1.introduction (Full)
1.introduction (Full)
CENG 3601
References
– Natural channels
• are channels that naturally exist or crated with
natural system
• are neither regular nor prismatic
• surface roughness will often change with time
distance and even elevation
• more difficult to accurately analyze and obtain
satisfactory results
• They include streams, rivers, floodplains
Types of Open Channels
Classifications based on the change in flow depth with respect to
time and Space
– Time as criterion Steady and unsteady flow
• Laminar
• Turbulent
• Transitional
Re > 4000 Turbulent
Re< 2000 laminar
2000 < Re < 4000 Transitional
• The proper value of K depends on the Channel section and has to be determined
by field calibrations.
– Only the longitudinal velocity is considered so the discharge pass through the
section can be expressed as
– Mean velocity (Vav ) for the entire cross-section is defined on the basis of the
longitudinal component of the velocity ( v)
Velocity distribution in open channels
• The difference of the two velocities is handle with velocity correction factor ()
– Thus
Y1
Y2
Energy-Depth
Specific Energy
Relationships
• The concept of specific energy is first introduced by Bakhmeteft (1932)
and has been proven to be very useful in analysis of open channel flow.
• The total energy of a channel flow referred to datum is given by,
• If the datum coincides with the channel bed at the cross-section, the
resulting expression is known as specific energy and is denoted by E.
• Thus, specific energy is the energy at a cross-section of an open
channel flow with respect to the channel bed.
When cosθ =1 and α =1, the equation of specific energy further simplify as:
we defined Specific Energy as Energy-Depth …..
• Specific energy is the energy at a cross-section of an open channel flow
with respect to the channel bed.
Or
• Specific energy is the height of the energy grade line above the channel
bottom
• In other respect, since V=Q/A, the equation of specific energy may be
written as:
• Here, cross-sectional area A depends on water depth y and can be defined as, A =
f(y). and also there is a functional relation between the three variables as,
f(=E,y,Q)=0
• This functional relationship examine on the plane, with two cases as
– Constant Discharge
– Variable Discharge
Energy-Depth …..
Constant discharge : Q = Q1 = Q2 ⇒ E = f (y, Q).
• The depths of flow can be either PR = y1 or PR` = y1`. These two possible
depths having the same specific energy are known as alternate depths.
• The corresponding Froude number of the alternative depths also given as
Example 1.3
• A rectangular channel 2.50 m wide has a specific energy of
1.50 m when carrying a discharge of 6.48 m3/sec. Calculate
the alternate depths and corresponding Froude numbers.
Variable Discharge : Energy-Depth
Q = Q1 = Q2 ⇒ E = f (y, …..
Q).