current source is
infinite,
The symbol of an ideal current source is shown in
Fig. 8.26(a). The arrow indicates the direction of
conventional current flow,
Symbol _(b) Operation with load connected
Load curent
Load eurent a
et remains constant
TR insreased =” Vives
(©) Load current remains constant
(4.26) Fig. 8.2.6 : Ideal current source
Characteristics :
When the load resistance is connected between the
‘output terminals as shown in Fig. 62.6(b), a constant
current I flows through the load ie. = I. The veltage
across the load ie. V. = 1.
Fig, 82.6(c) suggests that irespective of change in the
load, the current remains constant but the terminal
voltage will change.
Practical current sources :
A practical current source is the current source, the
current supplied by which does not remain constant.
‘The practical current source will have a finite internal
shunt resistance as shown in Fig. 8.279,
WH rotmanet
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pe Circuits
of pose Emeteal Engineering Sem. 1/1 /SPPU 85
‘aren the 10ad Ris connected as shown in Fig, 8.2.70,
ipeload current will stat flowing through it
Electric Networks
Based on
asad on
tineanty
sed ok prasonce Based of dracon
2 ‘of current Seperability
gut due to the presence of shunt internal resistance Ry, | of absence of sourcos
| he source current I gets divided between Ry and R
Hence the current through Ris less than 1 Active Passive Lumtpod Distnbutod
Network Notwork Network Network
.
he Rett ie
: ciethal Unistors! Linear Nontinen
hee Aho keae Network Network Network Network
(4-79 Fig. 8.3.1: Classification of electric network
+ whet
on 8.3.1. Active or Passive Network :
Ra(sromt 1 Rade be arcree Ee
Ree [eas Tame
site Hkaplain tho active and passive networks with
reference to d.c. resistive networks.
(Dec. 09, Dec. 11)
ay 12
assive networks.
fe or absence of source, the
plain active and.
la2 6
= Based on the presenct
electric networks are classified as active or passive
(a) Symbol (b) Operation with load connected
coe eee
aa networks.
LF inca
sco saves:
oe
. ‘called as an active network. The type of energy source
A, increased >
{@ Variation of load current with change in load ‘can be a voltage source or a current source.
(17 Fig. 8.2.7 : Practical current sources (pacha nativorks'
Ifa network does not contain any energy source then it
is called as the passive network
Characteristics :
As the value of R increases, , goes on decreasing as
shown in Fig, 8.2.7(2), The load current is equal to 1 only
when when the output terminals are short
SEL
circuited,
8.3.2 Bilateral or Unilateral Network :
4 Explain the unilateral and bilateral networks with
reference to d.c. resistive networks.
Classification of Electric Networks
(Bec. 09, Dec. 14)
Sans la.2 _ Explain unilateral and bilateral networks. (May 12
[21 Classity and explain electrical networks. (May 08) || gased on the response or characteristics of a network
2 Explain the classification of electrical networks. to the direction of current flowing ‘through the
. 08) components connected to form the network, the
electric networks are classified as “bilateral” or
ified on the basis of
“unilateral” networks.
The electric networks can be cla
Various factors as follows
Bilateral network :
Cssitcation based on presence or absence of sources
— Bilateral network is the network whose characteristics or
Clossificat of current.
ification based on the direction
response does not depend on the direction of current
Classifica ity of components
ication based on the seperabilty through the various elements in it. Resistive net
sistive networks
‘
Clessification based on the linearity: are bilateral type.
Scanned with CamS & naasic Etectical Engincering (Sem. 1/INSPPU) 86
2 Circuits
Unilateral network :
~ If the characteristics, response or behaviour of a
network is dependent on the direction of current
through its elements init, then the network is called as
2 unilateral network The networks containing elements
such as diodes, transistors ete, are unilateral networks
8.3.3
Explain the lumped and distributed networks with
iat
= Based on the seperabilty, the networks can be
classified as distributed or lumped networks
= Distributed network : If the network elements such as
resistances, capacitances, inductances are not physically
separable, then it is called as a distributed network.
Example of a distributed network is the transmission
line.
- Lumped network : If the network elements can be
separated physically from each other, then they are
called as lumped network. All the simple electric
networks that we discuss in this book are lumped
network
8.3.4 Linear or Nonlinear Network :
EEE)
Explain the linear and nonlinear networks with
reference to dc. resistive networks.
(Bee. 09, Dec. 11)
ain linear and nonlinear networks. (May 12)
~ Based on the concept of linearity, the networks are
classified a5 linear oF nonlinear networks.
ar networks :
= If the characteristics, parameters such as resistances,
capacitances, inductances, constant
imrespective of changes in current, voltage etc, then the
Circuit or network is called as a linear network.
etc remain
= We can apply the chm's law only to the linear networks,
= The superposition theorem also is applicable only to
the linear networks.
Nonlinear networks :
I the parameters of a network change their values with
the change in voltage, current etc, then the network is
«alled as a nonlinear network.
The ohm’s law is not applicable to the nonlinear
networks.
‘The superposition theorem also is not applicable to the
ronlinear networks,
8.4 Circuit Simplification Techniques :
A given circuit can sometimes be too complex to
analyze. Therefore we have to simplify it to a less
complicated network
This can be achieved by using different simplification
techniques such as
Technique 1: Series and parallel combination of branches,
Technique 2: Removing the redundant branches.
Technique 3: To use the conversion techniques such as
Delta-to-Star or Star-to-Delta 4
8.4.1 Series Circuits (Resistors in series):
Fig. 8.4.1(a): Series circuit (Resistors in series) (Contd..)
Fig. 84.1(a) shows three resistors R;, R; and Ry
connected in series with each other. Note that the end
of one resistor is connected to the end of ancther
resistor, to form a link
All the elements in a series link are connected in this
manner, Therefore series circuit is also called as end to
tend or cascade connection,
‘Also note that all the elements connected in the series
circuit will carry the same current L
‘As shown in Fig. 84.1(a) the series combination of
resistors R,, Ry and Ry is connected across the de
voltage source with a terminal voltage V volts, The
voltage drops across the individual resistors are V,, V,
and V, respectively,
Ent end connection
Same erent ows
‘treugh atthe serene
SF eotenia
Scanned with CamS Pr
Engineering (Sem. 1/1! /SPPU}
Equvaient Restance
sus fig. 84100): The complete series reuit ean be
replaced by the equivalent resistance Ry
ations tobe satisfied fr series connection :
there should be end to end connection.
current through the elements should be same.
fg 84110) shows resistors satisfying both the
conditions while Fig. 8.4.1(d) shows resistors with end
teend connection but current not the same.
