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3.1U Revision Sheet

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Aman Ghattaura
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74 views

3.1U Revision Sheet

Uploaded by

Aman Ghattaura
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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3.1U Course — Revision Sheets Chapter 1 — Engineering Offshore Structures Duty Holder is responsible for safety & the CNC (Criteria of Non-Conformance) & those risks are reduced to being: As low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) Pipelines - Made from high grade steel (API-5LX) made up in 40ft (12.0m) lengths Primary Structure - All structural components the failure of which would seriously endanger the structure — Piles, legs & bracings, concrete caissons & towers, main deck girders, lower hulls, pontoons, columns, main bracings, deck beams, heli-deck. Secondary Structure - Structural elements that are not primary. Items specific to steel Fatigue life Specific Joint Design - to minimise stress concentration areas Buckling - another prime possibility for component failure Destructive Testing - to minimise potential failures & as part of the overall QA Chapter 2 - Offshore Structures Node — Point on steel structure where two or more members and are joined. Can - The main body of the node. Conductors — Tubes for drilling purposes, connecting seabed wells to the topside. Conductor Guide Frame — Horizontal sections of framework, which restrain and guide the conductors. Leg — the main vertical component. Guide — A steel cylinder that supports the pile while it's driven into the seabed. Pile Sleeves — Stee! cylinders grouped around the base of the legs Caissons — Open bottomed tubular components terminating at various depths, used for the intake or discharge of water or waste. Member ~ one of the horizontal, vertical or diagonal components of the Jacket. Flowline Bundles — Pipe-work bringing oil or gas from satellite wellheads into the platform, also containing control lines and well injection lines. Production risers carry oil or gas up from the seabed wellheads. Export risers take the processed hydrocarbons down to pipelines. Batter — refers to the angle between the vertical and the leg of the jacket Concrete Weightcoat (made from Gunite) has 3 functions ~ + Adds weight to ensure negative buoyancy + Protects from physical damage. + Protects from corrosion TLP — Tension Leg Platform FPS - Floating Production System FPSO — Floating Production Storage & Offloading System SSIV - Sub Sea Isolation Valve Mid Water Arch — Keeps flexible riser in Lazy ‘S' configuration PLEM — Pipe Line End Manifold 3.1U Course — Revision Sheets Chapter 3 - Loading on Offshore Structures Stress is defined as load or force over area sos BE oe E Tensile Stress - Atoms being pulled apart Compressive Stress - Atoms being pushed together Shear Stress (or Torsion)- Atoms being pushed past each other Yield Point - When a component no longer acts elastically Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)- Loading past UTS will result in Ductile Fracture. - Deformation present Brittle Fracture - When metal becomes harder locally. No deformation Residual Stress — A result of incorrect thermal treatment or from force fitting Static Loading - Based on theoretical 100 year wave Dynamic Loading - Based on normal wave/wind spectrum Fetch - Describes wind blowing over a long distance i Fatigue fracture - caused by cyclic loading and unloading A standard emergency remedial procedure if a crack is found is to drill holes at the crack tips. This is referred to as crack stopping or blunting Vortex Shedding — Causes vibration on a structure's leg at 90° to the water flow. Also responsible for causing scour The greatest environmental effect on a structure is the current flow The natural frequency decreases as the height of the structure increases. 3.1U Course — Revision Sheets Chapter 4 - Deterioration of Offshore Stee! Structures Categories of Deterioration and Damage Gross Structural Damage Corrosion and Erosion Fouling Defects Coating Defects Scour Metal and Weld Defects PRPeNn> Four Stages in life of structures where defects can occur: Production of raw materials Fabrication Installation In-Service A Lamination is formed by an air gap in the mould \ a = A Lamination is a Planar (2-dimensional) Fabrication defect — Lack of Sidewall Fusion is a Planar Fabrication defect A crack is a Planar In-service defect All other defects are Volumetric (3-dimensional) fabrication defects The most comprehensive inspection is during fabrication The first major underwater inspection is the baseline survey Brittle fracture is more likely at low temperatures. 