Chapter 3 ee Communication Protocols By Firaol-[Fran Eh] March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 30 [BY FIRAOL K]network protocol + Anetwork protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is transmitted between different devices in the same network. Essentially, it allows connected devices to communicate with each other, regardless of any differences in their internal processes, structure or design. + Network Protocols are a set of rules governing exchange of information in an easy, reliable and secure way March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, a [BY FIRAOL K]aC ella + TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. + TCPIIP is a set of layered protocols used for communication over the Internet. * The communication model of this suite is client-server model. + Acomputer that sends a request is the client and a computer to which the request is sent is the server. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 2 [BY FIRAOL K]Client_server March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LEC OTE 33 [BY FIRAOL K]CP/IP has four layers + Application layer - Application layer protocols like HTTP and FTP are used. + Transport layer - Data is transmitted in form of datagrams using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP is responsible for breaking up data at the client side and then reassembling it on the server side, + Network layer — Network layer connection is established using Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer. Every machine connected to the Internet is assigned an address called /P address by the protocol to easily identify source and destination machines. Data link layer - Actual data transmission in bits occurs at the data link layer using the destination address provided by network layer. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 4 [BY FIRAOL K]OSI model March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 35 [BY FIRAOL K]Types of Protocols e * Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) * Internet Protocol (IP) + User Datagram Protocol (UDP) * Post office Protocol (POP) * Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP) * File Transfer Protocol (FTP) * Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) + Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) March 27, 2023 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE 36 [BY FIRAOL K]TCP * Transmission control protocol (TCP) is a network communication protocol designed to send data packets over the Internet. + TCP is a transport layer protocol in the OSI layer and is used to create a connection between remote computers by transporting and ensuring the delivery of messages over supporting networks and the Internet. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 7 [BY FIRAOL K]* Hypertext transfer protocol or HTTP is a fundamental protocol used on the Internet in order to control data transfer to and from a hosting server, in communication with a web browser. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, [BY FIRAOL K]FTP + File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a client/server protocol used for transferring files to or from a host computer. + FTP may be authenticated with user names and passwords. + FTP is the Internet standard for moving or transferring files from one computer to another using TCP or IP networks. + File Transfer Protocol is also known as RFC 959/Request for comment. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 39 [BY FIRAOL K]1.FTP establish a control connection between client and server. 2. Then a second connection is established, which is a link between the computers through which the data is transferred. * Data transfer can occur in ASCII mode or Binary Mode. 3. After the file transfer has ended, the data connection terminates automatically. 4. Finally FTP is closed when the user logoff and ends the session. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 40 [BY FIRAOL K]March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE. [BY FIRAOL K] a* Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a standard protocol for accessing email on a remote server from a local client March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 2 [BY FIRAOL K]@ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol @\t’s a server to server protocol for delivering a mail. It regulates what goes between mail servers. @ Sender can use only SMTP for sending message to mail server @ Receiver use either POP(Post office Protocol) or IMAP(internet message access protocol) to access their account on mail server. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 43 [BY FIRAOL K]SMTP * Stands for "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol." This is the protocol used for sending e-mail over the Internet. + Your e-mail client (such as Outlook, Eudora, or Mac OS X Mail) uses SMTP to send a message to the mail server, and the mail server uses SMTP to relay that message to the correct receiving mail server. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 44 [BY FIRAOL K]Steps-SMTP 1. STMP initiated by the SMTP client and response from the STMP server through which the session is opened. 2. operating parameters are exchanged. 3. The recipients are specified and possibly verified. 4. The message is Transmitted. 5. The session is Closed. