Period 9:

1980 - Reagan elected - campaigned for increased defense spending, implementation of supply-side
economic policies, and a balanced budget. His campaign was aided by Democratic dissatisfaction
with Carter, the Iran hostage crisis, and a worsening economy at home marked by stagflation.

1989 - Cold War ends - During 1989 and 1990, the Berlin Wall came down, borders opened, and
free elections ousted Communist regimes everywhere in eastern Europe. In late 1991 the Soviet
Union itself dissolved into its component republics. With stunning speed, the Iron Curtain was lifted
and the Cold War came to an end.

1991 - Persian Gulf War - The invasion of Kuwait led to a United Nations Security Council embargo
and sanctions on Iraq and the U.S.-led coalition air and ground war, which began on January 16,
1991, and ended with an Iraqi defeat and retreat from Kuwait on February 28, 1991.

1994 - Contract with America - the Republican plan in the 1994 election, calling for welfare reform,
congressional term limits, and a balanced-budget amendment. In the mid-1990s, the Clinton
administration sent billions of dollars in aid to Russia, which saw rising levels of private-sector
business and foreign trade.

1995 - Oklahoma City Bombing - terrorist attack in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S., on April 19,
1995, in which a massive homemade bomb concealed in a rental truck exploded, heavily damaging
the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. A total of 168 people were killed, including 19 children, and
more than 500 were injured.

2000 - Bush v. Gore - a divided Supreme Court ruled that the state of Florida's court-ordered
manual recount of vote ballots in the 2000 presidential election was unconstitutional. The case
proved to be the climax of the contentious presidential race between Vice President Al Gore and
Texas Governor George W.

2001 - 9/11 Attacks - The hijacked Flight 11 crashed into floors 93 to 99 of the North Tower (1
WTC) at 8:46 a.m. The hijacked Flight 175 struck floors 77 to 85 of the South Tower (2 WTC) 17
minutes later at 9:03 a.m. Almost 3,000 people were killed during the 9/11 terrorist attacks, which
triggered major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defined the presidency of George W. Bush.

2008 - Great Recession - the sharp decline in economic activity that started in 2007 and lasted
several years, spilling into global economies. It is considered the most significant downturn since
the Great Depression in the 1930s.

2008 - Obama elected - Obama won a decisive victory over McCain, winning the Electoral College
and the popular vote by a sizable margin, including states that had not voted for the Democratic
presidential candidate since 1976 (North Carolina) and 1964 (Indiana, Virginia, and Nebraska's 2nd
congressional district).

2011 - Affordable Care Act / Obamacare - The act was enacted to expand coverage, hold insurance
companies more accountable, lower healthcare costs, give people more choice for insurance, and
increase the quality of healthcare/ health insurance.

Period 8 1945-1980:
 - Position for Global Influence → following world war ll both the soviet union and the us
emerged as two international superpowers at opposite ends of the discussion about how
europe would be organised and run following the devastation of the war
- The Marshall Plan →the United States massive foraty into the rehabilitation of the european
continent
- Communist nations → soviet union
- Domocracy → US and its partners
- NATO →structured to support allies in need
- Warsaw Pact → similar alliance of nations on the communist side
- Escalation of the Cold War:
- #1: Communism Spreads it’s wings → soviet union established “satelite states”
throughout eastern europe
- #2: The US proclaims a policy of containment →US would through a variety stop the
spreaf of comminism →also known as Truman Doctrinbe →Eisenhower
Doctrineesatlished a US policy in the Middle East that assued the US support in an
instance of impending threat of invasion, attack, or incursion by internation
communist forces
- #3: Communist revolution in China in 1949→power turns into communism
- Nuclear weaposn → scared americas
- hunt for traitors caused fear →pushed americans to push suspect of eachother
- Soviet Satelliete, Sputnik, sparked the Space Ract between the US and the Soviet Union showed
Americans that they were in the lead with global and weapons/defence technology
- Korean Conflict between 1950 and 1953 →North Korea supported by community nations china
and the soviet union invaded its southern counterpart with was supported by a United Nations
forced headed up by the US
- After 3 years the war was esxsentially a draw, leaving the penisula divided to this day along the
18th paralled
- Bay of Pigs invations → it was aimed at overthrowing Fidel Castro's communist government. The
operation took place at the height of the Cold War, and its failure influenced relations between
Cuba, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
- 1963 the Cuban missile crisis unfolded →cuba had set up soviet missle installations pointed at
major us cities
- The Vietnam war would begin with a small group of American advisers showing up in ther late
1940s → wasr that people did not understand, american soldiers were killed in recond #’s
- Equal Rights for call →Brown v. BOE, schools were by law required to deseregate campuses and
classrooms, protest against racism
- 1995-56 Mongomery Bus bOycott →showed power of collective action, made it to front page of
national newspapers and forced peoploe to be involved in the battles for civil rights
- Little Rock 9 →the first African American students to enter Little Rock's Central High School.
Three years earlier, following the Supreme Court ruling, the Little Rock school board pledged to
voluntarily desegregate its schools.
- Civil Rights Act (of 1957) → established the Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department and
empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against interference with the right to
vote.
- March on Washington →for Jobs and Freedom brought over 200,000 people to the nation's capitol
to protest racial discrimination and show support for civil rights legislation that was pending in
Congress.
- Kennedy secretly supported MLK, assassinated
- Civil Rights Act of 1964 →prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or
national origin
- assaissnation of MLK in 1968 didn’t stop the Civil Rights movement but gave the nation a paused
as it mourned the loss of a man that gave the simple notion of equality for all
- Black Panthers →confronted politicians, challenged the police, and protected black citizens from
brutality.
- Richard Nixon → watergate scandal
- Jimmy Carters one term was to the gas crisis and stagflation →a man for making peacher
- US Culture and Its Emerging Counter: after war lots changedf
- Federal Highway Act of 1956 → authorized the building of highways throughout the nation
- Immargeration Act of 1965 →abolished an earlier quota system based on national origin and
established a new immigration policy based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled
labor to the United States.
- Hart-Cellar Act → overhauled immigration policy in the United States by increasing access for new
immigrant groups and producing a demographic revolution in the U.S. population.
- Clean Air Act of 1970 → gives the Environmental Protection Agency the necessary tools to protect
our families from a number of harmful pollutants that can cause asthma and lung disease –
especially in children.
- Clean water act of 1972 →establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants
into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters.
- Anti-war movemnet exemplifiewd in Students for a Democratic Society drew on an educated
middle class students seeking universal change insociety →rebelled agains gov
- Equal Pay Act →men and women in the same workplace be given equal pay for equal work.
- Iran Hostage Crisis →Eight U.S. service members were killed, and their bodies, left behind, were
later paraded before Iranian television cameras. The Carter administration, humiliated by the failed
mission and loss of life, expended great energy to have the bodies returned to the United States
#1 US as a superpower, #2 The Cold War, #3 Civil Rights Movement, #4 A cultural shift