Solution Manual for Physics for Scientists and

Engineers Foundations and Connections

Volume 2 1st Edition Katz 0534467660
9780534467661
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25
Gauss's Law
1. (b) SUE. Z has a 180 degree rotation symmetry like N or S, and A has a mirror
symmetry around the y axis like U. Both NUT and SUE are possible, but K has a mirror
symmetry around the x axis like E not T, so only SUE is the answer.

2. 180 degree rotations around the x, y, or z axis.

3. There must be a negative charge enclosed because it attracts the positively charged
ball.

4. There must be no charge enclosed.

5. The box contains both positively- and negatively-charged objects. The negatively-
charged object is near the repulsive face. The net charge in the box may be zero, positive,
or negative depending on the magnitudes of the charged objects near each face.

6. It is safest to wait in the car, which acts as a Faraday cage.

7. (a) The net electric flux is zero. The number of electric field lines that enter and leave
the box is the same.

(b) The net electric flux is positive. More field lines leave the box than enter it.

8. For a flat surface in a uniform electric field, we can use Eq. 25.3 or 25.4. The electric
field is given, and the area of the circular hoop can be calculated using the radius (A =
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r2). The angle between the electric field and the area vector is 60o.

(
 E = EAcos = (12.0 N/C )  ( 0.50 m ) cos60.0° = 4.7 N m 2 /C
2
)

25-1

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-2

Figure P25.8ANS

9. Using Eq. 25.4,

E = EAcos
A = LW = (0.055 m)(0.100 m) = 0.00550 m2

(
7.65  104 = E 0.00550 m2 cos0 )
E = 1.39107 N/C

10. If the plane makes an angle of 25 degrees, there is a 65 degree angle between the
electric field and area vectors. Using Eq. 25.4,

 E = EAcos = (15.0 N/C )  ( 0.37 m ) cos65° = 2.7 N m 2 /C

2

Figure P25.10ANS

11. (a) For a uniform electric field passing through a plane surface, we can apply Eq.
25.4, E = E  A = EAcos , where  is the angle between the electric field and the

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-3

normal to the surface. The electric field is parallel to the surface:  = 90°, so cos  = 0,
and the flux is zero.

(b) The electric field is perpendicular to the surface, so  = 0°:

 E= (1.10 106 N/C)(3.80 10−2 m2 )cos 0 = 4.18104 N m 2 /C

12. (a)

Figure P25.12aANS

(b) When the area vector and electric field are parallel,

E = 352 + 702 N/C

A =  r 2 =  ( 0.15 m )
2

Using Eq. 25.4,

352 + 702 E,max = EA = (
5.53 Nm 2 /C

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-4

)(
N/C  ( 0.15 m ) =
2
)

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-5

Figure P25.12bANS

(c) When the area vector and electric field are perpendicular, the electric field vector
points at an angle that is

 70 
 = tan−1 = 63.4° above the x axis
 35

The area vector should be 90 degrees from this, for instance 90° – 63.4° = 26.6° below
the x axis.
→
ˆ ˆ 2
(
A = 0.0707 cos 26.6°i − sin 26.6°j m = ) .

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-6

Figure P25.12cANS

13. The area vector is parallel to the electric field, so using Eq. 25.4,

 E = EA cos = (655 N/C)(4.00 m2 ) = 2.62 103 N m 2 /C

14. The flux must be the same as through the square base (Problem 13).

2.62103 N m2 /C

15. By symmetry, the flux through each side is one-quarter the value found in Problem
14.


E ,side
=
1
(2620 Nm 2 /C) = 655 N m2 /C
4

16. The loop is oriented so that the electric field is parallel to the area vector of the loop
initially, such that  = 0 . The magnitude of the flux at any moment as the loop rotates
would be given by

E = EAcos

Meanwhile, the angle between the area vector and the electric field can be described as a
function of time, as  = t . This function correctly describes that  = 0 when t = 0.

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-7

Also, the area of the loop is the area of a circle, r 2 . Thus, the electric flux can be
written as a function of time.

E =

Figure P25.15ANS

17. The loop is oriented so that the electric field is perpendicular to the area vector of the
loop initially, such that  =  /2 . The magnitude of the flux at any moment as the loop
rotates would be given by

E = EAcos .

We now need to express the angle between the area vector and the electric field as a
function of time, such that it correctly predicts that  =  /2 when t = 0. Since the loop is
rotating with an angular speed of  , we can write  = t +  / 2 . Also, the area of the
loop is the area of a circle, r 2 . Thus, the electric flux can be written as a function of
time.

E = Er 2 cos(t +  / 2)

Because cos(t +  / 2) = sin(t ) , we can express the final answer as

E =

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-8

18. Apply Eq. 25.7.

qin =  0  E

(
qin = 8.85  10−12 C2 / N m 2 )(−456 N m 2
)
/ C = −4.04  10−9 C = −4.04 nC

19. Eq. 25.7 relates the flux to the total enclosed charge.

E ,1 is zero because there is not net charge enclosed.

qin  −27.0  10−6 C  −3.05  106 N m 2 / C

 = = =
E ,2
0  8.85  10−12 C2 / N m2 

qin  −40.5  10−6 C 

 = = =
E ,3
0  8.85  10−12 C2 / N m2 
−4.58  106 N m 2 / C

qin  −27.0  10−6 C  −3.05  106 N m 2 / C

 = = =
E ,4
0  8.85  10−12 C2 / N m2 

20. (a) Gauss’s law relates the total flux of a closed Gaussian surface to the charge
contained inside (Eq. 25.7). Since the system is symmetric, the flux through each side
must be the same: one-sixth of the total.
1 1
 = = 56.010−6 C 

= 1.05106 Nm 2 / C
 
6  8.8510−12 C2 / N m 2 
E,face
6

(b) Yes. Gauss’s law tells us the total flux, but we needed to rely on symmetry to say that
each side has one-sixth of the total passing through it. If the charge is off-center, one side
might have a larger field and flux than another.

qin
21. The flux through each surface depends on the enclosed charge as given by  =
0
E

(Eq. 25.7). Through Surface A:

(5.00 − 5.00 + 8.00) 10−9 C

9.04  102 N m 2 / C
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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-9

E ,A =
=
8.85  10−12 C2 / N m 2

Surface B contains no charge, so E ,B = 0 .

