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An Overview of IP Addressing

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 Republic of the Philippines
UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI
J.P. Rizal Ext. Makati City, 1215 Metro Manila, Philippines
College of Computing and Information Sciences

An Overview of IP Addressing

Diaz, Rogelio Jr., O.

Ancheta, John Bell S.
Francisco, Daniel Ivan M.
Cortez, Mark Adrian
Villamor, John Carlos
Torreno,Whil Lourd D.

June 2022
I. Introduction
The internet has been servicing the clients and hosting websites in a very
efficient way and since then, it has not changed. The process of the internet starts with a
request from the client, which is a computer or smartphone and this request contains the
address of the server of which it is connecting to. And then, the requested file is located
and sent back to the client. This process is similar to the traditional way of sending and
receiving a package or mail. However, there are a lot of clients that are connected on the
internet and to locate the client, like in a traditional way of receiving a package, there is
also a so-called address of the client that helps to correctly deliver the response of the
server. This address is known as the IP address and every device connected to the
internet has it.

An Internet Protocol address or IP address based on the document entitled DOD

Standard Internet Protocol prepared by the Information Sciences Institute University of
Southern California in 1980, is a numerical label for a device that is connected to the
internet protocol. This serves as an identification or location addressing. Before, only
IPv4 has been used to assign the IP of a device which uses 32-bit numbers but the IPv4
started to deplete since the growth of the internet users and a new version of IP
addressing has been introduced, the IPv6 which uses 128-bit numbers.

An IP address consists of two parts such as the network prefix and the rest is
called the rest field or the host identifier. The IP address is allocated within the devices
connected to a network, this process is called subnetting. This research journal
discusses how this process works with the help of different sources that are gathered
and summarized
.

II. Materials and Methods

The researchers gathered several websites, papers, and studies that deals with
and focuses on IP Addressing. In order to have a better understanding of the topic, the
researchers created a complete overview of its materials and methods. The gathered
research papers are summarized and simplified to bring a diverse understanding of the
topic. The collected research is shown on the table below.

Author name Title Year Conclusion/

Summary

Dr. Mamta Padole An Insight into IP 2017 The researchers

Pratik Kanani Addressing talked about the
Leena Raut current version of
Dhyanvi Jhaveri Internet
Manali Nagda Protocol(IPv4) that
is mostly
unchanged in the
 last 25 years. In
addition, they also
talked about how
IPv4 has shown to
be reliable and
simple to install.
They also
discussed the early
stages of adoption
of IPv6 over an
IPv4-based
network. In this
paper, the
researchers made
an in-depth
examination of IPv4
and its various
smart saving
techniques. Which
helps in delay of
IPv4 to IPv6 shifting
delays. They also
tackled the different
addressing
schemes which will
remain unchanged
in the future. In
addition, the
limitations of IPv4 is
also emphasized so
the current IPv4
network
infrastructure can
be more secured till
IPv6
implementation.

Wang Huitao Research on IP 2019 In this paper, the

Yang Ruopeng Address Allocation researchers
Wufan of Tactical analyzed the IP
Zou Xiaofei Communication address allocation
Network problem of tactical
communication
networks, the
structure and the IP
address
requirements of
tactical
communication
networks. In
addition, they
proposed a tactical
communication
network IP
allocation method
based on Classless
Inter-Domain
Routing(CIDR)
addressing
technology and
without
network-wide
routing
configuration. Along
with detailed
analysis of the
allocation principle,
addressing method
and allocation
process of the
method. The
algorithm and
model of IP
address allocation
in tactical
communication
networks were
given. Lastly, the
researchers
analyzed the model
and algorithm and
verified it with
examples.
 Cory Mitchell 2022
IP Address Computers use IP
addresses to send
and receive data
over the internet.
The majority of IP
addresses are
numerical, however
as internet usage
grows, certain
addresses have
letters appended to
them.IP addresses
are divided into four
categories: public,
private, static, and
dynamic. While
public and private
imply network
location (private
being used within a
network and public
being utilized
outside of a
network), static and
dynamic represent
network
permanency.