Ry Re Ry
Ry Ragin series
ns satisfied
(©) Both condi
re
at aoes
(@ Second condition is not satisfied
tn Fig. B42
“ipesson for the equivalent resistance :
eter the series circuit of Fig. 84108).
>In series circuits the voltage developed across each
‘esstor can be obtained by using the ohm's law as
folons
v
Vy =1Ry
Ry
Be across Ry
Votage across Rp = Ve
V, =1Ry
1e sum of the individual
tage across Ry
Te
Te applied voltage V is th
\ohages Vi, Vy Vy
Vz eve
“2* apply the ohms law to the complete cre
* equivalent resistance of the complete circuit be Rr
(842)
(a +R: +R) (641)
ft tet
e = IR,
elle 2 Ss
ho
og circuits
a nce
LHS of Equations (8.43) and (8.42) ae © me. Her
equating their right hand sides we det
TRp = 1(R, +R: + RD
(843)
Ry = (Ry+ Ret Rs)
istance of the series
Where Ry is the equivalent resi
ircuit
ance of a series ci
circuit. Thus the equivalent resist:
is equal to the sum of resistances connected i9 series.
or ‘nt resistors connected in series the equvslent
resistance is given by.
Ry = Rpt Rpt + Ry
We can replace the complete series circuit by the
Fig, 84.100).
(844)
equivalent resistance Rr as shown in
Characteristics of series circuits :
| _Allthe resistors in series circuit carry the same current.
The total voltage V applied across the series resistive
circuit is the sum of voltage drops across the |
individual resistors. j
R
|. Equivalent resistance Ry = Ry + Rz + Ra +
Equivalent resistance Ry Is higher than each individual
resistance.
Fee. Ry > By, Ry Ro oe Rr > Ry
| Total power supplied to the series circuit is equal to
the sum of power dissipated in incvidua resistances.
Practical application of series connection :
~The chain of small ights used for the purpose of
decoration is an excellent example of series
= Al those smal bulbs are connected in series and th
series combination is connected a
cross the AC su
as shown in Fig. 8.4.1(e). weet
no & ONIOFF
sippy ewteh
Note: Even done bu becom auy
sens cxeut stops tunctionng and all ata
will bo off
-2(€) : Practical application of series connectio.
WH leomeateaya
Scanned with CamS 8.4.2 Parallel Circuit (Resistors in Parallel)
2 shows the resistors Ry, Ry Ry and Ry
Fig 84
connected in parallel with each other,
As shown in Fig, 84.1(a) in parallel connection, resistors
ae connected across each other. That means one end
of each resistor is connected to a junction point A,
while the other end of each resistor is connected to the
ther junction point B
= The parallel combination of the four resistors is
connected across the voltage source V. The current
flowing through each resistor has a different value but
the voltage across each resistor isthe same ie. V volts,
Conditions to be satistied for parallel connection :
1. The resistors should appear actoss each other
2 Voltage across all the parallel elements isthe same,
Expression for the equivalent resistance :
Let the total current supplied by the source be 1
amperes. This current gets divided among the resistors
connected in parallel
= This division of current takes place on the basis of the
values of resistors.
Let the currents flowing through the resistors be I I, ly
and 1 respectively as shown in Fig. 84.200).
~ The currents through the individual branches can be
calculated using ohm’s law as
Current through Ry
Current through Ry :1) =
8
DC Creu,
awn from the SOUTCE isthe sung
The total current Id
all these individual current components
Ye
be hehehebeg te?
414 2.4]
Pe Vin te, TR Ry
Now apply the ohm’s law to the equivalent of the
parallel circuit if Fig. 84.2(b). Let the equivalent
resistance of the parallel circuit be Ry. Hence the total
current supplied by the source is given by,
xv
Ry
(845)
1846)
= Comparing Equations (845) and (846) we get the
value of the equivalent resistance as,
ay 5 deb det
RT RRR TR,
~ In general for “n* resistors connected in parallel, the
(8.47)
equivalent resistance is given by,
2lija. jt
REE (ae)
We can replace the complete parallel circuit by the
‘equivalent resistance Ry as shown in Fig. 84.2(b), The
equivalent resistance is smaller than the smallest
resistance inthe parallel circuit
Conductance (6) :
Conductance (6) is defined as the reciprocal of
resistance and its unit is mho,
1
ele (8.49)
Applying this definition to Equation (8.48) we get the
total conductance to be,
Aa
Current through Ry :1s
¥ tt Gy (ea0)
Current tough Rts =
Junction point A oA
“: |
vais Ay Vols = ev ASV
Junction point B re
(0) Resistors in parallel {@) Paralet combination can be replaced by
the equivalent resistance Ry
(200 Fig. 842
WF Wettaeateage
ocaineu witit Cal
Wo af sos Sestial Engineering Som. 1/ 1 gppuy
sparen of two resistors in parallel:
for two resistors connected in parate
the expr
for effective resistance [Equation (@.4y) Ne expression
gets modified
*
+ 2a RR,
m7 RR 7
Ry Ry
%
a + Rp ~(8.4.11)
cquocteristics of parallel circuits:
Voltage across each resistor connected in the paralel
cicut is same.
Total current 1 is the sum of currents through the
individual resistors ie.
Tehth+h+. 042)
1
Equivalent resistance Re
The equivalent resistance R, is smaller than the
smallest resistor connected in the parallel circuit,
‘The equivalent conductance is the sum of individual
conductances.
G, = G+G 4.46,
|+ Total power supplied to a parallel circuit is equal to the
addition of power dissipated in each resistor.
Fnctical application of parallel connection :
The domestic AC wiring is the best example of parallel
89
DC Circuits
fans, TV, fridge ete. are connected in parallel with each
other and across the AC supply. A separate switch is
Used in series with each appliance as shown.
Due to this type of connection, each appliance is
connected across the same AC supply voltage
(230 Volts) and we can turn on or off every appliance
independently
Se
ac Refrigerator
voltage!
