3-1 Linear equations. P.

88
A linear equation is an equation whose solutions fall on a line on the coordinate plane. (Or A linear
equation is an equation which is the highest power of the variable is always 1).

Note:𝒚 = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒚 = 𝟖 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = −𝟗.

Example: Graph each equation tell whether it is linear.

A/ 𝒙 + 𝟑

B/ 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒
C/ −𝒙𝟐 Not Linear

D/ 𝒚 = −𝟑
Q1/ Which one of the following is linear equation?

A/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 16 B/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 14 C/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2 D/ 𝑦 = 5𝑥 4 − 7

Q2/ Which one of the following is linear equation?

A/ 𝑦 = −3𝑥 B/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 C/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 D/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 1

Q3/ Which one is not linear?

A/ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 B/ 𝑦 = −3𝑥 C/ 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 4 D/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1

Q4/ An equation is linear if and only if the highest power of the variable is:

A/0 B/ 2 C/ −1 D/ 1

Q5/ Which graph is a linear?

A/ B/ C/ D/
 3-2 Slope of a line. P.92
The slope of a line is a measure of its steepness.

𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏

𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 = = =
𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏

Types of slopes.

𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
Note: − = =
𝟐 𝟐 −𝟐

Example: Find the slope that passes through two given points.

A/ (𝟒, 𝟔) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟕, 𝟏𝟎) B/ (𝟑, 𝟐) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (−𝟓, 𝟑)

C/ (−𝟑, 𝟓) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟒, 𝟓) D/ (𝟑, 𝟒) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑, 𝟓)
Q1/ What is the slope of a line that passes through two points (3,1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3,7)?

A/ Undefined B/ Zero C/ Positive D/ Negative

Q2/ What is the slope of a line that passes through two points (2,3)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3, −2)?

A/ Undefined B/ Zero C/ Positive D/ Negative

Q5/ What is the slope of a line that passes through two points (0,2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2,6)?

A/ 4 B/ −4 C/ 2 D/ −2

Q6/ What is the slope of a line that passes through two points (5,5)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3,6)?

5 1
A/ 2 B/ −2 C/ 2 D/ − 2

Q7/ What is the slope of a line that passes through two points (1,7)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (9,1)?

1 3
A/ 4 B/ − 4 C/ − 4 D/ −3
 3-3 Slope – Intercept form. P.97

Note-1: 𝐼𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑥 = 0. Note-2: 𝐼𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑦 = 0.

Example-1: Find 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 and 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 , 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 , 𝑥 = 0

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example: Find 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 and 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of the line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 , 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 , 𝑥 = 0
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 , 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡.

For example: 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒(𝑚) = 3 and y-intercept 𝑏 = 4

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example-3: Write each equation in slope-intercept form, then find the slope and y-intercept.

A/ 𝑦=3𝑥+1 B/ 𝒚=𝟑𝒙−𝟏 B/ 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 1

D/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 E/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 F/ 𝑦 = 5

G/ 8𝑥 = 5𝑦 I/ 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 9 H/ 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 32
Note-3: Sometimes two points are given, we must find the equation in slope-intercept form. We
follow these steps 1- Find the slope (m) 2- substitute the values in the equation 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ).

Example: Write the equation in slope-intercept form, passing through the given points.

B/ (4,6) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (6,10)

A/ (4,6) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (6,10)
Let’s try another way.
10−6 4
Find the slope 𝑚 = =2=2
6−4
10−6 4
Find the slope 𝑚 = =2=2
6−4
Choose any given point. (4,6)
Choose any point, (4,6)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Find b , 𝑏 = 𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥
𝑦 − 6 = 2(𝑥 − 4) clear ( )
𝑏 = 6 − 2 × (4)
𝑦 − 6 = 2𝑥 − 8
𝑏 = 6 − 8 → 𝑏 = −2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 8 + 6
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2
Q1/ What is the y – intercept of the line 𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 8?