III. Discussions
In this section, the researchers will discuss how the IP addressing works. The
Configuration of TCP/IP configuration, subnetting and any process for IP Addressing.
But first let’s define what is IP address is

IP Address
IPv4 addresses are essentially 32-bit binary numbers made up of the two sub
addresses (identifiers), which identify the network and the host to the network,
respectively, with an imaginary boundary separating the two. An IP address is often
represented as four octets of values ranging from 0 to 255 in decimal rather than binary
form. The address 168.212.226.204, for example, represents the 32-bit binary number
10101000.11010100.11100010.11001100. The binary number is significant since it
determines which network class the IP address belongs to.
Subnet Mask
A subnet mask indicates which part of an address is for the network and which
part is for the specific host. It is a single IP address that identifies both a network and a
specific network interface. Subnet mask determines where the network portion of an IP
address ends and the host portion of the address begins, and can also be written in
dotted decimal notation. The subnet mask bits must be consecutive ones. Most subnet
masks begin with the number 255. and so on till the network mask runs out.
255.255.255.0 is a Class C subnet mask.

IP Addresses Classes
Prior to the introduction of variable length subnet masks (with RFC-1519 in
1993), which allowed networks of nearly any size to be configured regardless of the
actual address, the IPv4 address space was divided into five classes, as follows:

Class Leading Size of Size of Number Address Total Start End

Bits network rest bit of es per address address address
number field networks network es in es es
bit field class

Class A 0 8 24 128 (27) 16,777, 2,147,4 0.0.0.0 127.255

216(224) 83,648( .255.25
231) 5

Class B 10 16 16 16,384(2 65,536( 1,073,7 128.0.0. 191.255

14
) 216) 41,824 0 .255.25
(230) 5

Class C 110 24 8 2,097,15 256(28) 536,870 192.0.0. 223.225

2 (221) ,9213(2 0 .255.25
29
) 5

Class D 1110 Not Not Not Not 268,435 224.0.0. 239.255

(multica defined defined defined defined ,456(228 0 .255.25
st) ) 5

Class E 1111 Not Not Not Not 268,435 240.0.0. 255.255

(reserve defined defined defined defined ,456(228 0 .255.25
d) ) 5
Table 2. (Paessler, n.d). IP Address Classes.

There are 128 different Class A networks that could exist. From 0.0.0.0 to
127.0.0.0, on the other hand, any address that begins with 127 is classified as a
loopback address. Class B networks range from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0 in dotted
decimal notation. There are 16, 384 different Class B networks that could exist. The
range of Class C network addresses is 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0. There are roughly 2
million Class C networks that could exist.
IP Subnetting from CIDR Notation
IP Address: 192.168.60.55 / 20

Network ID:

Broadcast ID:

Usable IPs:
Table 3: CIDR Notation Table

From the table above, we will find the network ID, Broadcast ID, and the Usable IP of the
IP Address 192.168.60.55 with a CIDR notation of /20. The CIDR notation represents
how many bits are turned on within the subnet. But first let us Imagine a simple chart that
contains 8-bits rotation which is 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1. First, let’s put the CIDR
notation into 8 bit rotation. Since we have /20 CIDR notation, we have 20 bits turned on
as seen below.

11111111.11111111.1111000.0000000 /20
Table 4: Bit notation of CIDR /20

With the figure above, we can now define the subnet mask of the IP Address. All the
turned on bits(1) in the octet are equivalent to turning all turned on values in the 8-bit
notation. So if all the bits in the octet are turned on(1), its equivalent value will be the
summation of all the values in the 8-bit rotation which is 255. In the third octet, only 4 bits
are turned on, so only 4 bits are also turned on from the 8-bit rotation with equivalent of
240. So the subnet mask of the IP address 192.168.60.55 / 20 is 255.255.240.0

Network ID: 192 168 0

Broadcast ID: 192 168 255

Table 5: Network ID and Broadcast ID
Now we can define the Network ID and the Broadcast ID by looking at Table 5. If the bits
are all turned on in the octet, the value of that octet will be the same as the value in the
IP address and if all the bits are turned off. The value in the network ID will be 0, and the
value for the Broadcast ID will be 255.

