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1.introduction (Full)

* Given: Flow discharge (Q) = 5 m3/sec Channel width (B) = 2.5 m Flow depth (y) = 1.5 m * Specific energy (E) = y + V^2/2g = 1.5 + (5)^2/2*9.81 = 2.125 m * Alternate depth (y') can be obtained by keeping E constant: E = y' + (Q/y'B)^2/2g 2.125 = y' + (5/y'*2.5)^2/2*9.81 Solving the above, the alternate depth y' = 1 m Therefore,

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23 views

1.introduction (Full)

* Given: Flow discharge (Q) = 5 m3/sec Channel width (B) = 2.5 m Flow depth (y) = 1.5 m * Specific energy (E) = y + V^2/2g = 1.5 + (5)^2/2*9.81 = 2.125 m * Alternate depth (y') can be obtained by keeping E constant: E = y' + (Q/y'B)^2/2g 2.125 = y' + (5/y'*2.5)^2/2*9.81 Solving the above, the alternate depth y' = 1 m Therefore,

Uploaded by

Muhammad Hussnain
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Open Channel Hydraulics

CENG 3601
References

• Chow, V. T. (1959): Open Channel Hydraulics , McGraw-Hill, New York


• Subarmanya, K. (2009): Flow in Open Channels 3rd edition, Tata McGraw
Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi
• Chanson, H.(2004): The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An
Introduction, 2nd edition Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House,
Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington
• Sturm, T.W. ( 2001): Open Channel Hydraulics, International edition,
McGraw-Hill Higher Education
• All other related books and materials
Chapter One : Introduction
• Definition
• Difference between open channel and pipe
flow
• Kinds and Types
• Geometric Properties of Open Channels
• Velocity Distribution in Open Channel
• Fundamental Equations
• Energy-Depth Relationships
Definitions and Schematic understanding
Open Channel flow
– is a flow of liquid in a conduit with free space
– particularly applied to understand the flow of a
liquid in artificial and natural channels
Open channel and pipe flow
Open Channel Flow Pipe Flow
• have a free space • No free space
• Subject to atmospheric • Hydraulic pressure only
pressure also
• Flow driven by gravity • Flow driven by pressure
(potential Energy)
• Unknown cross section • Known and fixed flow
(due to unknown depth)
cross section
• Flow depth computed
• Velocity deduced from
using continuity and
continuity equation
momentum equations
• No boundary condition
• Atmospheric Pressure
as boundary condition
Kinds Kinds Open Channels
– Artificial channels
• are channels made by man
• include irrigation canals, navigation canals,
spillways, sewers, culverts and drainage ditches
• usually constructed in a regular cross-section shape
throughout  Prismatic channels
• have well defined surface roughness’s

– Natural channels
• are channels that naturally exist or crated with
natural system
• are neither regular nor prismatic
• surface roughness will often change with time
distance and even elevation
• more difficult to accurately analyze and obtain
satisfactory results
• They include streams, rivers, floodplains
Types of Open Channels
Classifications based on the change in flow depth with respect to
time and Space
– Time as criterion  Steady and unsteady flow

– Space as criterion  Uniform and non uniform flow

– using combined criteria

• Uniform flow (UF)  steady and uniform by its nature

• Gradually Varied flow (GVF)  depth various with


distance gradually but not with time

• Rapidly Varied flow (RVF)  depth various with distance


rapidly but not with time

• Unsteady flow  depth various with both time and


distance
Types of Open Channels
Classification based on the effect of Viscosity
– The state or behavior of open channel flow is governed by
the effects of viscosity relative to inertia

– Thus the open channel classified as

• Laminar

• Turbulent

• Transitional
Re > 4000 Turbulent
Re< 2000 laminar
2000 < Re < 4000 Transitional

Re > 1000 Turbulent


Re< 500 laminar
500 < Re < 1000 Transitionnel
Geometric Properties of Open Channels
• Depth (y) the vertical distance from the lowest point of the channel
section to the free surface.

• Stage ( z ) - the vertical distance from the free surface to an arbitrary


datum

• Area ( A ) - the cross-sectional area of flow, normal to the direction of


flow

• Wetted perimeter ( P ) - the length of the wetted surface measured


normal to the direction of flow.