(4-80) Fig. 8.4.3: Practical example of parallel AC circuit
Ex. 8.4.1: Simply the cicuit shown in Fig. P. 8.4.1(@) and
obtain the value of equivalent resistance between points A
and B.
20
40
(4-5) Fig. P. 8.4.1(a) : Given circuit
Son. :
cieuit. As shown in Fig. 8.43, all the lamps, tube lights,
sa.
2ii2=10
Refer Figs P. 8.4.1(b) to P. 84.1(e) for the solution.
A488,
ta
ais
sores
2305
o
£0. --Series.
he 7
1.662 e
® Parallel
S @) «SSS = 1660
Fig. P8421
From Fig p.8A1(e), Ry = 5+ 1.66 = 6660
ba Basic Electvical Engineering (Sem. 1/II/SPPU!
& 8.4.2: A wire has a resistance of 12 0. Its bent in the
form of a circle, Calculate the resistance between any 100
points on the diameter.
Soin. :
Wee of 1242 arate!
bent to make fl
pps
A 8
@
(An Fig. P.8.4.2
Points A and 8 are on the diameter of the circles 35
shown in Fig. P. 8.42(a). This is equivalent to two
resistances of 6 9 each appearing in parallel as shown
in Fig. P. 8.4.20)
From Fig, P, 8.4.2(0),
Ry = 6/)6=30 ANS.
8-10,
oe
Paralel
avi7=525 3 c
by
2
7 is on,
Wes c
(4) Final circuit
(9.4579 Fig. P. 84.3
From Fig. P.8.4.3(4) we get.
825 x4
Re = 8251142 “ipne = 270 on
Ex. 8.4.3 : Using simple series-paraliel combination, find Re: | Ex. 8.4.4 : Find equivalent resistance betwean A and t
for Fig. P.8.4.3. ERENT | the circuit shown in Fig. P. 84.4
za, 1088 an
a 429
a a0
2a 40
at
° 3a © (A523) B44
at360 Fig. P.8.43 Soln.: Simpify the given circuit as shown in Fig, P. 844
to Fig. P.84.4(d) to obtain Ru.
Soin. : The circuit simplification is as follows ‘9 Ma) to obta
Sones
ayant
A 8 A
cet 10, Pop tu o 9
4 12 og 2
su \
re Ls Parallel
2
41206 WY 12=6
; 8
x0
Parts
NOy12 a
®
ee
Scanned with CamS {Sem 1/11 /sepyy
an De Circus
ga0x12 fa 8415)
*I0+12 = 5450 he Reap" -s
43 Division of Current Between Paratte | _ iets
# Resistors : k er (8416)
Fig 844 which shows the two resistors R, ang g, | ~ Test ate the expressions for the currents lowing
in parallel with each other
a voltage SOUrce of voltage V is connected across the
gatet combination and the total curent supplied ¢
qemperes
ust the curTent flowing through R, be J,
trough R:be ly
iA 1
Bs ;
+h Red [
La
+ 7
(asta) Fig. 8.4.4 : Division of current between
parallel resistors
and that
Supt: Odtain the current through each resistor:
+ The voltage across each resistance is V volts. Hence:
using the ohm's law,
(8423)
fective resistance of parallel
‘combination :
The equivalent resistance of the paraltel combination is
Sry,
RR
RR
**03: Obtain the expressions for and lz?
omparing Equations in (84.23) we can write that
Vis Reb,
BR eR,
a (8424)
‘through the resistors connected in parallel
. 845: Deter
Fig P.8.4.5(a},
Re
ne the values of and |,
(Ag Fig. P. 8.4.5(a) : Given circuit
Soln.: Simplify th
and (2,
given circuit
ss shown in Fig. P. B4S(b)
at
sav’
av"
Paratel
S12,
sqna2
(4-90) Fig. P.8.4.5(c) : Final cireult
Step 1 : Calculate by : From Fig. P.84S(c),
R= 6ke4Sk= 108k
wv
TOSKD = 37MA
From Fig. P.84.5(b),
Rk
BkeaEsh
he
Urvent division in paraltel resistors
UF Tectknonteaga
ES SCaireu wiur canis DE Circuits
§& Basic Electrical Engineering (Sem. |/ Il/SPPU) 8.12 ES
2
39 * 37 mA= 222 mA Ans.
Ty = -1) 237-222 = 148mA ns.
8.4.4 Division of Voltage in the Series
Connected Resistors :
= Fig. 84.5 shows the series circuit containing resistors Ry
and R;. Let the source of V volts be connected across it.
= The current flowing through both resistors is same,
equal to L Apply KVL to the loop seen in Fig. 845 to
write
V = R+iR;
v
T= hee
(a0 Fig. 8.4.5 : Voltage division in series circuit
Hence voltage across R; is,
Va = XR RRR
Ry
mane! (84.7)
Similarly, voltage across Rois,
Ve = DR Ea RR
Ry
“aaeeY (8.4.18)
= Ingeneral if there are n number of resistors Ry, Ry» Ry
connected in series then the voltage across any resistor
R, where x = 1, 2, . mis given by,
Va = 1xR, mY ~8429)
Rehr
8.4.5 Relative Potential
= The telative potential is defined as the potential at a
point in a circuit with respect to that of another point
called reference point oF common point.
tn Fig, 84.6(a), we have shown a circuit and noted the
at points A, 8 and C with respect to
relative potentials
different reference points
+ gy - * JOY ~_—« Volage at point A with rompect
Wo B sdenotod as
yy
K
Lo i rateence pont
Potent at point is measined
{a-s2y(a) Given circult
+ 30 - + 70
po — 9g
+ 30 - + 7M -
WW gg = 130
Vag Yes
\
Reterence
point
(A.90(¢) Voltages with respect to point B
+ 30 - + ry -
K« 3 gy = -20V
~—Von—# on
hon Vea
t Vex -20-70 = -100V
Reference
paint
(4-98 (d) Voltages with respect to point A
Fig. 846
~ Any point in the circuit can be selected as a reference
point. The reference point is often called as the ground
or earth point. Fig. 846(e) shows different symbols
used for representing the earth or ground points.
idl
(4-96 Fig. 84.6): Diferent symbols used for ground, earth
oF common point ina circuit
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sos Ensen Engineering (Sem. 1//SPPU) 813
f series & parallel circuits :
noon
ee crews
| banda Parallel circuits
Ne : -
| athe resistors in series circuit carry the same current Votage across each resistor connected in me
1 parallel circuit is same.