.60. 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Translation
Table 6: Third Octet Translation
To figure out the third octet in the network ID and broadcast ID. First is to translate the
value of the third octet in the IP address which is .60. into binary value and map it to the
 third octet of the Bit notation. To translate it, compare whether you can the the value of
that octet in the 8-bit rotation values, If the value of the 8-bit rotation cannot be taken
from the IP value then it will be turned off, otherwise it will be turned on. For example, we
have a value of 60, can we take 128 out of 60? No(0). Can we take 64 out of 60? No(0).
Can we take 32 out of 60? Yes(1). Now we will subtract 32 out of 60 that leaves us 28.
Can we take 16 out of 28? Yes(1). This will leave us 12. Can we pull 8 out of 12? Yes(1).
This will leave us 4. Can we take 4 out of 4? Yes(1) This will leave us with 0. Since it is
already 0, all the remaining will be 0. We will now use the logic table, basically if it’ll take
the two values and if they’re both equal 1 it will make it one and if it is not it will be 0 as
shown below.

CIDR 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Notation

.60. 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Translation

Final 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
notation of
.60.
Table 7: Final binary values of octet 3rd

Translate the final notation for the 3rd octet based on the 8-bit rotation. This will give us
the value of 48, this will be the value for the 3rd octet in the Network ID. To get the value
for the Broadcast ID, you need to check the last turned on value(16) and add it on
network ID 3rd octet value(48) minus one, this will give us 63. If it is not subtracted by
one, then it is associated with another network ID. Combine the network ID and the
Broadcast ID to get the Usable IPs.

IP Address: 192.168.60.55 / 20

Network ID: 192 168 48 0

Broadcast ID: 192 168 63 255

Usable IP: 192.168.48.1 - 192.168.63.254

Table 9: Network ID, Broadcast ID and Usable IP
IV. Conclusion

The Internet has been called an information superhighway, because of its high
speed transmission of information such as texts, videos, images etc, but in a literal
manner, we can also say that it is a highway with different vehicles that are loaded with
peoples or passengers that have different places to go to and different routes to take. In
this analogy, the vehicles will run indefinitely unless the vehicles have a definite address
to go. In the same way, the information that passes through the internet also needs IP
addresses to pinpoint where the information should be delivered and where it came
from. IP addressing or subnetting is very important for the internet to function properly,
and learning how it is allocated can help especially in a very internet dominated world.

V. Acknowledgement

This research paper acknowledges the contributions especially of the main

authors and Prof. Ethel Ramos for guiding the research team in the course: data
communications. The authors would also like to acknowledge the University of Makati
and the College of Computing and Information Sciences for nurturing the students,
especially the authors with the current and latest technologies to make this journal
possible.

VI. References

Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California. (1981). Internet

Protocol. Internet Protocol. https://doi.org/10.17487/rfc0791
Neagu,C. (2020). What is an IP Address and a subnet mask, in simple terms?.
Digital Citizen. Retrieved (May 31, 2022) from: Digital Citizen.
https://www.digitalcitizen.life/what-is-ip-address-subnet/
Padole, M., Kanani, P., Raut, L., Jhaveri, D, Nagda, M. (2017). An Insight into IP
Addressing. Oriental Journal of Computer Science and Technology. ISSN:
0947-6471. Vol. 10, No. 1. Retrieved (May 31, 2022) from: Research Gate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341322832_An_Insight_into_IP_Addres
sing
Paessler AG. (n.d). IT Explained: IP Address. Paessler The Monitoring Expert.
Retrieved (May 31, 2022) from: Paessler IoT.
https://www.paessler.com/it-explained/ip-address

Shacklett, M., Novotny, A., Gerwig K. (n.d.) Definition: TCP/IP. Retrieved (May
31, 2022) from: https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/TCP-IP
View publication stats

Huitao, W., Ruopeng, Y., Wufan., Xiaofei, Z., (2019). Research on IP Address
Allocation of Tactical Communication Network. Retrieved (May 31, 2022) from:
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1187/4/042105/pdf

Mitchell, C, (2022). IP Address. Retrieved (May 31, 2022) from:

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/ip-address.asp#:~:text=There%20are%20f
our%20different%20types,private%2C%20static%2C%20and%20dynamic.