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-10

Surface C contains zero net charge, so E ,C = 0

Through Surface D:

(5.00 + 8.00) 10−9 C

 E ,D = =
8.85  10−12 C2 / N m 2 1.47  103 N m 2 / C

22. Using Gauss’s law (Eq. 25.11), determine the total flux through the surface of the
cube.
qin 3.0  10−6
E ,net = = = 3.4  105 N m 2 /C
0 8.85  10−12

By symmetry, the flux through each of the six cube faces is 1/6 of the total.

3.4  105
E ,1 = = 5.7  104 N m 2 /C
6

23. Note that the flux through the three sides that form the corner where the charge is
located (shaded) is zero because the electric field is parallel to each of the surfaces. Use
this as a building block to form a larger cube with the charge at the center. There are 8 of
the smaller cubes needed to form the larger cube, so by symmetry, 1/8th of the total flux
passes through it. Use Gauss’s law (Eq. 25.11) to determine the total flux.
E ,net q
E = =
8 80

Figure P25.23aANS

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-11

Figure P25.23bANS

24. Apply Eq. 25.7, which relates the flux to the total charge enclosed.

Q1 + Q 2
E ,A =  (1)

Q2 + Q3
E ,B =  (2)

Q1 + Q3
E ,C =  (3)

Rearrange (1) to solve for Q1 and substitute into (3):

 0  E ,C =  0  E ,A − Q2 + Q3 →  0  E ,C −  0  E ,A = −Q2 + Q3 (4)

Then add (4) to E ,B0 = Q2 + Q3 (using eq. (2)):

0
0 E ,C − 0 E ,A + 0 E ,B = 2Q3 → Q3 =
2
( E ,C
− E ,A + E ,B )

7.97  10−10 C
8.85  10−12
Q3 =
2
(
90.0 − (−30.0)+ 60.0 = )

Using (2),

(
Q2 = E ,B0 − Q = (60.0) 8.85  10−12 − 7.97  10−10 C =
3
)
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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-12
−2.66  10 −10 C

Finally, from (3),

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-13

(
Q1 = 0 E ,C − Q = (90.0) 8.85  10−12 − 7.97  10−10 C =
3
)
0C

(Note: One might get a small non-zero charge due to rounding errors.)

25. Use Gauss’s law (Eq. 25.11). The flux depends on the charge enclosed inside each
→ → Q
surface. Surface A contains only the +Q charge, so  E,A =  E • d A = . Surface B
0

contains only the –Q charge, so  E ,B = Q . Surface C contains both the +Q and –Q

−
0

charges, so there is zero net charge contained and therefore zero total flux, E ,C = 0 .

Q
Surface D contains only the +Q charge, so  E ,D = .
0

26. The flux through each closed surface depends on the charge enclosed inside the
surface (Eq. 25.11).

→ → q
 E =  E • d A = in
0

Closed Surface C1: This surface only includes the charge q1 = 2.0 nC.

q1
 = = 2.0  10−9 C
= 2.3  102 N m 2 /C
E ,1
0 C 2
8.85  10 −12
N m 2

Closed Surface C2: This surface includes two charges, q1 = 2.0 nC and q2 = –4.0 nC. So,
net charge enclosed is qin = q1 + q2= –2.0 nC.

q +q −2.0 10−9 C
 E ,2 = 1 2 = = −2.3102 N  m2 /C
0 8.8510 −12 C2
N m 2

Closed Surface C3: This surface includes all three charges, q1 = 2.0 nC, q2 = –4.0 nC, and
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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-14

q3 = –3.0 nC. So, net charge enclosed is qin = q1 + q2 + q3 = –5.0 nC.

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-15

q +q +q −5.010−9 C
 E ,3 = 1 2 3 = = −5.6102 N m 2 /C
0 C2
8.8510 −12
N  m2

Closed Surface C4: This surface includes two charges q2 = –4.0 nC and q3 = –3.0 nC. So,
net charge enclosed is qin = q2 + q3 = –7.0 nC.

q +q −7.010−9 C
 E ,4 = 2 3 = = −7.9102 N m 2 /C
0 8.8510 −12 C2
N m 2

27. (a) The shell is a Gaussian surface, and the flux depends on the enclosed charge (Eq.
25.7).
q
 = = 78.010−9 C
in
= 8.81103 Nm 2 / C
8.8510−12 C / Nm
E , shell 2 2
0

(b) Because the system is spherically symmetric, a hemispherical shell will have half the
total flux going through it.


E , half shell
=
1
(8.81103 Nm 2 / C) = 4.41103 Nm 2 / C
2

28. (a) Apply Eq. 25.13 to find the magnitude of the electric field.

1  1 3.210−6 C/m
EP = = 5
 = 1.210 N/C
2 r 0 2 8.8510−12 C2  (0.50 m)

 N m 2 

(b) Now, use F = qE to calculate the force on the point charge at this location.

F = q0 EP = 2.0  10−6 C ( )(1.2  10 5

)
N/C = 0.24 N

29. The electric field points outward and is perpendicular to the rod. We choose a
Gaussian surface that exploits the symmetry: a closed cylinder with radius r. For the two
ends of the cylinder, the electric field is perpendicular to the area vector, and therefore,
the flux is zero. For the cylindrical surface, the electric field and area vectors are parallel;
therefore, the total flux is
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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-16
→ →
 = • = E dA = EA = E2 r𝑙
E E dA  cyl
cyl cyl

The enclosed charge is found as the charge density ρ times the volume of a cylindrical
shell with outer radius r, inner radius a, and length 𝑙.

qin = ( r 2 𝑙 −  a 2 𝑙)

Using Gauss’s law (Eq. 25.7),

qin
E=
0

E2 r𝑙 = ( r 𝑙 −  a 𝑙)
2 2

0
(r 2 − a2 )
E=
20r

The electric field points outward from the line of charge in the positive rˆ direction.