The tial voltage V applied across the series ressive orc | Total current | fs equal 1o the sum of eurrents
| fe sm of wotage de acess te nial | roche ni sto @ pth tht
=|
resistors 0. V=Vs + V2 + V5
—T euivalent resistance Ry =R, +R, *Ry+_.+ att
3 ea Ry Equivalent resistance R- = R, * Ry
{| Equvelent resistance Ry is higher than each individual | The equivalent resistance Rr is smaller then the
resistance. i.e. Ry> Ry, Ry> Ry. Rr Ry emallest resistor connected inthe parallel circult
Endo ensoonnecon
doneyon point
oy
‘Same current f
ke
L
surion point 8
(4.206)
(105)
£4,846 : For the circuit shown in Fig. P. 8.4.6(a), calculate
be eflecve resistance across the source.
Ven)
1
4
ina
150 Sones
(©) wa Fig. P,
From ig. P. 84.6) we ca
write thatthe res
across the source is, fhe raises
E
3 Paral!
33-150)
b
- R= 14171415 sa210
Ans,
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aa
19 (Sem 1/ HW /SPPU)
Important Noto : In the complex network its not possible
10 assign curent through each branch and make the
decision of series oF parallo! connection of resistors,
Hence follow the rules given below to decide about the
_Serios or parallel connection.
Rule 1:
between them has only two connecting wires,
[WO resistors ate in series if the common point
Rule 2: Two resistors ave said to be in parallel if they are
connected across each other
Examples for Practice ae
we
(Please refer our website www.techknowledgebooks.com
for complete solution of these examples.)
te
cen
s00 154
Zant]
2
a ml tn
reset
15a.
ae
Fecundant branch
as iStiensig's
Shon erected
me ha 7: For he cut shown in Fig. 8.47, cluto ein rig eae) Teale
Case 2: Any branch which has both its terminals shon
Bs rye Circuited will also be a redundant branch because
hi, ft i ‘current flowing through such a branch wil te
av ny 10v zero, This has been illustrated in Fig. 85.1(b),
his source does not affect the analysis of the
(97 Fig. P. 8.4.6: Given circuit remaining circuit. Therefore it can be treated asa
ANS. Vag = 23.V, Veg= “19 A, Vic = =21V Fedundant branch and hence can be removed
Ex. 8.4.8 : For the network shown in Fig. P. 8.4.8, find | EX 8.5.1 : Consider the star network shown in
VyNo and VaVo
8.5 Removal of Redundant Branches and
Redundant Subcircuit
ee
- Arredundant branch (or group of branches) is the one
which can be removed from the citcuit without
affecting the circuit, There are three possible cases in
which a branch becomes redundant.
Any branch that does not carry current is
redundant and hence can be removed without
affecting the circuit, This is illustrated in Fig. 85.1,
Case 1:
Fig. P. 8.5.1(a). The resistance between terminals A ard B
with C open is 6.9, between B and C with A open is 11.0
and between terminals C and A with B open is 90. Then frd
the values of Ry, Rg and Re.
A
Soln.
Given:
Bas = 62 with C open. (See Fig, P.85.1(0)
From Fig. P. 8.5.1(0),
Ra = Rit Ry = 60 Given
Rar = 6 a
remem i) ) pee
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quation (2) 10 98%
Ry Series ‘Subtract Equation (3) from E
ms oe Rpt Re = WL
HOV Pedant : |
sf ranch uete = 8
8 Re ¢ Rat Re
08h Ry-Ra = 2 (4)
(4112090 Fig. P. 8.5.16) i
” Add Equation (1) and Equation a, :
Rohe = 6
10 with A open. (See Fig. P. 85.1(¢)
Aopen
Redundant
branch
Ac Sones Ans.
OE apo |
ad substitute in Equation 10 get
med = 6s &e28 As.
wat Fig. 85.06
Subattte in Equation 3) to get
tami ?- 8530)
aor = 9
fac = Ret Re#l1@ Given
= 70 _
Ree Re = 112 (2) Re
Ret Re =9 @ Ra
2 Similarly, Ree
£1882: For the circuit shown in Fig. P. 8.5.2(a) calculate the net resistance between the terminals A and B.
Sein Refer Fig, P, 85.2(a) to P. 8.5.2(d) on the next page.
53 P.852\a): 1. Resistors of values 2, 8 and 6 @ are in series.
2. Resistors 7 and 9 are in series.
3, Resistors 25 and 3.5 are in series.
4. Resistors 12 and 12 are in parallel.
*3F.8521): 1. Resistors 6 and 6 are in parallel
2. Resistors 16 and 16 are in parallel.
Resistors 3 and 8 are in series.
Resistors 11 and 11 are in parallel
‘
9 P8521),
resistance between A and Bis
hopuasssa
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asa “Bethe Se
@ £23 Resets (6 6) = 332
aay _mecres
{a) Given circuit
A - “=
erasers
orden
ad * “area 8
w @
(4.2885) Fig. P. 8.5.2
Ex. 6.53: Find Rag shown in Fig. P. 85.3(a).
200 100 .
(42996 Fig. P. 8.5.3(a): Given circuit
Soin. : The simplification ofthe given circuit is as shown in Figs, P.85.3(6) to Fig P.85.3(9,
pss in senes
ised
©
ee re
8 100 4
© oO» a po
200, ‘oa
gon © 40a
aretare tty De
edie
©
(A2097Fig,
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Resa
ssc) Pomel 25112561250
estore
F eens
sonwesal _ ul
—
a ia
2997 Fig. P.8.5.3
fomfig.P. 85310) Ry = $4125 +8=2550
asa: Determine the current forthe cra shown in Fig P-O54(@)
an 20
ee
(0 Fina eireuit
20,
Ssh: Obtain the total equivalent resistance Ry as shown in Figs. P. 85.4(b) to Fig. P. 8.5.4(g).
