SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,

NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
18MAB302T-DISCRETE MATHEMATICS FOR
ENGINEERS
Unit-I (Set Theory, Relations)

1. Represent the following set in tabular form:

(i )=A {x : x 2 − 3 x +=
2 0}
=(ii ) B {x : x is an integer & 1 < x < 7}
=(iii ) C {x : x is a perfect square , x < 30}
(iv) D = {x : x is a positive integral divisor of 60}
2. (a) Which of the following sets are equal
A = {x : x ∈ N , x < 4}
B = {x : x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0}
C = {x : x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 = 0}
(b) Let A = {1, 2… 8, 9}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, D = {3, 4, 5}, E = {3, 5}
Which of the above sets can equal to X under each of the following conditions?
(i) X and B are disjoint. (ii) X ⊆ A but X ⊄ C.
(iii) X ⊆ D but X ⊄ B (iv) X ⊆ C but X ⊄ A.
3. If A= {1, 2, 3, 5}, B= {4, 5, 7} and C= {1, 6, 7} then prove that
(a) A ∩ (B ∆ C ) = ( A ∩ B ) ∆ ( A ∩ C )
(b) A − ( A − B ) ⊆ B.
(c) A − ( B ∩ C ) = ( A − B ) ∪ ( A − C ).
(d) A ∩ ( B − C ) = ( A ∩ B ) − ( A ∩ C )
(e) A − ( B − C ) = ( A − B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C ).
(f) A × ( B ∩ C ) = ( A × B ) ∩ ( A × C ).
(g) ( A − B ) × C = ( A × C ) − ( B × C ).
(h) ( A ∪ B ) × C = ( A × C ) ∪ ( B × C ).

4. Prove the following (in general):

(i ) A − ( B ∩ C ) = ( A − B) ∪ ( A − C )
(ii ) ( A ∪ B ) c = A c ∩ B c
(iii )( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ B c ) = A.
(iv)( A ∪ B) − ( A ∩ B) = ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A). [ Note the def n of symm. difference]
(v) If A ⊆ B & C ⊆ D then A ∪ C ⊆ B ∪ D & A ∩ C ⊆ B ∩ D.