→
E= rˆ for a < r < b
20r

Figure P25.29ANS

30. The electric field due to each is given by Eq. 25.13. The total is the vector sum,

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-17

 −  1 1 
E= + = −
20r 20 (r − R) 2  r 

Figure P25.30ANS

31. The radius of the rod is a = 4.00 cm. Using Gauss’s law (Eq. 25.11), we can use a
cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius r and length l. The end caps have zero flux. For the
cylindrical surface, the electric field is radially outward in the same direction as the area
vector.

 E dA = E ( 2 rl ) =
qin
0

E=
qin l 
=
20r 20r

→
(a) At r = 2.00 cm < a, there is no charge enclosed, so E = 0 .

(b) At r = 8.00 cm,

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-18

→ 0.200  10−6 C/m

E= = 4.50  104 N/C
2 ( 8.85  10−12 )(0.0800 m)
(c) At r = 2.00 cm,

→ 0.200  10−6 C/m

E= = 1.80  103 N/C
2 (8.85  10−12 )(2.00 m)
32. Use Equation 25.13 to find the magnitude of the electric field from the rod on the
right at point P. This field points straight up along the y axis.

 (6.010−6 ) 5
ER = = = 7.210 N/C
2 0rR 2 (8.8510−12 )(0.15)
→ 5 ˆ

ER = 7.2  10 j N/C

Use the same expression for the field due to the rod on the left, finding the distance using
the Pythagorean theorem.

 5
EL = = = 4.310 N/C
2 0rL

This field points at an angle  above the x axis, which we can determine using
trigonometry.

0.15
 = tan−1 = 36.9°
0.20

Therefore,
→ 5 ˆ ˆ 5 ˆ 5 ˆ

EL = 4.3  10 (cos36.9°i + sin 36.9°j )N/C = (3.4  10 i + 2.6  10 j )N/C

The total field at point P is the vector sum.

→ → → 5 ˆ 5 ˆ

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-19

(
Etot = ER + EL = 3.4  10 i + 9.8  10 j )N/C

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-20

Let φ be the angle between the resultant electric field vector and the x axis. Find φ and E
from the Ex and Ey.

E = Ex2 + E y2 = 1.0106 N/C

Ey
 = tan−1 = 71° above the x axis
Ex

Figure P25.32ANS

33. Apply Gauss’s law (Eq. 25.11) using a cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius r and
length L. The electric field is parallel to the area vector for the cylindrical surface. (For
the end caps, the field is perpendicular to the area vector, and there is no contribution to
the integral.) Assuming a uniform density per unit volume  and using the fact that qin =
V, where V is the volume,

→ → q
 E•dA=  in
0
V
EA =
0

(
 r 2 L ) r → r

E  2rL = → E= or E= rˆ (1)
0 20 20

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-21

The charge density is related to the charge per unit length, . When r = R, still assuming
a length L,


Q = L = V =  R2 L → =
 R2

Inserting this into Eq. (1), we get a second form:

→ r
E= rˆ

When r = R, we see that it gives the same result as Eq. 25.13.

  
→   R2 
R
1 
E= rˆ = rˆ
20 20 R

34. Use Gauss’s law, or Eq. 25.13, to express the electric field due to the first wire.
Because the first wire is parallel to the y axis, is to the left of the origin, and has a positive
charge density, the direction of the field due to this wire will be in the positive x direction
at the origin.

→ → q
E  d A = in
 0
L
E2rL =
0
L 
E= = in the positive x direction
2rL0 2r0

Use Gauss’s law, or Eq. 25.13, to express the electric field due to the second wire.
Because the second wire is parallel to the y axis, is to the right of the origin, and has a
negative charge density, the direction of the field due to this wire will be in the positive x
direction at the origin.

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-22

→ → q
E  d A = in
 0
2L
E2rL =
0
2L 2
E= = in the positive x direction
2rL0 2r0

The magnitude of the net electric field at the origin would be the vector sum of these two
fields according to the principle of superposition.

3
E=

35. We need to use Equation 25.13 to find the electric field for each of the two line
charges. Label the negative line of charge as Line 1. The electric field it creates points
towards the line of charge. Label the positive charge as Line 2. The electric field it
creates points away from this line of charge. At Point A,
→ 1 1 1 3.2  10−6 C/m
E1 = iˆ = iˆ = 8.2  104 iˆ N/C
2 r C 2 (0.70 m)
−
0
2 (8.85  10 12
)
N m 2

→ 1 2 1 3.2  10−6 C/m

E2 = (−iˆ) = − iˆ = −2.9  105 iˆ N/C
2 r C 2 (0.20 m)
−
0
2 (8.85  10 12
)
N m 2

The total field is the vector sum,

→ → → 4 ˆ 5 ˆ

EA = E1 + E2 = (8.2  10 i − 2.9  10 i ) N/C = −2.1 105 iˆ N/C

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-23

Figure P25.35ANS

Repeat the steps to find the field at B.

→ 1 1 1 3.2  10−6 C/m

E1 = iˆ = iˆ = 2.3  105 iˆ N/C
2 r C2 (0.25 m)
−
0
2 (8.85  10 12
)
N m 2

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-24

→ 1 2 1 3.2  10−6 C/m

E2 = (iˆ) = iˆ = 2.3  105 iˆ N/C
2 r C2 (0.25 m)
−
0 2 (8.85  10 12
)
N m 2
→ → → 5 ˆ 5 ˆ
4.6  105 iˆ N/C
EB = E1 + E2 = (2.3  10 i + 2.3  10 i ) N/C =

Repeat the steps to find the field at C.