3.1U Course — Revision Sheets Chapter 5 - Deterioration of Offshore Concrete Structures There are 26 concrete imperfections split into 3 categories Underlined are in-service Category A (Defects) Category B (Areas of Concern] Cracks Embedded Objects Delamination Cast-in Sockets Impact Damage Recessed Metal Plates Pop Out Honeycombing Exposed Reinforcement Abrasion Faull ir Water-Jet Damage Tear Variable Cover Category C (Blemishes| Construction Joint Formwork Misalignment Blowholes Scabbling Rubbing Down Marks Good Repair Regular Horizontal Ridge Irregular Horizontal Ridge Vertical Drag Marks Grout Run Curing Compound Resin Mortar Repair Cement is the binding agent in concrete When water is added Hydration begins. The pH of concrete is approx. 12.5 Grout - Cement and water Mortar - Grout and fine aggregate (sand) Concrete - Mortar and course aggregate Reinforced Concrete - Concrete with reinforcing bars Pre-stressed Concrete - Concrete with pre or post tensioning tendons Sprayed Concrete - Denser mass of concrete (Gunite) Plain concrete — Concrete with no reinforcement Minimum cover over reinforcement is 60mm Concrete Beam Anchor points of the pre-stressed ‘Tendon anchored in place tendons termed Cachetage points while still under tension 3.1U Course — Revision Sheets Chemical Attack Sulphate Attack — reaction between the Aluminates and magnesium sulphate present in seawater causes expansion and cracking. Chloride Attack ~ if chlorides penetrate to the reinforcement then passivation is lost and corrosion will occur. Carbonation — CO; from the air can attack the concrete, if it reaches the reinforcement will cause corrosion. Reinforcement Corrosion — will occur if passivation is lost. Concrete is only good in compression, not good in shear or tensile loading Weathering is the term used for concrete erosion Delamination Reporting cracks <1mm wide - Fine crack. 4-2mm wide - Medium crack > 2mm wide - Wide crack Chapter 6 - Marine Growth Marine Growth affects the structure by: ‘Adding mass without adding to the stiffness. Altering the surface from smooth to rough, so increasing the drag-coefficient Increasing the profile presented to the water flow, so increasing the drag Altering the corrosion rate either adding to, or subtracting from it Reducing the effective area of inlets and outlets ‘Obscuring important features Making inspection impossible without cleaning 3.1U Course — Revision Sheets Factors affecting Marine Growth: Depth Temperature Water Current Salinity Food Supply Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Photic Zone is 0 to 20 meters. Plants will not grow below the Photic Zone Soft Fouling Hard Fouling + Algae to20m + Mussels 0 to 50m + Seaweeds 010 20m + Tubeworms 0 to 100m SAneIOnEs 0 t0150m + Barnacles 0 to 120m + Dead Man's Fingers 0 to 120m * Bryozoans 0 to 1000m + Bacteria 0 to 1000m + Lophelia 80 to 3000m + Sponges 0 to 1000m + Sea Squirts 0 to 1000m + Hydroids 0 to 1000m Underlined are plants the rest animals Kelp — Sargassum — Bladderwrack - are all seaweeds Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10 - Corrosion In the Anodic reaction (also known as Oxidation) the atom loses electrons In the Cathodic reaction (also known as Reduction) the atom gains electrons For corrosion to take place there must be 4 elements: ‘An Anode A Cathode An electrical connection between anode & cathode An electrolyte 3.1U Course — Revision Sheets Negative | Negative Electrons Positive lon \ Environmental factors affecting corrosion rates: + Temperature. Higher temperature increases corrosion + Water Flow Rate. Stronger flow increases corrosion + The pH of the water. Steel corrodes least at a pH of between 11 and 12 Most common materials for sacrificial anodes are: + Aluminium + Zine Impressed Current Negative must be connected to the structure; positive to the anode. Most common materials of anodes for ICCP systems are: + Platinum sheathed Titanium + Lead/Silver Alloys Output of ICCP system is 30-80 volts DC and 300 to 1000 amps ‘Shadow areas are areas of inadequate protection Paints and coatings are used to isolate the structure from the electrolyte Monel sheathing (Copper/Nickle alloy) isolates the structure from the electrolyte Galvanic Series — less noble metal will sacrifice itself to protect more noble metal Stress Corrosion - The rate of corrosion is much faster compared to any similar member carrying lighter loads. Proximity CP readings — Positive connected to structure negative to Ag/AgCl half cell. The gap is a maximum 100mm Dielectric Shields — put between the anode and the structure to prevent high density current flowing directly into the structure, which could cause embrittlement. 3.1U Course — Revision Sheets The Pourbaix Diagram so —| sc —| eee i © be feet] ; connosion = 5 sow — se a al ' ar aaa | Caadcmctn - 0. IMMUNITY se tn

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