A/ 8 B/ 4 C/ −4 D/ 2

Q2/ What is the y – intercept of the line 9𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 56?

A/ 7 B/ 9 C/ 8 D/ 56

Q3/ What is the y – intercept of the line 3𝑥 + 4 = 2𝑦?

A/ (3,0) B/ (0,0) C/ (−1,0) D/ (0,2)

Q4/ Find the x – intercept of the line 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = −12.

A/ (−6,0) B/ (6,0) C/ (12,0) D/ (0,2)

Q5/ What is the slope of the linear equation 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = −12?

A/ 2 B/ −12 C/−2 D/ 1

Q6/ What is the slope of the linear equation 𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 8?

A/ 8 B/ −4 C/4 D/ 2
 3-4 Point – Slope form. P.102 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
Important note: There are two types of questions:

1- The equation is given, we have to find out the slope and the point.
2- The slope and the point are given, we have to write the equation.

Example: Identify a point that the line passes through and the slope of the line.

A/ 𝑦−3=2(𝑥−6) 𝑩/ 𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟔) C/ 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟔)

𝟐
D/ 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟔) E/ 𝒚 − 𝟗 = − (𝒙 − 𝟐𝟏) F/ 𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟐𝒙
𝟑
Example: Write the point slope form equation with given slope and point.

A/ Slope −2 passing through (4,1)

B/ Slope 5 passing through (−2,4)

Q1/ What is the equation of a line which passes through the point (3, −1) with slope 4?

1
A/ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1 B/ 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 + 2 C/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 D/ 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 13

Q7/ What point the equation 𝑦 − 2 = 3(𝑥 + 8) is passing through?

A/ (−8,2) B/ (8,2) C/ (−8, −2) D/ (8, −2)

Q8/ What point the equation 𝑦 + 2 = 3(𝑥 + 8) is passing through?

A/ (−8,2) B/ (8,2) C/ (−8, −2) D/ (8, −2)

Q9/ What point the equation 𝑦 − 2 = 3(𝑥 − 8) is passing through?

A/ (−8,2) B/ (8,2) C/ (−8, −2) D/ (8, −2)

Q10/ What point the equation 𝑦 + 2 = 3(𝑥 − 8) is passing through?

A/ (−8,2) B/ (8,2) C/ (−8, −2) D/ (8, −2)

 3-5 Direct variation. P.108
Direct variation: Two variable quantities are related proportionally by a constant positive ratio.
𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑘=
𝑥

Example: Find each equation of direct variation. Given y varies directly with x.

A/ 𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝟖 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝟐 B/ 𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝟒𝟖 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝟑

C/ 𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝟏𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝟏𝟎
Q1/ 𝑦 varies directly with 𝑥. If 𝑦 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 10, then find equation of direct variation.
1
A/ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 B/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 C/ 𝑦 = −10𝑥 D/ 𝑦 = −2𝑥
2

Q2/ 𝑦 varies directly with 𝑥. If 𝑦 = 48 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3, then find equation of direct variation.
1
A/ 𝑦 = 16𝑥 B/ 𝑦 = 16 𝑥 C/ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 D/ 𝑦 = 48𝑥

Q3/ Which equation shows direct variation between 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦?

𝑘
A/ 𝑦 = 217𝑥 B/ 𝑦 = −7𝑥 2 C/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 D/ 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 5

Q4/ Which equation shows direct variation between 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦?

𝑘 3
A/ 𝑦 = −3𝑥 2 B/ 𝑦 = 4𝜋𝑥 C/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 D/ 𝑦 = 𝑥

Q5/ 𝑦 changes directly with 𝑥. If 𝑦 = 16 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 20, then find equation of direct variation.
1 4 5
A/ 𝑦 = 1 5 𝑥 B/ 𝑦 = 5 𝑥 C/ 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 D/ 𝑦 = 0.6𝑥
 3-6 Parallel and perpendicular lines. P.112

Parallel lines: Two lines are parallel if and only if they have the same slopes.