→ 1 1 1 3.2  10−6 C/m

E1 = iˆ = (− iˆ) = −5.8  105 iˆ N/C
2 r C 2 (0.10 m)
−
0
2 (8.85  10 12
)
N m 2
→ 1 2 1 3.2  10−6 C/m
E2 = iˆ = iˆ = 9.6  104 iˆ N/C
2 r C 2 (0.60 m)
−
0 2 (8.85  10 12
)
N m 2
→ → → 5 ˆ 5 ˆ
−4.8  105 iˆ N/C
EC = E1 + E2 = (−5.8  10 i + 0.96  10 i ) N/C =

36. The cylindrical symmetry of the charge distribution implies that the field direction is
radially outward, perpendicular to the axis. The field strength depends on r but not on the
other cylindrical coordinates  or z. Choose a Gaussian cylinder of radius r and length L;
1
the electric field is normal to this surface. Recalling k =
1
→ = 4k , we have
4  0 0

qin
 = = 4 kq .
0
E in

(a) If r < R1, we have

E = 4kqin
E (2 rL) = (4k ) L

E = 2k
 (8.99  10 )(2.80  10
9 −6 C/m )
1.68  106 N/C
r
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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-25

=2 =
(0.0300 m)

(b) If R1 < r < R2, we have

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-26

E = 4kqin
E (2 rL) = ( 4k )  L +  r 2 − R2 L  ( )
 1 

E=
2k 
 +  r 2 − R2  ( )
r  1 

( )
( )
2 8.99  109
E= ( ) (
 2.80  10−6 C/m + 1.05  10 −3 C/m 3  ( 0.0500 m ) 2 − ( 0.0400 m )2 
(0.0500 m)   )
E = 2.07  106 N/C outward

(c) If r > R2, we have

E = 4kqin
E (2 rL) = ( 4k )  L +  b2 − a2 L  ( )
 

E=
2k 
(
 +  R 2 − R2  )
r  2 1 

( )
( )
2 8.99  109
(0.100 m) ( ) ( )
C/m + 1.05  10 −3 C/m 3  ( 0.0600 m ) − ( 0.0400 m ) 
2 2
E= 2.80  10 −6


E = 1.69  106 N/C outward

37. Gauss’s law (Eq. 25.11) tells us that the total electric flux through a surface is
proportional to the enclosed charge. Imagine a spherical Gaussian surface around the
shell. If the electric field is zero, the flux through the surface must be zero, which means
the net charge inside must be zero, and the charge on the spherical shell must be equal
and opposite the charge at the center.

→ → q
 E d A = 0 = in
0

q =q +q =0 → q = −q = −5.5010−5 C
in shell particle shell particle

Now, calculate the charge per area on the shell.

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-27

q
= −5.50  10−5
shell = =
2 2
−3.04  10−4 C/m2
4 R 4 (0.120)

38. (a) At r = R, both Eq. 25.14 and 25.15 become:

→ 1 Q
E= 2
rˆ
40 R

(b) Plot Eq. 25.15 for r < R and Eq. 25.14 for r > R.

Figure P25.38ANS

39. At r = 0, using Eq. 25.15, E = 0.

At r = 7.60 cm < R, use Eq. 25.15.

1 q −3
E= r = ( 8.99109 ) 45.310 (0.0760) = 8.81109 N/C
40 R ( 0.152 )
3 3

For r = 15.2 cm = R, use either Eq. 25.14 or Eq. 25.15,

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-28

1 q −3
E= = ( 8.99109 ) 45.310 = 1.761010 N/C
40 R ( 0.152 )
2 2

For r = 22.8 cm > R, use Eq. 25.14,

1 q 9 45.310−3
E= = (8.9910 ) 9
= 7.8310 N/C
(0.228)
2
40 R 2

40. Multiply the answers from Problem 39 by q = –e (i.e., apply F = qE). The negative
forces below are in the radial direction, or towards the center of the charge distribution.

At r = 0, F = 0

(
At r = 7.60 cm, F = −1.6  10−19 C )(8.81 10 9
)
N/C = At −1.41 10−9 N

(
r = 15.2 cm, F = −1.6  10−19 C )(1.76  10 N/C) = At r −2.82  10
10 −9 N

= 22.8 cm, F = (−1.6  10 −19 C)(7.83  10 N/C) =

9
−1.25  10 −9 N

41. The problem is symmetric. The electric field due to each is the same magnitude in the
opposite direction, so the total field is zero.

42. Point B is outside of the sphere on the left, so it acts like a point charge concentrated
at its center and within the charge on the right. For the charge on the left, apply Eq.
25.14.

E = 1 q =  8.99  109 N m 2  45.3  10−3 C = 4.52  109 N/C to the right

C2  ( 0.300 m )2
L
4 0 R2 

Use Eq. 25.15 for the charge on the right (from Example 25.7).
 N m 2  45.3  10−3 C
( 0.0750 m) = 8.70  109 N/C to the left
1 q
E = r = 8.99  109
 C  ( 0.152 m )
2 3
R
4 0 R3

The total electric field is the vector sum.

