Chapter 1 Notes
Chapter 1 Notes
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
• Chemical Change : A process in which a new substance is formed is called chemical change.
• Chemical Reaction : The process involving a chemical change is called a chemical change.
The chemical substances taken originally which may react together are called reactants and the new
chemical substances formed are called products.
( Reactants) ( products)
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• Then balance other elements one by one.
• To balance the atoms of an element, put a small whole number coefficient before the formula of the
compound
• Step6: To check the correctness of the balanced equation by counting the number of atoms of each
element on both sides of the equation.
• This method is known as hit and trial method.
Important Cautions:
• To make the number of atoms of any element equal on both sides of the equation, we cannot change
the subscripts of the formula.
• We can only place a suitable whole number coefficient before the formula.
• The coefficient placed before the formula multiplies every atom of that formula by that number.
Reaction Conditions:
• Temperature or heat
• Pressure
• Catalyst
• This is indicated above and /or below the arrow in the equation.
(i) Combination reaction: When two or more substances combine to form a single product.
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(ii) Decomposition reaction: When a single reactant breaks down to give two or more simpler product.
(1) Thermal Decomposition: Decomposition reactions which take place by absorbing heat.
heat
Eg: FeSO4 (s) ------------------ Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
(green) (ferric oxide) ( smell of burning sulphur)
heat
CaCO3(s) ---------------- CaO(s) + CO2(g)
heat
2Pb(NO3)2(s) --------- 2PbO(s) + NO2 (g) + O2
(white) (yellow) (brown fumes)
(2) Electrolytic Decomposition: Decomposition reactions which take place when electric current is passed
through the compound in the molten state or in aqueous solution.
electricity
Eg: 2H2O ---------------- 2H2 + O2
electricity
2NaCl --------------- 2Na + Cl2
(3) Photo Decomposition : Decomposition reactions which take place by absorbing sunlight.
sunlight
2AgCl ------------- 2Ag + Cl2
(white) (grey)
sunlight
2AgBr ------------ 2Ag + Br2
(iii) Displacement Reaction : Displacement reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive
metal.
Fe + CuSO4 ------- FeSO4 + Cu
(iv) Double Displacement or Precipitation Reaction : The reactions in which two ionic compounds in the
solution react by exchange of their ions to form a new insoluble compound formed are called double
displacement or precipitation reactions.
Eg: Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) --------- BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl (aq)
( white precipitate)
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General formula for different types of reactions
OXIDATION REDUCTION
Loss Gain
HYDROGEN
Gain Loss
OXYGEN
heat
Eg: Cu + O2 ----------- 2CuO
(Brown) ( black)
CuO + H2 ----------- Cu + H2O
Corrosion : The process of slowly eating up of the metals due to attack of atmospheric gases such
as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour etc… on the surface of the metals so as to convert the
metal into oxide, carbonate etc…is known as corrosion.
Rancidity : The oxidation of oils or fat resulting into a bad smell and bad taste is called rancidity
Prevention of Rancidity :
1. Packing of food materials replaced the air with Nitrogen
2. Food materials should be placed at low temperatures.
3. Addition of Antioxidants.
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