• Surface width ( B ) - width of the channel section at the free surface

• Hydraulic radius ( R ) - the ratio of area to wetted perimeter ( A/P )

• Hydraulic mean depth ( D ) - the ratio of area to surface width ( A/B )


Geometric Properties
Velocity distribution in open channels
• Naturally three types of velocity are occurred in open channel flow,
– Longitudinal:- the one along the flow direction, (V)
– Lateral:- at the bedside of the channel
– Normal :- perpendicular to the flow direction.
• However, the two velocities (lateral and normal) are insignificance as
compared to the longitudinal velocity
• Due to the presence of free surface and friction along the channel
wall, the longitudinal velocity in a channel are not uniformly
distributed.
• The velocity is zero at the solid boundaries and gradually increase with
distance from the boundary and reach to its maximum at the center a
certain distance below the free surface
Velocity distribution in open channels
Velocity distribution in open channels
• The property of the velocity distribution is used to determine the discharge of
stream gauging station using Area-Velocity method

• The surface velocity Vs is related to the average velocity Vav as

Where k = a coefficient with a value between 0.8 – 0.95

• The proper value of K depends on the Channel section and has to be determined
by field calibrations.

• Important features when analyzing the velocity

– a single elevation represents the water surface perpendicular to the flow

– Only the longitudinal velocity is considered so the discharge pass through the
section can be expressed as

– Mean velocity (Vav ) for the entire cross-section is defined on the basis of the
longitudinal component of the velocity ( v)
Velocity distribution in open channels
• The difference of the two velocities is handle with velocity correction factor ()

• Consider the Kinetic Energy

– For an elemental area (dA) the flux of kinetic Energy expressed as

– For the total area (A) the kinetic Energy flux is

– Thus

for discrete values

Similarly if we consider the momentum, we can get a relation called momentum


correction factor ()
•
Fundamental equations
The equations which describe the flow of fluid are
derived from three fundamental laws of physics:
– Conservation of matter (or mass)
– Conservation of energy
– Conservation of momentum
Fundamental Equations
Example 1.1
Example 1.2
A sluice gate in a 2.0m wide horizontal rectangular
channel is discharging freely as shown in the figure below.
If the depths at small up stream (y1) and downstream(y2)
are 2.5 and 0.2m respectively.
Estimate the discharge in the channel
a). By neglecting Energy losses at gate
b). By assuming the Energy loss at gate to be 10%
of the upstream depth y1

Y1

Y2
Energy-Depth
Specific Energy
Relationships
• The concept of specific energy is first introduced by Bakhmeteft (1932)
and has been proven to be very useful in analysis of open channel flow.
• The total energy of a channel flow referred to datum is given by,

• If the datum coincides with the channel bed at the cross-section, the
resulting expression is known as specific energy and is denoted by E.
• Thus, specific energy is the energy at a cross-section of an open
channel flow with respect to the channel bed.

When cosθ =1 and α =1, the equation of specific energy further simplify as:
we defined Specific Energy as Energy-Depth …..
• Specific energy is the energy at a cross-section of an open channel flow
with respect to the channel bed.
Or
• Specific energy is the height of the energy grade line above the channel
bottom
• In other respect, since V=Q/A, the equation of specific energy may be
written as:

• Here, cross-sectional area A depends on water depth y and can be defined as, A =
f(y). and also there is a functional relation between the three variables as,
f(=E,y,Q)=0
• This functional relationship examine on the plane, with two cases as
– Constant Discharge
– Variable Discharge
Energy-Depth …..
Constant discharge : Q = Q1 = Q2 ⇒ E = f (y, Q).

• The depths of flow can be either PR = y1 or PR` = y1`. These two possible
depths having the same specific energy are known as alternate depths.
• The corresponding Froude number of the alternative depths also given as
Example 1.3
• A rectangular channel 2.50 m wide has a specific energy of
1.50 m when carrying a discharge of 6.48 m3/sec. Calculate
the alternate depths and corresponding Froude numbers.
Variable Discharge : Energy-Depth
Q = Q1 = Q2 ⇒ E = f (y, …..
Q).

• In this condition Q1<Q2<Q3< ------ Qn .


• Consider a section PP’, the ordinate PP’=E=E1=constant. Different Q
curves give different intercepts. Thus the alternative depths of a
given Q can be computed by considering constant specific energy.
Example 1-4
A flow of 5.0 m /sec is passing at a depth of 1.50 through a
rectangular channel of width 2.50 m. What is the specific energy
of the flow? What is the value of the alternate depth to the
existing depth?

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