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-29
N
E = 4.52109 − 8.70109 N/C = −4.18109 N/C
tot
4.18109 N/C to the left
C

43. Spherical symmetry allows the Gaussian surface integral to be simplified to

→ → 2

 E  d A = E ( 4 r ) . By Gauss’s law (Eq. 25.11),

→ → qin 2 qin qin

 Ed A = 0 → (
E 4 r )=  0
→ E=
(
 0 4 r 2 )
cR5
r
R
cR5
0
(
(a) For r > R, qin =  cr 2 4 r 2 dr = 4 ) 5
and E =

cr3
5
r
4 cr5
(b) For r < R, qin =  cr 2 4 r 2 dr =
0
( ) 5
and E =

44. Applying Gauss’s Law to a case of spherical symmetry, the electric field at a radial
distance r is given by

qin
E=
40r 2

(a) When inside the sphere (r = 0.100 m), the charge enclosed can be found by
integrating the charge density over the volume of the Gaussian sphere. The charge
density can be expressed as the total charge of the sphere, divided by the total volume of
the sphere.


qin =  dV =
 70.9  10−3 C 3
dV = 70.9  10−3 C (4 / 3)r3
3

(4 / 3) (0.230 m) (4 / 3) (0.230 m)

70.9  10−3 C
qin = r3
(0.230 m )
3

Then the electric field inside the sphere at r = 0.100 m would be given by

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-30

70.9  10−3 C 70.9  10−3 C 70.9  10−3 C

E= r3 = r= (0.100 m)
40 r 2 ( 0.230 m ) 40 (0.230 m) 40 (0.230 m)
3 3 3

E = 5.24  109 N/C

(b) If we apply the analysis from part (a) to the location at the edge of the sphere, where r
= 0.230 m, we find the magnitude of the electric field at the sphere’s surface.

E= 70.9 10−3 C r 70.910−3 C (0.230 m)

3 = 3

40 (0.230 m) 40 (0.230 m)

E = 1.211010 N/C

(c) When completely outside the sphere, according to Gauss’s Law, the electric field will
equal that of a charged particle, located at the center of the sphere with the same total
charge.

q 70.9 10−3 C
E= =
4 0 r 2 4 0 ( 0.500 m )
2

E = 2.55109 N/C

45. Apply Eq. 25.16.

 98.010−9 C/m2
E= = = 5.54103 N/C upward
20 2 (8.8510 C / N  m )
− 12 2 2

→ →
(
46. F = qE = 1.6  10 −19 C )(1.35  10 iˆ N/C) =
6 2.16  10−13iˆ N

47. (a) This is similar to Example 25.9. Each sheet creates a uniform electric field that
points away from it (since they are positively charged), given by Eq. 25.16.


E=
2 0

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-31

48.0  10−6 C/m2 = 2.71 106 N/C

E1 = 
 C 2

2 8.85  10 − 12

 N m 2 
24.0  10−6 C/m2 = 1.36  106 N/C
E =

2  8.85  10−12 C 
2 2

 N m2 

Figure P25.47ANS

Now, find the vector sum at each location.

→
ˆ ˆ
E→A = − E1i − E2i = −4.07  106 iˆ N/C
ˆ ˆ
E→B = + E1i − E2i = +1.36  106 iˆ N/C
ˆ ˆ
EC = + E1i + E2i = +4.07  106 iˆ N/C

(b) The force can now be calculated with F = qE.

→ → −19 6 ˆ
(
F→A = −eE→A = −1.6  10 −19 C )(−4.07  10ˆ i N/C ) = 6.51 10
6
−13iˆ N

F→ = −eE→ = (−1.6  10 C)(1.36  10 i N/C) = −2.17  10 −13iˆ N

B B −19 ˆ 6

F = −eE = (−1.6  10
C C
C)(4.07  10 i N/C) = −6.51 10 −13iˆ N

48. (a) Apply Eq. 25.16.

 −6 2
E= = 47.010 C/m = 2.66106 N/C away from the sheet
20 2 (8.8510−12 )

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-32

(b) As long as the distance from the sheet is small compared to the width and height of
the sheet, the distance does not affect the field.

49. (a) Using Eq. 25.17,


E=
0
 = (4.50 104 )(8.8510−12 ) = 3.9810−7 C/m2

The charge is positive on the upper face and negative on the lower face.

Q
(b)  =
A
Q =  A = (3.9810−7 C/m2 ) ( 0.330 m ) C
2

Q = 4.3410−8 C = 43.4 nC, positive on the upper face and negative on the lower face.

50.

Figure P25.50ANS

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-33

51. (a) We apply Gauss’s law for planar symmetry using the Gaussian surface shown. By
the symmetry of the distribution, we expect the field to be in the +x direction for positive
x, and in the –x direction for negative x. Thus, the flux through the cylindrical surface is
zero and non-zero for the two end caps.

Figure P25.51ANS

 = 2EA

The enclosed charge is the volume inside the Gaussian cylinder times the charge density.

qin = (2xA)

Apply Gauss’s law, and solve for E.

qin
=
0
2  xA
2EA =
0
x
E=
0

(b) Using the results of part (a), calculate the field at the surface (x = 2.5 cm).
 x (2.00 10−6 )(0.0300)
E= = = 6.78103 N/C
−12
0 8.8510

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-34

52. Eq. 25.16 gives the field of the sheet. We set the magnitude equal to the answer in
Problem 51(a), with x = 0.025 m and solve for σ.
 x →  = 2x
E= =
20 0
 = 2(2.00  10−6 )(0.0250) = 1.00  10−7 C/m2

53. The magnitude of the electric field at a distance r from a spherical charge distribution
is given by Eq. 25.14. It is as if the charge is concentrated at the center.
1 Q
E= 2
40 r
1
C2  (1.0 m)
−12 N/C = Q
 −12
2

4  8.85  10 N m2 

Q = −1.33  10−9 C

We can now calculate the number of excess electrons, N.

Q = Ne

N = = −1.310 C = 8.3109
Q −9

e −1.6 10−19 C

54.


E=

Figure P25.54ANS

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-35

55. This is a capacitor (Eq. 25.18).

 99.5  10−9 C/m2

E= = = 1.12  104 N/C
0 8.85  10 N m /C
− 12 2 2

The magnitude of the force is

(
F = eE = 1.6  10−19 C )(1.12  10 4
)
N/C = 1.80  10−15 N

56. (a) Using Gauss’s Law for a Gaussain sphere of radius 0.100 m, we can see that
charge enclosed is 24.6 mC.

→ → q

 E d A = in
0

(
E 4 ( 0.100 m )
2
) =
24.6  10−3 C
8.85  10−12 N m2 / C2

24.6  10−3 C
E= 10
= 2.21 10 N/C
(
8.85  10 −12 N  m 2 / C 2 4 ( 0.100 m )
2
)
(b) Using Gauss’s Law for a Gaussain sphere of radius 0.300 m, we can see that charge
enclosed is zero. Thus, the electric field at r = 0.300 m is E = 0 .