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 45 [BY FIRAOL K]+ Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a standard mail protocol used to receive emails from a remote server to a local email client. + POP3 allows you to download email messages on your local computer and read them even when you are offline March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 46 [BY FIRAOL K]POP3 vs IMAP + While the POP3 protocol assumes that your email is being accessed only from one application, + IMAP allows simultaneous access by multiple clients. + This is why IMAP is more suitable for you if you’re going to access your email from different locations March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, a7 [BY FIRAOL K]DNS * The Domain Name System (DNS) is a central part of the internet, providing a way to match names (a website that you are looking for) to numbers (the address for the website). + Anything connected to the internet - laptops, tablets, mobile phones, websites - has an Internet Protocol (IP) address made up of numbers. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 48 [BY FIRAOL K]@ Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. @ |t's a windows NT server software that assigns an IP address to each node of the Network. @ It built on client/server model and defines two components. 1. Server - Delivering host configuration information. 2. Client - Requesting and acquiring host configuration information.Advantages + DHCP provides the following advantages: > It reduces the amount of configuration on devices. >It reduces the likelihood of configuration errors on devices acquiring address information. >It gives you more administrative control by centralizing IP addressing information and management. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 50 [BY FIRAOL K]RFCs for Ki RFC Date 768 791 792 793 826 950 959 oe Pee oes ee ee August 1980 September 1981 September 1981 September 1981 November 1982 August 1985 October 1985 1034 November 1987 1035 November 1987 1939 May 1996 2131 March 1997 2236 November 1997 2616 June 1999 2821 April 2001 March 27, 2023, Internet Stand Description User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities (DNS) Domain Names - Implementation and Specification (DNS) Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)(Updates RFC 1112) Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP/1.1 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE. 51 [BY FIRAOL K]IP address * An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is the logical address of our network hardware by which other devices identify it in a network. + IP address stands for Internet Protocol address which is an unique number or a numerical representation that uniquely identifies a specific interface on the network. + Each device that is connected to internet an IP address is assigned to it for its unique identification. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 82 [BY FIRAOL K]Port Number + Port number is the part of the addressing information used to identify the senders and receivers of messages in computer networking. + Different port numbers are used to determine what protocol incoming traffic should be directed to. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 53 [BY FIRAOL K]* Ports are represented by 16-bit numbers. * 0 to 1023 are restricted port numbers are as they are used by well-known protocol services. * 1024 to 49151 are registered port numbers means it can be registered to specific protocols by software corporations and + In last 49152 to 65536 are used as private ports means they can be used by anybody. March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 54 [BY FIRAOL K]March 27, 2023, Port # Protocol 21 FTP Control 20 FIP Data aa ‘Telnet 25 SMTP 53 DNS so HTTP 110 POP3 143 IMAP 443 HTIPS DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, [BY FIRAOL K]Port vs. lp address rs Used to identify 2 host enna ‘used to identify an application/services on your system ‘An IP address isthe address of the layer-3 IP protocol. The IP address for IPvd is of 32 bits (4 bytes) size and {for ipv6 is 128 bits (16 bytes) ‘A port number isa layer-& address used by some layer-4 protocols e.g. TCP end UDP ‘The Port number is 16 bits and assigned bythe Network operatingsystem when the application process creates the sockets IP address is provided by network admi ‘admin user of system ratoror Port no. for application is decided by the Kernel of the 0S. This port no. is called port address. To find IP address, issue the command “ipconfig” under CLI end press “Enter.” Your IP address should be listed under “Ethernet adapter/LAN" ‘To find port number used for application, Type ‘netstat-a" and press “Enter” Alistof ell your active ‘TCP/IP connections wll populate showing port ‘number used by source and destination hosts. IP address works to send datagram traffic across network from source machine to destination machine ‘After IP deliversthe packet to destination, with the help of the port numbers OS directs the datato the correct application Eg -192.168.0.1, 172.16.0.1 are some of IP address ‘examples. March 27, 2023, Eg. ~Port number 80 for http traffic, 67 and 68 for DHCP traffic ete, https: //ipwithease.com DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE. [BY FIRAOL K]Thank U! March 27, 2023, DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM LECTURE NOTE, 87 [BY FIRAOL K]