Rosisors in
Resietors in pavalieh
Re2yee=120
o
Resistors in seri
Qund6 2.2+6"8
Resistors in parallel :
Resistors
in series
so 20 2+48=680
490
126.8
4 12468
= 1.020
' sia
3
(g) Final circuit (0) ©
(42999 Fig. Solution of Ex. 8.5.4
“er simplification the circuit is as shown in Fig. P. 85.4(9).
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Ry = 49
100 _ 100 '
Cunentt = “Rot = HP = 25 Amp Ans.
Ex. 8.8.5 : For the circuit shown in Fig. P. 85 5(a), find the
tesistanco between the terminals A and D. The wires
‘connecting the points A-C and B-D have practically zero
resistances.
vs a ae |
i (ita i
Sta)
(4.3000) Fig.
Soln,
For the solution, refer Figs. P. 85.5(b) to Fig, P. 85.5(¢)
As shown in Fig. 85.5(¢), Rap = 571.0
Resistors in
parallel
Rpg * (1011 201 40)
ia fot Loa pales ro *( 7
Lense
{4-305) Fig. P.8.5.6(a)
Step 2: Obtain the required voltages :
2 Ww»
H E
“1a ly=2h
Direction of race
(42006) Fig. P. 8.5.6(b)
AN P a
Ry = (101120 1140)
Ver = -5h+10-5b Refer Fig. P. 855°)
= ~5(1) +10-5(2)=-5V a
ie. Cis negative with respect to E
. sw
i | 10V a 72 ee
i238
Direction of trace
(4.3007) Fig. P. 8.5.6(c)
Vic = +6h +1047
Vac = +6(1) +10 + 7(2) = 30V
ie. Ais positive with respect to 6.
200 > —H—
a eT
10 * 20 +30
Se sain
E ier
4002 a
(b) Simplified it (c) Final cireuit
(4-301) Fig. P. 8.5.5
Ex. 8.5.6 : Find the Vee and Vgc for the circuit shown in
Fig. P.856 Pa
eo Pa
f € F
ty
ise sa sa oy
je
(9.2004 Fig. P. 85.6
Soin. :
Step 1: Assign the loop currents and obtain their
Ex. 8.57
ind the equivalent resistence between poins A
‘and B forthe network shown Fig. P.8.5.7(a).
(43008) Fig. P,8.5.7(a) :
Soin. :
Refer Fags. P. 85,710) to. 85.7) forthe solton
Therefor je
© equivalent resistance between points Aa
values :
20v ov
a ponte yh zon “24
s17320,
ost
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gost loctrical Engineering (Sem. 1/ 11/SPPU)
Rosisors in paalll
(61) = 33.
24 “7
=240
on,
17320
(©) Final cireuit
pe circuits,
8-19
Rositors in parallel,
(aya) = 354
Resistors in sens
para sie
2an 172
> #.
° 2 «§O
wo
jsistors in parallel
Rosters in paral
430, /gaya.ty = 3241
+ 8
3a
@
(4-3009) Fig. P. 8.5.7 : Solution to Ex. 8.5.7
§.6 Source Transformation
For the simplification of complex networks the
transformation of voltage source to an equivalent
current source or vice versa is often necessary.
= Solin this section we are going discuss the procedure of
source transformation.
Definition of equivalent sources :
(b) Equivalent current source
(30 Fig. 8.6.2
‘Stops to be followed :
Two sources are said to be equivalent if they supply the same)
lod current for the same load connected across thei
leminals. :
464 Transformation of Voltage Source to
Current Source : ISPPU May 06
pugieraty auestions]
Explain how a voltage source can be converted into
Step1: Calculate the load current |, for the voltage|
source,
Step 2: Obtain expression for load current |, for the|
current source.
Step 3: Equate the two load currents and obtain]
expressions for | and R,., and draw the equivalent
source,
current source thay 06) |
The practical voltage source shown in Fig. 8.6.1(2) is to
be transformed into an equivalent current source.
Step 1: Calculate the load current I, for the voltage
source :
= The resistors Rs and R, are in series, therefore the
effective resistance is Ry = Re + R. Hence the load
current is given by the Ohm's law as
Rs y= t-_%
t= OR eR) ean
i . S92: Wit te eorsslon for, of caren source:
whe — Referring to Fig, 8.6.1(b) we can w
Retr 8 rite the expression for
ye oe
(a) Given voltage source (Ry +R) * T (8.6.2)
WH hateana
Scanned with CamS SF Basic Electrical Engineering (Sem. 1/11/SPPU)
the load currents
For the equivalence of the sources, the load currents
‘given by Equations (8 6.1) and (8.6.2) should be equal
v Roy
(RR) = TR, RS! a3)
V = IRyand Ry + R= Ry +R,
V = 1Ryand Ry = Rn (864
v
1 =X and Ry = Ry 865)
Thus the magnitude of the current of equivalent current
source should be V / R; and the shunt internal
resistance is Ry = Ry
~The equivalent current source is as shown in Fig. 86.2.
x
Poche,
4: Transform voltage SOurce shoyp,
Ex.
Figs. P_ 8.6 1(a) and (b) Into an equivalent current soug
20 20
i= wn
ww
@ ©)
(2136 Fig. P. 8.6.1: Given sources
Soin. :
= The magnitude of current source is gien gy
1=102=5A
— But the direction ofthe current sources will be diferen,
as shown in Figs. P. 86.1(c) and (d).
20.
20
ov = Osa
©
V.Rs
(4.5537) Fig. 8.6.2 : Voltage source transformed
into current source
8.6.2 Transformation of Current Source to
Voltage Source :
- We will follow the same steps followed for the
transformation of a voltage source to current source
and reach the Equation (8.64) which states that,
V = IRy and Rp=Ry
= Thus the magnitude of the voltage of equivalent
voltage source will be IRy, and the internal series
resistance is Rs = Ryy, The equivalent voltage source is
as shown in Fig. 86.3.
(8.66)
Voltage source
Wei Ryn Re = Ral
(4.5539) Fig. 8.6.3 : Current source transformed
into voltage source
2a
or ‘ be .
(a) as Fig.
8.6.1 : Equivalent sources
[The direction of current source depends on the direction ol
the voltage source. As seen from Figs. . 8.6.1(c) and (itis
always from the negative to positive of the voltage source
Ex.
862
Figs. P. 8.6.2(a) into an equivalent voltage source.