57. Using a Gaussian surface inside the cylinder and the fact that E = 0 within the
conductor, the charge on the inner surface must be equal and opposite the charge on the
rod. Since the metal cylinder is neutral overall, the charge on its outside is equal and
opposite the charge on the inside.

qinner = −38.3 C
qouter = +38.3 C

58. (a) For r < a, use Gauss’s law (Eq. 25.11) with a cylindrical Gaussian surface of
radius r and length L. The flux through the two end caps is zero while the electric field
points radially, in the same direction as the area vector on the surface of the cylinder.

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-36
→ → qin V

 E d A = 0 = 0

E (2 rL) =
(
  r2L ) → Era =
r
0 20

For a < r < b, the cylindrical shell has no effect (use a Gaussian surface to show that only
the enclosed charge matters), and the field is that of the charged rod (Eq. 25.13). We can
also relate the charge density to the charge per unit length by considering a cylinder of
radius a and length L.
Q = L = V =  a 2 L →  = a2

1 
a2
Ear b = =
2 0 r 20r

Within the conductor, Ebrc = .

Outside of the conductor, it again looks like an infinite line of charge (the rod), or the
same as in a < r < b.
a2
Er c =
20r

(b) The electric field is discontinuous as shown in the plot.

Figure P25.58ANS

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-37

59. (a) The thick conducting shell must have zero electric field inside. This means that if
we consider a Gaussian sphere with a radius that falls within the conducting shell, the
enclosed charge must be zero, or the charge of the central sphere and the inner surface of
the shell must have a net charge of zero.

qsphere + qinner = 0
24.6 mC + qinner = 0
qinner = −24.6 mC

(b) We know the total charge of the conducting shell is −24.6 mC. Since the charge on
the inner surface is −24.6 mC, the charge on the outer surface must be 0.

(c) Divide the total charge on the inner surface by the area of the inner surface.

q
 = −24.610−3 C
inner
= = −4.8910−2 C/m2
4 ( 0.200 m )
inner 2
Ainner

(d) The charge on the outer surface is zero, so the surface charge density is 0.

60. (a) Using a Gaussian surface of radius 0.100 m,

→ → q

 E d A = in
0

(
E 4 ( 0.100 m )
2
) =
24.6  10−3 C
8.85  10−12 N m2 / C2

24.6  10−3 C
E= 10
= 2.21 10 N/C
(
8.85  10 −12 N  m 2 / C 2 4 ( 0.100 m )
2
)
(b) Using a Gaussian surface of radius 0.225 m, the charge enclosed will be zero, so
E= 0.

(c) Using a Gaussian surface of radius 0.500 m, the charge enclosed will be zero, so
E= 0.

61. Calculate the flux using Eq. 25.3. The area vector points normal to the plate along the
z-axis.
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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-38
→
ˆ ˆ
A = (0.60 m)(0.40 m ) k = 0.24 k m
→ →
 = ˆ ˆ ˆ N ˆ

E (
E • A = −4.0i + 5.0 j + 3.0k ) C • (0.24 k m) = 0.72 N m 2 /C

Figure P25.61ANS

62. (a) For a uniform electric field passing through a plane surface,
E = E  A = EAcos , where  is the angle between the electric field and the normal to
the surface. The electric field is perpendicular to the surface, so  = 0°:

( )
 = 5.65  105 N/C  ( 0.150 m )  cos0 =
2

3.99  104 N m 2 /C
E  

(b) The electric field is parallel to the surface:  = 90°, so cos = 0, and the flux is
zero .

( )
(c)  = 5.65  105 N/C  ( 0.150 m )  cos 45.0 =
2

E   2.82  104 N m 2 /C

63. (a) Inside the shell, the field is zero. One way to see this is to make a spherical
Gaussian surface of this radius which contains zero charge.

→
E= 0

(b) Outside a spherical charge distribution, use Eq. 25.14.

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-39

kQ (8.99109 )(78.010−6 C)
E= = = 3.62106 N/C radially outward
( 0.440 m )
2 2
r

64. Using a Gaussian surface of radius 0.0760 m (to find the field at point A), we note
that the charge enclosed will depend on the density of the spherical charge distribution
and the volume, V, enclosed by the Gaussian sphere.

→ → q
 EdA = in
0
−3  
45.3  10 C
 4 / 3  0.152 m 3  ( 4 / 3)  ( 0.0760 m )
3

= ( ) (
 )
( )
2 V
E ( 4 0.0760) m =
A
8.85  10−12 N m 2 / C2 8.85  10−12 N m 2 / C2
 −3   45.3  10 −3 C 
45.3  10   (0.0760 m)
 ( 0.0760 m )
C 3

(0.152 m )  3
 ( 0.152 m ) 
3

E = 
= = 8.82  109 N/C
A
8.85  10 −12 N  m 2 / C2 4 ( 0.0760 m ) ( 2
) 8.85  10−12 N m 2 / C2 (4 )

Now, we use a Gaussian surface with a radius of 0.228 m to find the field at point B. The
total charge enclosed will be the total charge of the sphere plus the total charge of the
shell.

