CL 2005 – Database Systems Lab Lab Manual - 11

National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Karachi

Computer Science Department
Fall 2021, Lab Manual – 11
Course Code: CL-2005 Course : Database Systems Lab
Instructor(s) : Muhammad Nadeem, Amin Sadiq, Erum,
Fizza, Mafaza, Ali Fatmi

Contents:
1. Overview of MongoDB
2. Difference in terminology of MongoDB
3. Installation of MongoDB
4. Designing Schema in MongoDB
5. Some important methods in MongoDB
6. Creating Database
7. Creating collections
8. Inserting single/multiple Documents
9. Querying, Deleting & updating of Documents
10. Logical Operations
11. Implementation of where clause

Overview of MongoDB
MongoDB is an open-source document database and leading NoSQL database. MongoDB
is written in C++. This manual will give you great understanding on MongoDB concepts
needed to create and deploy a highly scalable and performance-oriented database.

MongoDB is a cross-platform, document oriented database that provides, high

performance, high availability, and easy scalability. MongoDB works on concept of
collection and document.

Difference in Terminology of MongoDB

Figure 1(Difference between RDBMS & MongoDB)

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Database
Database is a physical container for collections. Each database gets its own set of files on
the file system. A single MongoDB server typically has multiple databases.

Collection
Collection is a group of MongoDB documents. It is the equivalent of an RDBMS table. A
collection exists within a single database. Collections do not enforce a schema. Documents
within a collection can have different fields. Typically, all documents in a collection are of
similar or related purpose.

Document
A document is a set of key-value pairs. Documents have dynamic schema. Dynamic schema
means that documents in the same collection do not need to have the same set of fields or
structure, and common fields in a collection's documents may hold different types of data.

Install MongoDB on Windows

To perform the installation of MongoDB do following the below steps:

1. First of all, open your windows command prompt.

2. Change the directory to the MongoDB directory. As I have MongoDB in C: Program

Files
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3. Now further move to the sub sub directory of the mongodb i.e. bin directory

4. Now run dir command on bin directory i.e. sub sub directory of mongoDB and match
the number files as shown in the given screenshot

5. Now run mongod command. There is an error in the given screenshot while running
mongod command so in order to handle this problem first we need to run mkdir
\data\db then mongod command
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6. Running mkdir \data\db command

7. Now again run mongod command then connection is now waiting to connect as
shown in the screenshot

8. Now we are establishing the mongod and mongo connection in the given screenshot
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9. After successful connection we will check the already made Database

10. Now running db.help() to see different helping functions

11. Now run db.stats() to see the statistics of the database

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Some Consideration While Designing Schema

in MongoDB
1. Design your schema according to user requirements.
2. Combine objects into one document if you will use them together. Otherwise separate
them (but make sure there should not be need of joins).
3. Duplicate the data (but limited) because disk space is cheap as compare to compute
time.
4. Do joins while write, not on read.
5. Optimize your schema for most frequent use cases.
6. Do complex aggregation in the schema

Example
Suppose a client needs a database design for his blog/website and see the differences
between RDBMS and MongoDB schema design. Website has the following requirements.
1. Every post has the unique title, description and url.
2. Every post can have one or more tags.
3. Every post has the name of its publisher and total number of likes.
4. Every post has comments given by users along with their name, message, data-time and
likes.
5. On each post, there can be zero or more comments

In RDBMS schema, design for above requirements will have minimum three tables.

While in MongoDB schema, design will have one collection post and the following structure:
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So while showing the data, in RDBMS you need to join three tables and in MongoDB, data
will be shown from one collection only.

MongoDB – Create Database

MongoDB use DATABASE_NAME is used to create database. The command will create a new
database if it doesn't exist, otherwise it will return the existing database.

Syntax
Basic syntax of use DATABASE statement is as follows − use DATABASE_NAME

Command:
>show dbs
If you want to check your databases list, use the command show dbs.

Your created database (myfirstdb) is not present in list. To display database, you need to
insert at least one document into it.

> db.myfirstdb.insert({"name":"Amin Sadiq"})

WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
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The dropDatabase() Method

MongoDB db.dropDatabase() command is used to drop an existing database

Syntax
Basic syntax of dropDatabase() command is as follows −
> db.dropDatabase()

This will delete the selected database. If you have not selected any database, then it will
delete default 'test' database.

Example
If you want to delete new database <mydb>, then dropDatabase() command would be as
follows −
>use myfirstdb
// Switched to db mydb
>db.dropDatabase()
{ "dropped" : "myfirstdb", "ok" : 1 }

Now check list of databases.

>show dbs

The createCollection() Method

MongoDB db.createCollection(name, options) is used to create collection.

Syntax
Basic syntax of createCollection() command is as follows –
db.createCollection(name, options)

In the command, name is name of collection to be created. Options (Optional Parameter)is

a document and is used to specify configuration of collection.
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MongoDB – Drop Collection

The drop() Method
MongoDB's db.collection.drop() is used to drop a collection from the database

Syntax
Basic syntax of drop() command is as follows −
db.COLLECTION_NAME.drop()

MongoDB – Insert Document

The insert() Method
To insert data into MongoDB collection, you need to use MongoDB's insert() or save() method

Syntax
The basic syntax of insert() command is as follows −

>db.COLLECTION_NAME.insert(document)

Example
> db.mycollection.insert({
title: 'MongoDB Overview',
description: 'MongoDB is no sql database',
by: 'Amin Sadiq',
url: 'http://www.gmail.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 100
})
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Notepad: Here mycollection is our collection name, as created in the previous slide. If the
collection doesn't exist in the database, then MongoDB will create this collection and then
insert a document into it.