200.
il 7 “po
(0) Given source
Convert the current source shown in
(©) Equivalent voltage source
(ann Fig. P. 8.6.2
Soin. :
~The equivalent shown I
Fig. P. 86.200
~ _ Note the polarity of the voltage source. The direction
arrow of the current source points towards the posit?
terminal ofthe voltage source
voltage source is
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3: Convert the current source shown in
36
x * Je a(a) tots equivalent voltage source.
fe A 49
pws
al aa v@
(5
8
() Equivalent voltage source
cy civen circu
(9-239) Fig, P. 8.6.3
gant
jhe equivalent voltage source is shown in
fig. P8630.
qhe magnitude of equivalent voltage is 20.8 x 4.0
= s0V and see the polarity.
she arrow of the current source always indicates the
rection of positive terminal of the voltage source.
463. Voltage Sources in Series :
fig. 864 shows the various combinations of voltage
seurces connected in series.
depending on polarities of the individual sources, the
teminal (total) voltage polarities and magnitude wil
iter.
864 Current Sources in Parallel
821
Ex. 8.6.4 ; For the oi
voltage across 402 resistance by Sou
(as) Fig. P. 8.6403)
Soln.:
Step 1 : Convert the 6 V source into current source and
draw the circuit:
ie
oi |
(4.189) Fig. P. 8.6.4(b) : Conversion
30
Parallel
316= 22 20 12
Refer Fig. 8.6.5.
b a oo
as0 (0)
2 ta
—, WA,
9 L 1y+le a® Oa Sen
@)
vy v, ~
a
Yo We-¥) Wy+Vp
Lee Le 5 Te
Tt Te
- 2. .
rm) ) © roy
un Fig. 6.4
WE atennas
OULAIINIEU WILE Gao. Electrical Enginoering (Sem. /1!/SPPU)
‘Step 2: Convert 2A source to voltage source :
The 2 A source of Fig. P, 86.4(d) is converted to a
voltage source and the circuit is redrawn as shown in
!
or eth :
[OF
oe
4 wa Sf 52
wT © 4
wo
(4.158) Fig. P. 8.64
‘Step 3 : Convert the 4 V source
The 4 V source is converted to a current source of 1 A
‘and the circuit is redrawn as shown in Fig. P. 86419)
and it is further simplified as shown in Fig. P. 86.4(h)
n® oO 5
Sources
inparaiel
1As3A=4A
9
h
$f
(h) Final circuit
(Aas0fFig. P. 8.6.4
Step 4: Find |, and Vi:
From Fig. P. 86.4(h) we get
22 ty
ysformations, dete
eeeRaTOR Ae tition, sity
js sistance oF the VoIaG 8CrO88 6 gy
5 ohm
cual fo °.6650). EESTI
{for the circult shown in
30 6a 20
150 350
ow 6.0
w-2013) Fig. P-B.6.5(@)
Soln.
Step 1: Convert the
6 V source into current source:
6 2
a
Paral
‘ai6=20
O)
6 2
6b be]
©
asouFig. P. 8.6.5
‘Step 2 : Convert the 2 A source Into voltage source :
C)
(amsFig. 86.5
‘Step 3: Convert 4 V source into current souret
wl
ai dist, Se
4
1 = GARHAAZLIBA Ans
k= des
‘Sau?
Ys 4eke4xL7Ba
©
= 72 Ans. (4-3016 Fig. P. 8.6.5 (Contd...)
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| pH
BX Zao, Je 6
(0.3016 Fig. P:8.6.5(9): Final circuit
across 50:
pa votag®
ig P. 865 We Get
i
| 3
[ge ge brg 24-2067 Amm
| gage aco $ 0 restor=
| © 10675 = 5330
| Example for Practice a
plese refer our website wrw.techknowledgebooks.com
ete solution of this example.)
forcompl
Sian a
2 otage Vor the neon shown Fig P. 8.6.8}
wo 12 2 43v
pc circuits
different manner
a, R, and Ry are
be redrawn if
The star network can b
\e resistors
‘as shown in Fig. 87.1(b). TH
said to be connected in star
«the star connection is ¥ connection
The other name fot
1
Fe
i
(a) Star network
(aasy
8.7.2 The Delta Network :
Define dolta network.
(150) Fig. P. 8.6.6(0)
ms. Ve
87 Star-Delta and Delta-Star
Transformatio!
Volts
In practice we will come across circuits that are more
complicated than the series and parallel circuits we
have dealt with till now.
~ Any complicated network can be reduced (converted)
into two special type of networks called star and delta
networks.
{14 The Star Network : SaaUen eae)
Sart aan
reat diagram :
Fg. 87) shows the star network and Fig. 87.100)
‘Shows its equivalent network.
The star network is obtained by connecting one end of
3th of the three resistors Ry, R; and Ry together. This
Circuit diagram :
= Fig. 87.2(a) shows the delta network and
Fig, 87.2(b) shows its equivalent network.
= The delta network is also known as mesh
connection. Its equivalent circuit is as shown. in,
Fig. 87.2(b).
= The name delta has been used because this
configuration due to its resemblance with the greek
letter delta (4).
= The delta network is obtained by connecting the three
resistors to form a close loop or path
Ras
(@) Delta network
(b) Equivalent circuit of
delta network
(A589 Fig, 8.7.2
~fommon point is called as the star point “S”.
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8.7.3 Delta-Star Transformation :
PUA REM RAE
CLR ee
Derive formulae to convert Delta connected
network into its star connected equivalont notwork
| (May 13, May 14, 6 Marks)
Derive the expressionsformulae to convert dolta
connected network Into ts equivalent star
connected network (Dee. 14, May 15, 7 Marks)
CObiain the equations to convert dett-connected
Engineering (Sem. 1/IN/SPPU)_
jas
resistances into equivalent star circuit
(Dec. 15, May 19, 6 Marks)
\Witn usual notation, derive step by step formulae
for converting dtta elements of the network to star
‘basis, (Dec. 18, 6 Marks)
Delta to star conversion :
= Let us now see how to convert the delta network to an
equivalent network. The delta network to be converted
is shown in Fig. 873(a) and its equivalent star network
is as shown in Fig. 8.7.3b).
= The delta and its equivalent star is as shown in
Fig. 87.300.