5. If U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7}, A={1,2,3,5}, B={1,3,4,6}and C={1,2,4,7}find

(iv) A ∆ B
(i) n( A ∪ B ∪ C )
(v ) ( B ∆ C ) − A
(ii) n( A ∩ (B ∩ C ))
( )
(iii) n A ∩ B c ∩ C Write the dual of each equation:
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
18MAB302T-DISCRETE MATHEMATICS FOR
ENGINEERS
Unit-I (Set Theory, Relations)
(i ) A ∪ B = ( B c ∩ A c ) c (ii ) A = ( B c ∩ A) ∪ ( A ∩ B)
(iii ) A ∪ ( A ∩ B) = A (iv) ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A c ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ B c ) ∪ ( A c ∩ B c ) = U
6. Find the power set of S= {1, 2,{2},{1,2}, 3}.
7. If A = n then prove that P ( A) = 2 n .
8. The power set P(A) of a set A is the set of all subsets of A. Suppose that A = {1, 2, 3, 4,
5}.
a) How many elements are there in P(A)?
b) How many elements are there in P(A×P(A)) ∪ A?
c) How many elements are there in P(A×P(A)) ∩ A?
9. Let X = {1, 2… 8, 9}. Determine whether or not each of the following is a partition of X:
(a) [{1, 3, 6}, {2, 8}, {5,7,9}] (b) [{1,5,7},{2,4,8,9},{3,5,6}]
(c) [{2,4,5,8},{1,9},{3,6,7}] (d) [{1,2,7},{3,5},{4,6,8,9},{3,5}]
10. Let S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}. Determine whether or not each of the following is a partition of S:
(a) [{1,2,3},{1,4,5,6}] (b) [{1,2},{3,5,6}]
(c) [{1,3,5},{2,4},{6}] (d) [{1,3,5,},{2,4,6,7}]
11. Let [ A1 , A2 ,..., Am ] and [ B1 , B2 ,..., Bn ] be partitions of a set X. Show that the collection of sets
P = [ Ai ∩ B j : i = 1,2,..., m, j = 1,2,..., n] − φ
is also a partition (called the cross partition) of X.(Observe that we have deleted the empty set)
12. Let X = { 1, 2, 3, …,8,9}. Find the cross partition P of the following partitions of X:
P1 = [{1,3,5,7,9}, {2,4,6,8}] and P2 = [{1,2,3,4}, {5,7}, {6,8,9}]
13. Let A= {1, 3, 5}, B={x, y}, C = { α , β } Find A × B × C.
14. Let A = {a, b, c, d, e, f} and B = {beef, dad, ace, cab} and let R be the relation from A to B
where ( x, y ) ∈ R if x is a letter in the word y. Find the matrix M which represents R.
15. Let A= {2, 3, 4, 5} the relations R and S on A defined by
R={(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(3,4),(3,5),(4,5),(5,3)}
S={(2,3),(2,5),(3,4),(3,5),(4,2),(4,3),(4,5),(5,2),(5,5)}
Find the matrices of the above relations. Use the matrices to find out the following compositions of
the relations R & S:
(i ) R  S (ii ) R  R (iii ) S  R
16. List the ordered pairs in the relation R from A={0,1,2,3,4} to
B={0,1,2,3}where (a, b) ∈ R iff
(i) a = b (ii) a + b = 3 (iii) GCD(a, b) = 1
Draw the Matrix of relation R in each case.
17. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} , B = {4, 5, 6} and C = {5, 6, 7, 8} . Define relation R : A → B : xRy if
x + y = 2k ; S : B → C : xSy if y − x = 1 . Determine M R , M S and M R S .
18. On the set of real numbers, R & S are two relations defined as
R = {(a, b ) : a ≤ 2b} & S = {(b, c ) : b ≤ 3c}. Describe S  R and R  S . Does
(1, 5) ∈ S  R .
19. R is a relation on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} such that xRy if x − y ≤ 1 then draw the digraph of R .
20. Give an example of a relation which is
(i) neither symmetric nor antisymmetric (ii) both symmetric &
antisymmetric
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
18MAB302T-DISCRETE MATHEMATICS FOR
ENGINEERS
Unit-I (Set Theory, Relations)
(iii) symmetric but not antisymmetric (iv) antisymmetric but not
symmetric
(v) neither reflexive nor irreflexive

21. Which of the properties are followed by following relations:

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1  0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 
(i ) MR =  (ii ) MS =  (iii ) M T = 
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
     
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

(Reflexive, Irreflexive, Symmetric, Asymmetric, Antisymmetric and Transitive)

22. From question no. 9, obtain M R −1 , M R , M R ∪ S and M R ∩ S . Is M R −1 = M R ?
23. Determine whether the relation R , which is given as follows; is reflexive, irreflexive, symmetric,
asymmetric, antisymmetric or transitive:
(i) Empty relation on A = {1, 2, 3} i.e. R = ∅
(ii) Universal relation on A = {1, 2, 3} i.e. R = A × A
(iii) Relation of ⊆
(iv) Relation of ≤
(v) Relation of <
(vi) Relation of =
(vii) Relation of divisibility i.e. / on the set of Natural numbers.
(viii) Relation of divisibility i.e. / on the set of Integers.
(ix) Relation of perpendicular lines i.e. ⊥
(x) Relation of parallel lines i.e.
24. Consider the following relations on {1, 2, 3, 4}
R 1 = {(1,2)}
R 2 = {(2,2), (2,3), (3,2)}
R 3 = {(1,2), (4,2), (4,1), (3,2), (3,1), (3,4)}
R 4 = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (4,3), (3,1), (3,3)}
R 5 = {(1,1), (1,4), (1,2), (4,1), (4,4), (3,3), (3,2), (2,1), (2,2)}
R 6 = {(1,1), (1,3), (1,2), (1,4), (3,3), (3,2), (3,4), (2,2), (2,4), (4,4)}
Which of these relations are reflexive, irreflexive, symmetric, asymmetric, antisymmetric or
transitive?
25. Explain the following:
i) If R is reflexive ⇒ R ∩ R −1 is non empty.
ii) If R & S are reflexive, symmetric and transitive ⇒ R ∩ S is also…
iii) If R & S are transitive ⇒ R ∪ S need not be transitive.
26. Obtain the closure (Reflexive, symmetric and transitive) of the following relation:

1 2
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
18MAB302T-DISCRETE MATHEMATICS FOR
ENGINEERS
Unit-I (Set Theory, Relations)

4 3

27. What will be the reflexive and symmetric closures of the relation R = {(a, b ) : a < b} on the set of
integers?
28. Find the zero-one matrix of the transitive closure of the relation R where
1 0 1
R = 0 1 1  .
1 0 0

29. In the digraph (given in Q. no. 14) which of the following are paths: 3, 1, 2; 5, 1, 3, 2; 5, 4, 3, 1; 5, 1,
4, 3, 1; 1, 4, 3, 1? What are the lengths of those that are paths? Which of the paths in this list are circuits?

30. Show that the relation “is congruent modulo 3” on the set of integers is an equivalence relation. Find
also all equivalence classes.

31. Show that on a set, an equivalence relation always induces a partition.

32. R is a relation defined on Z × Z by (a, b )R (c, d ) if a + d = b + c . Show that R is an equivalence

relation. Find the equivalence class of (1, 5) and (2, 6 ) .
33. Show that the “less than or equal” relation (≤ ) is a partial ordering on the set of integers.
34. Show that the inclusion relation ⊆ is a partial ordering on the power set of a set A .
35. Draw the Hasse diagram representing the partial ordering {(a, b ) : a ≤ b} on {1, 3, 5, 7}.
36. Draw the Hasse diagram representing the partial ordering {(a, b ) : a divides b} on
{1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9,15}.
37. Draw the Hasse diagram for the partial ordering {( A, B ) : A ⊆ B} on the power set P(S ) where
S = {1, 2, 3} .
38. Let A and B be finite sets. Suppose A has m elements and B has n elements. State the relationship
which must hold between m and n for each of the following to be true:
(a) there exists a one-one (injection) map from A to B.
(b) there exists an onto (surjection) map from A to B.
(c) there exists a bijection (one-one onto) map from A to B.
(d)
39. Find the domain D and range of each of the following real-valued functions of a real variable:
1
(a) f ( x) = (c) f ( x) = 25 − x 2
x−2
(b) f ( x) = x 2 − 3 x − 4. (d ) f ( x) = x 2 where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
40. Define floor, ceiling, integer, absolute value, and remainder, exponential and logarithmic
functions.
41. Let f(x) = x + 2, g(x) = x – 2, and h(x) = 3x for x ∈ R, where R is set of Real numbers.
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
18MAB302T-DISCRETE MATHEMATICS FOR
ENGINEERS
Unit-I (Set Theory, Relations)
Find g  f, f  g, f  f, h  f, g  f  h.
42. Let f : R → R and g : R → R, where R is set of real numbers. Find f  g, g  f, where
f(x) = x 2 − 2 and g(x) = x + 4. State whether these functions are injective, surjective or
bijective.
43. Show that there exists a one-one and onto mapping from the set of naturals to the set of integers.
Hence the cardinality of both the sets is same.
44. If f : A → B and g : B → C and both f and g are onto, show that g  f is also onto. Is
g  f one - one if both g and f are one - one?
45. Let f : R → R be given by f(x) = x 3 − 2. Find f -1 .