_id parameter
In the inserted document, if we don't specify the _id parameter, then MongoDB assigns a
unique ObjectId for this document.

Insert Document multiple document

To insert multiple documents in a single query, you can pass an array of documents in insert()
command.

db.mycollection.insert([
{
title: 'MongoDB Overview',
description: 'MongoDB is no sql database',
by: 'Amin Sadiq',
url: 'http://www.gmail.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 100
},

{
title: 'NoSQL Database',
description: "NoSQL database doesn't have tables",
by: 'Ali Shah Fatmi',
url: 'http://www.gmail.com',
tags: ['mongodb', 'database', 'NoSQL'],
likes: 20,
comments: [
{
user:'user1',
message: 'My first comment',
dateCreated: new Date(2021,11,10,2,35),
like: 0
}
]
}
])
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MongoDB – Query Document

The find() Method
To query data from MongoDB collection, you need to use MongoDB's find() method.

Syntax
• The basic syntax of find() method is as follows −
• >db.COLLECTION_NAME.find()

Note: find() method will display all the documents in a non-structured way.

The pretty() Method

To display the results in a formatted way, you can use pretty() method.

Syntax
• >db.mycol.find().pretty()
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RDBMS Where Clause Equivalents in MongoDB

Operation Syntax Example RDBMS
Equivalent

Equality {<key>:<value>} db.mycollection.find({"by":"Amin where by = ‘Amin

Sadiq"}).pretty() Sadiq'

Less Than {<key>:{$lt:<value>}} db.mycollection.find({"likes":{$lt:50}}).prett where likes < 50

y()
Less Than {<key>:{$lte:<value>}} db.mycollection.find({"likes":{$lte:50}}).pre where likes <= 50
Equals tty()

Greater {<key>:{$gt:<value>}} db.mycollection.find({"likes":{$gt:50}}).pret where likes > 50

Than ty()

Greater {<key>:{$gte:<value>}} db.mycollection.find({"likes":{$gte:50}}).pr where likes >= 50

Than etty()
Equals

Not Equals {<key>:{$ne:<value>}} db.mycollection.find({"likes":{$ne:50}}).pre where likes != 50

tty()

AND in MongoDB
Syntax
In the find() method, if you pass multiple keys by separating them by ',' then MongoDB treats
it as AND condition. Following is the basic syntax of AND –

db.mycol.find(
{
$and: [
{key1: value1}, {key2:value2}
]
}
).pretty()

Example
Following example will show all the tutorials written by ‘Amin Sadiq' and whose title is
'MongoDB Overview'.
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db.mycollection.find({$and:[{"by":"Amin Sadiq"},{"title": "MongoDB Overview"}]}).pretty()

OR in MongoDB
Syntax
• To query documents based on the OR condition, you need to use $or keyword. Following
is the basic syntax of OR –

db.mycol.find(
{
$or: [
{key1: value1}, {key2:value2}
]
}
).pretty()

Example
Following example will show all the tutorials written by ‘Amin Sadiq' or whose title is 'MongoDB
Overview'.

db.mycollection.find({$or:[{"by":"Ali Fatimi"},{"title": "MongoDB Overview"}]}).pretty()

Using AND & OR together in MongoDB

The following example will show the documents that have likes greater than 10 and whose
title is either 'MongoDB Overview' or by is ‘Amin Sadiq'. Equivalent SQL where clause is 'where
likes>10 AND (by = ‘Amin Sadiq' OR title = 'MongoDB Overview')'
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db.mycollection.find({"likes": {$gt:10}, $or: [{"by": "Amin Sadiq"}, {"title": "MongoDB

Overview"}]}).pretty()

MongoDB – Update Document

MongoDB Update() Method

The update() method updates the values in the existing document

Syntax
• The basic syntax of update() method is as follows −

db.COLLECTION_NAME.update(SELECTION_CRITERIA, UPDATED_DATA)

Example
Consider the mycollection collection has the following data.

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"MongoDB Overview"}

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}

Following example will set the new title 'New MongoDB Tutorial' of the documents whose title
is 'MongoDB Overview'.

db.mycollection.update({'title':'MongoDB Overview'},{$set:{'title':'New MongoDB Tutorial'}})

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MongoDB – Delete Document

MongoDB remove() Method
• MongoDB's remove() method is used to remove a document from the collection.
remove() method accepts two parameters. One is deletion criteria and second is justOne
flag.
• deletion criteria − (Optional) deletion criteria according to documents will be removed.
• justOne − (Optional) if set to true or 1, then remove only one document.

Syntax
Basic syntax of remove() method is as follows –

db.COLLECTION_NAME.remove(DELETION_CRITERIA)
Example
Let’s consider the mycollection collection has the following data.

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec5), "title":"New MongoDB Tutorial"}

{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec6), "title":"NoSQL Overview"}
{ "_id" : ObjectId(5983548781331adf45ec7), "title":"Tutorials Point Overview"}

Following example will remove all the documents whose title is 'MongoDB Overview'.

db.mycollection.remove({'title':'New MongoDB Tutorial'})

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