= The delta network consists of resistances Riz, Rey Raz
connected between nodes 1, 2 and 3,
= The equivalent star consists of resistances Rx, Ro, and Rs
= We need to obtain expressions for Ri, Re, Rs in terms of,
Raa, Rovand Ray
Condition for equivalence of networks :
— Two networks are said to be equivalent networks if and
only if the resistance measured between each pair of
terminals are identical.
DC Cir,
get iis he reHONCE MOSES beta
ha 42 of the delta network, they.
measured between 1 and 3,1
the terminals 1 2
should be equal to Riz
the star network
similarly the resistances Ri
the corresponding resistors of sta,
and Ra; of delta aso shou,
bbe equal to
Steps to obtain expressions for Rr) Ray Ra:
rte down the resistance values for the gg)
Ste 1 hy oar networks. For example Ry Rs and |
for star and delta
step 2: Obtain the value of Ri by solving the express
Ri, + Rj, ~ Ry for star and delta networks ang
then equating the values for both the networks
Step3: Siilanly obtain the values of Rr and R, by
coling thw equations R:, + Ry ~ Ri ond
Fj + RyRy respectively.
‘Step 1: Obtain the resistance values for delta and star
networks :
Resistances in delta network :
The resistance values for the delta network can be
‘obtained as shown in Fig. 87.4,
= As shown in Fig. 8.7-4(a), the resistance between the
nodes 1 and 2 of the delta network is obtained by
assuming that a source is connected between points
and 2
~ Current division takes place at node 1. Hence the
Fesistors Ry, and Ry, are in series as they carry the same
Current Iz, And the series combination of these resistos
isin parallel with resistance R,»
Equivalent
star
Pra, Fay
. 2
Ros s
i
(a) Delta network tobe converted _(b) Equivalent str network
(bet
(189) Fig. 8.7.3 2 Date lone ae
Wrenn
ovaiiicu witth Gdl ry
“tec Enginoring (Som. 1/1/SPPU
Re Ry
+
ok.
10
Resistance between nodes 1 and 2
Ry Big MER yy ER)
thy
Resistance between 2 and 3
Ry MAR # Ryd
pc circults
Resistors
Rewstors Ingots ty
Resistance between 1 and 3
Riyy Ry HAR ys # Ras)
Ry
Ry + Ry) 7
Ry PR Ry Ran fey) Rey? Ra
on Raster Sota (b) Resistance between (e Resistance between
ease nodes (2) and (3) nodes (2) and (3)
_—— (1-160 Fig. 8.7.4: Resistances for delta Shes
_ qecefore resistance between the points 1 and 2 is | - Similarly we can obtain the other two resistances
given by, Ry, and Rj, as shown in Fig. 87.5(0) and Fig. 87.5(0)-
The resistances for the star are as given below,
Ry = Rul Rss + Rad |
Ryan + Rosd Ay = + Ry, R= eR, Rash) —~C74) |
7 Reaky aka (g72) i
The other two resistances R,, and Ry, can be obtained 1 Rosine
similarly a5 shown in Fig. 8.7.4(b) and Fig. 87.4(c). Thus 4
the esistances forthe delta connection areas follows eal
Gurront
RuxlRon + Rod)
Ra Ra Ra a
a (872)
Palin + Ra
aa + Bin + Rad” Rip" Ry +R; as R, and Ry
Raia + Pad arcin sees * 7
Ti+ Ra + Rd (@) Resistance between nodes 2 and 3 |
1
Fesstnces in star network: |
~The resistances for the star network can be obtained 2s |
shown in Fig, 875. |
i |
As shown in Fig. 875(a) the resistance between nodes |
and 2 of a star network is obtained by assuming that |
2 source is connected between points 1 and 2.
~The same current I flows through Ry and Ry as current thy
‘trough R, will be zero (open branch). Hence R'is the Ry = Ry + Ry
es combination of Ryand Ry ae Leis
See 273) (161 Fig. 8.7.5 (Contd...)
We atewieags
a (RAT TT
u
wir cans Basic Electrical Engineering (Sem_1/ 11 /SPPU)
Rowistors
insorios
(6) Resistance between nodes 1 and 3
(U-160 Fig. 87.5 : Resistances of star network
Step 2: To obtain the value of R,
= To obtain the value of Ry let us solve the following
expression
(875)
~ For a star network substitute the values of these
resistors from Equation (8.7.4) to get,
Ry) - (Ro + R= 2A
RoR) +6 (87.6)
~ Now substitute the values of these resistances for the
delta network from Equation (8.7.2) into Equation (87.5)
toget
Rusty; + Rd Ru (Rize Ra) _RoslRiz + Ru)
Rass Rae Run Ria + Rn Rn
RoR
. Rize Rae Rn
PRR
Ra Apeky eR, ~lFor Deta).(877)
As we have obtained the value of Rs + Rj, - Rivfor star
and delta networks we can equate their values. So
equating Equations (8.7.6) and (87.7) we get,
2RRis
am = (Riz + Roy + Roy)
RyRy Rar,
Le Rae Ra +Ral ae)
where R = Rj + Ray + Ry
Step 3: To obtain the expressions for R, and Ry :
The value of R; can be obtained by solving the equation
(Riz + Rjj~ Ry) for star as well as delta networks. The
expression for R; is given by,
2S Chery
» of Ry is obtained by solving the equas.
1) for star as well as delta networs
8.26
expression for Ry is given BY,
Pu
RyRy ___ RonF
7,
R= RyeRne Rw R 49
the tansormed star from Gen GERD iS thoy,
Fig 876
Exyatent tar
ro)
iven delta and equivalent star networks
160}Fig. 8.7.6 :
[Note : The value of Ry is equal to the product of the |
resistors associated with node 1. ie. Ry and Ry, divided by |
the total resistance R. OR remember that the resistance |
Ras in front of R, is absent in the numerator.
Trick to remember :
~ _ BY careful observation of Fig, 87.6, we can formulate #
tule/trick to femember the conversion from delta ‘©
star.
Any resistance in the equivalent star can be obtained bY
‘aking the product of the adjacent resistors in the det?