→ → q

 Ed A =
(
in
0

EB 4 (0.228 m)
2
)= 45.3  10−3 C + 35.5  10−3 C

8.85  10 −12 N m2 / C2

80.8  10−3 C
EB = = 1.40  10 N/C
10

8.85  10 −12 N  m 2 / C2 4 ( 0.228 m ) ( 2

)
65. In the xy plane, the area vector points in the kˆ direction. Since z = 0,

→
ˆ ˆ
Exy = 2.00 y j − 4.00x k
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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-40

Using Eq. 25.3,

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's
→ →
Law 25-41
 = ˆ ˆ ˆ

E  E  d A = (2.00 y j − 4.00x k )  k dA = −  4.00x dA

With dA = 0.240 dx (in metric units),

0.500 0.500

E = −0.960  x dx = −0.960 = −0.120 Nm 2 /C

x=0 x=0

Figure P25.65ANS

66. (a) Note that all of the electric field lines that enter the top surface also exit the
vertical side of the closed surface (the side parallel the z axis). Also note that the area
vector of the vertical side is parallel to the electric field. This means that we can find the
electric flux through the vertical side, and this will be equal and opposite to the flux
through the slanted top. Thus, the flux through the slanted top, or vertical surface is given
by
 = − →  → = − EAcos = − 1.57  10 N/C
4
( )(1.100 m)(tan(40)(0.500 m))cos(0)
E
E A

E = −7.25  103 N m 2 /C

(b) The charge enclosed by the surface is zero. Thus, the net electric flux through the
surface is 0.

67. (a) Use Gauss’s law (Eq. 25.11) by choosing a Gaussian surface at a radius of 12.0
cm. This will relate the field at this distance (which is given) to the enclosed charge (that
is, the charge on the plastic sphere).
→ → 2
qin
 E  d A = E 4 r ( )=  0

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-42

(−9.10104 N C ) 4 ( 0.120 m ) =
2 qsphere
8.8510−12 C2 / N  m2

qsphere = −1.46  10−7 C = −146 nC

(b) We can now choose a Gaussian surface with radius 34.0 cm. This will allow us to
relate the electric field that is given to the total charge enclosed, qsphere + qshell .

qsphere + qshell
(+1.70103 )
N C 4 ( 0.340 m ) =
2

8.8510−12 C2 / N m2
q +q = 2.1910−8 C = 21.9 nC
sphere shell

qshell = 21.9 nC − (−146 nC) = 168 nC = 1.6810−7 C

(c) Finally, we choose a Gaussian surface within the aluminum shell, R2 < r < R3. Within
the conductor E = 0, so the flux is zero, and therefore qsphere + Qinner shell surface = 0 .

Qinner shell surface = −qsphere = 146 nC = 1.46  10−7 C

Since the shell has a charge of 168 nC and the inner surface has a charge of 146 nC, the
rest of the charge must be on the outer surface.

Qouter shell surface = 168 nC − 146 nC = 22 nC = 2.2  10−8 C

68. These are categorized as special cases because they are applications of Gauss’s Law,
which is the major concept. The special cases are only valid in these instances where
there is a high degree of symmetry, but they provide us insight into Gauss’s Law and how
it works.

69. The radius of the sphere is a = 30.0 cm = 0.300 m. For radii less than this (r < a), we
can use Eq. 25.15. For radii outside the sphere (r > a), we use Eq. 25.14.

(a) With r = 0,

kQr
E= =
a3
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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-43

(b) With r = 0.150 m,

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-44

kQr (8.99 109 )(33.0 10−6 C)(0.150 m)

E= = = 1.65106 N/C
( 0.300 m )
3 3
a

(c) With r = 0.300 m = a,

kQr kQ (8.99 109 )(33.0 10−6 C)

E= = = = 3.30106 N/C
a3 a2 ( 0.300 m )
2

(d) With r = 0.900 m > a,

kQ (8.99 109 )(33.0 10−6 C)

E= = = 3.66 10 N/C
e 5

( 0.900 m )
2 2
r

The direction for each electric field is radially outward.

70. To find the net flux we need to calculate the flux through all of the faces of the cube
(Eq. 25.6). The six faces of the cube are shown in the figure. The area vectors have
directions as follows: →
→ → ˆ ˆ
ˆ
dA1 = dy dz i , dA2 = −dx dz j, →3 = −dy dz i
dA
→ → ˆ ˆ
ˆ
dA4 = dx dz j, dA5 = −dx dy k, dA6 = dx dy k
We now find the flux through each surface. The electric field is non-uniform, so we have
to integrate over the surface area. Use 0.20 m for the length of the sides. For instance, for
Face 1:
→
E ( x, y, z ) = (−4.0 N/Cm ) x iˆ + (5.0 N/Cm ) y ˆj + (3.0 N/Cm ) z kˆ
→
ˆ
dA1 = dy dz i
x = L = 0.20 m
→ →
 = 0.20 m 0.20 m

E ,1  E • d A = ( −4.0 N/C  m )(0.20 m ) 

1 0
dy 0 dz

E ,1 = ( −4.0 N/C  m )( 0.20 m )( 0.20 m ) = −3.2  10−2 N m 2 /C

2

Similarly, we proceed to find the flux through the other faces.

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-45

E ,2 = 0
E ,3 = 0
E ,4 = 4.0 10−2 N  m2 /C
E ,5 = 0
E ,6 = 2.4 10−2 N m 2 /C

Figure P25.70ANS

71. For the top surface, the area is parallel to the electric field, and for the bottom, it is
anti-parallel to the electric field.

E ,top = EA
E ,bottom = −EA

For the other four surfaces, the area is perpendicular to the electric filed, so there are no
fluxes through those surfaces.

The total flux is the sum of these six and is therefore also zero.

72. (a) Imagine a Gaussian surface is drawn which is also a cylinder with a radius
between the inner and outer radii of the cylindrical conductor and an arbitrary length l .

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-46

According to Gauss’s law (Equation 25.11), since E inside the conducting shell is zero,
the flux through the Gaussian surface is zero, and therefore the total charge contained
inside the Gaussian surface must also be zero. Since the wire has a charge density of 2λ0,
the inside surface of the cylindrical shell must have a charge density of –2λ0.

Figure P25.72a ANS

(b) Since the cylinder has a total charge density of 3λ0 and a charge on the interior
surface of –2λ0, the exterior surface must have a charge density of 5λ0.

