Lesson 16 and 17

: Political self
Self as a member of community
The Political Self- refers to how self is
part of the community, become
political active on social issues and
lastly become aware of his/her rights
as he/she is a member of a
community.
Developing the Filipino as a
Responsible Citizen
Follow traffic rules
Be punctual and do not procrastinate
Ask for a BIR official receipt.
Pay your tax.
Be a responsible parent
Love your husband or wife
Conserve water and energy
Protect our environment.
Developing the Filipino as a
Responsible Citizen
Obey the laws and local ordinances.
Be kind to our foreign visitors
Respect other Filipinos, especially the elders.
Help your own town achieve progress.
Be a responsible netizen.
EXAMINING
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
Intersubjectivity /Interpersonal
Is defined as relations among human persons which
give respect to each other’s personhood.
Persons and Rights
RIGHTS – entitlements or interests one is allowed
permitted to pursue or simply things one may or may
not do. ( no sanction if one fails to perform his/her
right)

DUTIES- things one ought to perform (there are

usually sanctions if one fails to perform a duty)
 In terms of the relevant features a person must have
to acquire certain rights.
(In this classification, rights are classified as either
legal, contractual, or human.)

( Rights and duties are distributed among members of a

certain group. Membership in a certain group is based on
possession of a certain relevant feature. Now, the groups
we can be member of can be generalized into 3 general
kinds namely:)
a)contractual groups (being part of university of
pangasinan)
b.) states (filipino citizen)
c.) humanity/human (humanity)
A. contractual rights – are rights a person acquires
when he enters into a contract or agreement with
another party. It can be individual, group of person,
company or institution . Contracts are essentially
agreements, consisting of rights and duties, between
two or more party, which can be formal (written
document with clearly specific agreement) or
informal. (unwritten agreements where the rights and
duties involved are merely implied or assumed.
Ex. of formal contract: Signing of contract when one
begins to work in a company loan
Ex. of informal : friendship or romantic relationship.
 B. legal rights – are rights that a person possesses by
virtue of his or her citizenship which is acquired by
birth or by choice. Such right is specified in the
constitution or state you are belonged to. Contractual
right and legal rights are temporary)
C. human rights – rights all persons possess simply
by virtue of being human. (The only relevant feature to
be entitled is being a human)
❖ Difference from other rights:
(human rights are natural)
(human rights are universal)
(human rights are inalienable)
(highest kind of rights)
 B. legal rights – are rights that a person possesses by virtue of his
or her citizenship which is acquired by birth or by choice. Such
right is specified in the constitution or state u are belonged to (c
right and l rights are temporary )
C. human rights – rights all persons possess simply by virtue of
being human. The only relevant feature to be entitled is being a
human
❖ Difference from other rights:
(human rights are natural)
(human rights are universal)
(human rights are inalienable)
(highest kind of rights)
Democratic Intervention
How can you say that a state is a
state?
Is Philippines considered as a
state?

Yes or no?
How can you say so?
Yes! Philippines is a democratic and republican state.

(ARTICLE 2 OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINES

CONSTITUTION)
Concept of State
A state is a community of persons, more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite
portion of territory, having a government of their
own to which the great body of inhabitants render
obedience, and enjoying freedom from external
control.
ELEMENTS OF STATE
1. PEOPLE –
2. TERRITORY
3. GOVERNMENT
4. SOVEREIGNTY
ORIGIN OF STATES (Theories of
how state was created)
1. Divine right theory – Divine creation and ruler is
ordained by God
2. Necessity or force theory – created through force
by some great warriors.
3. Paternalistic theory-enlargement of the family
4. Social contract theory- created by deliberate and
voluntary compact among people to form a
society.
Defining democracy
Democracy, which derives from the Greek word
demos(people) and kratos(rule) is defined, basically
as government in which the supreme power is vested
in the people. In some forms, democracy can be
exercised directly by the people; in large societies, it
is by the people through their elected agents
What is the importance of
democracy in a free and just
society
3 Model of democracy

Direct democracy
Representative democracy
Participatory democracy
 Direct democracy

This model has an element of proximity and

directness.
Ex: condominium owners vote for condominium
regulations.
Representative democracy
This model requires the election of a few members
who are responsible for making the necessary
decisions for the people. These people are chosen
by electorate as their representative in government.
Ex. Parent- teachers associations and election of
member of the senate or house of representatives.
PARTICIPATORY
DEMOCRACY
people rule through the collective discussion of issues that needs
to be debated. In this model decision and solutions are agreed
upon by all the members without resorting to a vote.
4 major component of participatory democracy:
a) All members have the opportunity to raise and issue and
provide possible solution.
b) The issues are discussed during face to face meetings
c) There is much discussion involved in addressing the problem.
d) Members want consensus.
(ex. Cooperative resolving an issue)
Elements of representative
democracy
1. popular support of government
2. Political competition
3. alternation of power
4. popular representation
5. majority rule
6. recognition of rights to dissent and disobedience
7. political equality
8. Popular consultation
9. Free press
 The five main characteristics of
democracy
(i) Elected representative
(ii) Elections are held to elect the representatives
(iii) Civil liberties
(iv) Rule of law
(v) Independent judiciary
DEMOCRACY AND THE
EXERCISE OF CIVIL AND
POLITICAL RIGHTS
1. Political decisions must be rendered to everyone
“with equal concern and respect’’
2. The basic civil and political rights of every
individual person are guaranteed.
3. Civil and political rights of a citizen cannot be
taken away from him or her on the basis of a
person’s race, morals, or way of life.
Democracy in civil society
For democracy to exist, civil society must have the
freedom to express their sentiments as individuals or
collectively in matters pertaining to both political
and nonpolitical issues and topic.
Importance of democratic
participation
Citizen’s participation is a process which provides
private individuals an opportunity to influence
public decisions and to be a component of the
democratic decision-making process.
What is martial law?
Martial law is the imposition of direct military
control of normal civil functions or suspension of
civil law by a government, especially in response
to an emergency where civil forces are
overwhelmed, or in an occupied territory.
Martial law involves the temporary substitution of
military authority for civilian rule and is usually
invoked in time of war, rebellion, or natural
disaster.
Martial law
Martial law is law administered by the military rather
than by a civilian government, typically to restore
order.
Martial law is declared in an emergency, in a response
to a crisis, or to control occupied territory.
When martial law is declared, civil liberties—such as
the right to free movement, free speech, protection
from unreasonable searches, and habeas corpus
laws—may be suspended.