RoR,
a id then dividi
R= RyyRn+ R 879) = 'ng the product by the sum of all the
an Revs Ra) Fesistors in the delta network ce
Wr reeenh
OLAIINICU WILLE Gad Tis in delta
Riz + Rar + Ray
sunaty we CaN Ob R, and Ry The expressions for
and Rare
Ruf
i+ Rs + Ra
RoR,
and Ry =
Rae Rye Ry
R,
ra, Star to Delta Conversion :
Derive an expression to convert star connected
at
network into its equivalent delta connected
retwork (May 12, Dec. 12, 6 Marks)
‘a2 Derive formula to convert STAR connected
network into its equivalent DELTA circuit
(Dec. 16, 6 Marks)
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caving sr eoments oe mar o dts |
falow the steps given below for the conversion from
stato delta
‘eps tobe followed
Sup 1: Consider the resistance values betwoen diferent
nodes for star and della networks
$892: Obtain the values of RRB, Ry Ry and RyRy in terms
of Ry, Roy and Ry.
Step 3: Obtain the value of RAR; + Ry Ry + RVR = R
Sep 4: Now divide R by Ry, Rz and Ry to obtain the
expressions for Riz, Reyand Ror aS
S51: Consider the resistors for the star and the delta
networks:
(8.77), (879 and (87.10) to write,
Ruf,
the values of R, Ry, Ri Reand Re Re
ByPesR a7
PiRr = (Rye Ra © Rud
RyRuk (87.12)
RoR = ay + Ray ¢ Ra)
me e719
Ry
= Adding the above three equations we get.
RyRe + R2 Rs + Ras
any + RaPasPos + RR
. Ry Ran + ResPash i “(e714
7 (Ry + Ris # Rn)
— Now dive Equation (87:14) by the equation of
R,tovet,
yh + RyRy + PiRy _ RuRy + Rr + RusBn
R Rue Ry Red
Ros (Raz + Ros + Run)
= Raz + Ray + Rad
RAR, + RL Ry + RARy ® azn
Let RR, + Ry Ry + RRy Rthen
mE 8716)
~ Similarly we can obtain the expressions for Ry, and Ray
by dividing Equation (8 7.14) by R, and R, as follows
Dividing by R, we get.
RR FRR RR, RR eR Ras
R = Rae Ran Ra
(ut Rae Rid
Rue Rae Ra)
RR + RR + Ry
R
Rn = R 8717)
Similarly we can prove that
R
a (A718)
The given star citcuit and the equivalent delta is as
shown in Fig 877.
Thus the transformation from star to dett
This is a5 shown in Fig. 87.7
scanned witn vam
|
j
J
Ss sn RR,
(a) Given star {(b) Equivatent detta
Gren sar
Equant deta
Ry = RR,
Roy = RR,
(c) Star and delta combined
Tick to remember :
Any elemert in deta
Equyalent resistance instar
“Opposite resistance instar —
(4-163) Fig. 87.7 : Star to delta conversion
8.28 28 Ce
Trick to remember
conversion equations for the star
= The conversion eq 2
conversion can be remembered 25 follows :
‘Any resistance in equivalent delta
Resistance R in star
‘Opposite resistance in star
Where equivalent resistance R= Ris + Ry Ry + RyRy
Ex 74: Fd equal reslance betwen Aaa py
savesinobn.ReerF.P-074. TERRE
‘ee
(3025) Fig. P. 8.7.1
Soln. :
Simplify the circuit as follows to obtain Ry
Series 13:33
=>
R= Ry omar
Dea ter
o
vo —
Spies
cain Bi
-
(dP =
Convert dela ADC to star?
1010
R= =R=T5y 3p eig7 3330
From Fig. P. 87.(d) we get
333+ 667 «Electrical Engineering (Som.1/IL/SPPU)
eos!
th
“zest 0 oak rosa tne
sass @ ard Oo" the cicut shown in Fig. P. 2.72%),
CER
62 62
20
32 40
(4.3579 Fig. P-8.7.2(a): Given circuit
sal.
simplify the given circuit as follows to find Ry.
sires
ore,
) )
(43576) Fig. P.8.72
Atostar conversion :
Convert the delta WYZW into star as follows :
66 9
R= R=R=Fe606
w 6 y
6
6
z
(aas77 Fig. P. 8.7.2(8)
Redraw the simplified circuit (Fig. P.872(€)-
Ayo
2-29
10
A. Parallel
& s04)8=975
cwas7a Fig. P. 8.7.29)
375 2
Se ine
\sones
(4.3579) Fig. P. 8.7.2(9) : Final circuit
From Fig, P. 87.2(g) we get.
Ry = 375+2=5759 ANS.
Ex. 8.7.3 :Find the resistance between & and C. All the
resistance values are in ohm. Refer Fig. P. 8.7.9.
Dans
12
(a-a797 Fig. P. 8.7.3 : Given circuit
Soin. :
‘Step 1: Convert the inner delta to star :
32)
(@) 199 Fig. P. 8.7.3
3x3
Ri=ze305 1%
= The circuit after this conversion is shown in
Figs. P. 87.3(¢) and (d).
TechKnowtedge
Scanned with CamS 8.
PE Cha,
> a ay
ead
ye Me Sy
Re
(e)Inner star (f): Equivalent delta
(4.4100) Fig. P.
Stop 3 : Find Roc?
Sorin! From Fig. P. 8.7.0h)
[Rec] = 10.07 |) 11.95 = 5460 i
Parallol = 4 920
Parallel = 5 1508 |
© ea \ 70
@ (h) : Final circuit.
my
(a asi. 2.873 ee emer? || at
tse haat a ed : Deloria elective resistance bahar Au
~ Equivalent star resistance is given by, Refer Fig. P. 8.7. Mish Daan
is
R= (7x4) + (4% 8)+ (8x7) =1169 A
R= Gosusa » (Fig. P. 8:7.3(f)
me Me ieteid
(45392) Fig. P. 8.7.4(a):
iven circuit
~The circuit after conversion is as shown in Fig, P.87.3(g)
tes Sotn.; For solution reter Fig, P. 8.7.40) to Fig. P. 87410
Convert delta DEF to star: Find Ray
‘The dela exists between O.E and F
Ry
Total resistance in deka
bre
Srbe5
Wy amet
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a
"i
han
> F
F ties za
14 ad
oven 122
ieiat
Pe 4
‘x a ¢ Rosistorain