(c) Apply Gauss’s law (Eq. 25.11). For d larger than the outside radius of the cylinder,
the total charge per unit length contained is 5λ0. For d smaller than the inside radius of the
cylinder, the enclosed charge is only the wire with charge density 2λ0. For d within the
conducting cylinder, the electric field is zero.
For d smaller than the inside radius of the cylinder:

20 𝑙
E2 r𝑙 =
0
20
E=2 = 40 k , radially outward
40r r

For d within the cylinder:

E=0

For d larger than the outside radius of the cylinder:

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-47

50 𝑙
E2 r𝑙 =
0
100k
50 , radially outward
E=2 =
40r r

Figure P25.72c ANS

73. The magnitude of the electric field at a distance r from the long wire is given by Eq.
25.13. From there, we obtain the linear charge density, i.e., the charge per unit length.

1 
E=
20 r
1 
12 N/C =
 −12 C2  (0.50 m)

2  8.85  10
 N m2 
 = 3.3  10−10 C/m

Now the charge contained in 15 cm = 0.15 m of the wire is obtained from the linear
charge density.

( )
Q =  L = 3.3  10−10 C/m (0.15 m) = 5.0  10−11 C = 0.050 nC

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-48

74. (a) At this position, outside the shell and close to the shell compared to its length, the
field is the same as if the charge was concentrated on a line at the center of the shell.
(One can use Gauss’s law to show this.) With Eq. 25.13 and the linear charge density  =
Q/(1.50 m),

2k 2 (8.99109 )(Q 1.50)

E= → 2.3510 N/C = 4
r 0.250 m

Q = +4.9010−7 C

→
(b) Since the point is within the cylindrical shell, E = 0 .

75. (a) The total charge on the sphere can be found by integrating the charge element dq
= ρ dV over the entire volume.

dV = 4r 2dr

R R
Q =  dV =  A 4r 2dr = 4 A rdr = 2 Ar 2 R
= 2 AR2
r 0
0 0

(b) Outside the spherically symmetric distribution, the field will be like that of a particle
with total charge Q according to Eq. 25.14.

→ Q 2 AR2 AR2
E= rˆ = rˆ = rˆ AR2
4 r 2 4 r 2 2 r 2 or E=
2 r
0 0 0

(c) Apply Gauss’s law (Equation 25.11). Choose as the Gaussian surface a sphere of
radius r < R.
→ → q
 E =  E  dA = in
0

The field is radially symmetric, and the area vector is also radial, so the flux is simply
E  4r2 . The charge enclosed inside the Gaussian surface is found as in part (a), with an
upper limit of the integral of r, the radius of the Gaussian surface.
0
r
r
qin = 4 A r dr = 2 Ar2 0
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 Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-49

= 2 Ar 2

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-50

Applying Gauss’s law,

2 Ar 2
E4r2 = → E=
0 20

The vector field is then

→ A
= rˆ
E
20

76. See Problem 75 for a derivation of the electric field.

Figure P25.76ANS

77. The charge will distribute itself uniformly on both sides of the plate, forming two
sheets of charge. We can use the results of Example 25.9, except that both surfaces have
positive charge. We apply Eq. 25.16 for each sheet of charge.

  
E= + =
20 20 0

The surface charge on each side is half the total charge divided by the area of the surface.

q 20.010−6 −6
= 
= = 
2

5.0 10 C/m
A 2.02

Inserting above,

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-51

 5.010−6
E= = = 5.6105 N/C
−
0
12
8.8510

78. By symmetry, the electric field is radial and, therefore, uniform over the Gaussian
surface (Eq. 25.11):

→ → q

 Ed A= 0
in

c
(
E 4 r 2 = ) 1
  dV =   4 r dr =  4 dr
r 1 2 c r r

0 0 0 0  r 2  0 0


(
E 4 r 2 = ) 4c
0
r

c
E= , radially outward (if c is positive)
r0

79. The point charge produces a uniform E , pointing radially outward along the
direction of the area vector at each point on the surface. It is also constant for constant
radius R. The flux is therefore E = EA (Eq. 25.4). The arc length of a small ring-shaped
element of the sphere is ds = Rd, and its circumference is 2 r = 2 R sin . The area of
the spherical cap is:

 

A =  2 rds =  (2 R sin ) Rd = 2 R sin d 2

0 0

A = 2 R2 (−cos ) 0 = 2 R2 (1−cos )

The flux is then:

 1  Q  Q 
 = EA =  2 R2 (1− cos ) = (1− cos )
E  4  R2  2 
0 0

 =  7.20  10−6 C (1− cos30.0) =


5.45  104 N m 2 /C
E
 2 ( 8.85  10 −12 C N  m 
2 2
)
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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-52

Figure P25.79ANS

80. (a) For a Guassian surface with r < R, only a portion of the charged sphere will be
enclosed. Because the charge distribution is nonuniform, we must integrate over the
volume of the Gaussian surface to determine the charge enclosed.

(
qin =   dV =  cr3 r 2 sin dd dr )
q 2
d  sind r cr5dr = 2 −cos − (−cos0) r6
c
( )
in
= 0  0 0 6
qin = (2c / 3 )r 6

Now we can use Gauss’s Law for r < R.

→ → q

 Ed A =  in

(2c / 3)r6
0

(
E 4 r 2 = ) 0
(2c / 3)r 6
cr 4
E= =
(4 r ) 2
0
60

(b) For a Guassian surface with r > R, all of the charged sphere will be enclosed. Because
the charge distribution is nonuniform, we must integrate over the volume of the charged
sphere to determine the charge enclosed.

(
qin =   dV =  cr3 r 2 sin dd dr )
q 2
d  sind R cr5dr = 2 −cos − (−cos0)
c 6
R ( )
in
= 0  0 0 6
qin = (2c / 3) R6

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Chapter 25 - Gauss's Law 25-53

Now we can use Gauss’s Law for r > R.

→ → q

 Ed A =  in

(2c / 3) R6
0

(
E 4 r 2 = ) 0
(2c / 3) R6 cR6
E= =
(4 r ) 2
0
r

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