Important note-1: Sometimes we cannot identify parallel lines, we must rewrite the equation in slope
intercept form. Means that 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏.

Example: Identify which lines are parallel.

1
A/ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 A/ 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 + 4 C/ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −4 D/𝑦 − 5 = 3(𝑥 − 1)

.
Perpendicular lines: Two lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their slopes is −1.

1
For example: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 + 4 are perpendicular.

Example: Identify which lines are perpendicular.

A/ 𝒙 = −𝟐 B/ 𝒚 = 𝟏 C/ 𝒚 = −𝟒𝒙 𝟏
D/ 𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟒 (𝒙 + 𝟏)

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 − 𝟐: How to find a slope of a line that is perpendicular to a given line?

- Write the reciprocal (upside down) the given slope with opposite sign.
2
For example, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4.
3

For example, 𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 7.

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 − 𝟑: Finding a line equation perpendicular or parallel to a given line and passes through a point.

Example: Write an equation in slope intercept form for the given line and point.

A/ Write an equation in slope intercept form for the line passing through (𝟒, 𝟓) parallel to

𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎

B/ Write an equation in slope intercept form for the line passing through (𝟑, 𝟐) perpendicular to

𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1
C/ Write an equation in slope intercept form for the line passing through (0,4) parallel to

𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕
Q1/ Which line is parallel to 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 2?
1 1
A/ 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 0 B/ 𝑥 = −3𝑦 − 1 C/ 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 4 D/ 𝑦 + 𝑥 =
3 3

1
Q3/ Which line is perpendicular to the line 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 − 5?
1 1
A/ 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 0 B/ 𝑥 = −3𝑦 − 1 C/ 𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 4 D/ 3 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 3

Q5/ Two lines are parallel if and only if they have:

A/ Different slope B/ Same slope C/ Product of their slops =−1 C/ Product of their slops=1

Q9/ What is the equation of the line that is parallel to 𝑦 = 6𝑥 + 7 and passes through (3,4)?
1
A/ 𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 21 B/ 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3 C/ 𝑦 = 6 𝑥 + 4 D/ 𝑦 = 7𝑥 + 4

Q10/ What is the equation of the line that is perpendicular to 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5 and passes through (22,11)?

1
A/ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 B/ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 21 C/ 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 D/ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5
 3-7 Linear Equations system. P.120

A Linear Equations system is a set of two or more linear equations containing two or more variables, and its
solution is an ordered pair that satisfies each equation.

Note−1: When you say an ordered pair is a solution of an equation, it means it makes both sides are equal.

Note − 2:If the ordered pair did not satisfy one of the equations, then it is not a solution of the linear system.

Note − 3: There are two types of questions:

1- We have the system and we must find the solution.

2- We have the solution we need to find out which Linear system can the ordered pair satisfies.

Example-1: Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the given system.
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6
A/ (4,1) ; {
𝑥−𝑦 =3

Test 1st equation 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟔 (𝟒, 𝟏)

Test 2nd equation 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟑 (𝟒, 𝟏)

 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 8
B/ (−1,2); {
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 5

Test 1st equation 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟖 (−𝟏, 𝟐)

Test 2nd equation 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓 (−𝟏, 𝟐)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note − 4: How to find the solution when there is a given graph?

𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1
.{
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 5

The point (2,3) is where the two lines intersect and it is a solution of both equations, so
(2,3) is the solution of the system.
Note−5: To solve linear system by substitution, always choose the easiest equation and substitute in
the other equation.

Example-2: Solve each system by substitution.

𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙
A/ {
𝒚=𝒙+𝟓
 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓
B/ {
𝒚=𝒙−𝟒
 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟔
C/ {
𝒙+𝒚=𝟑
 ‫‪−𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4‬‬
‫{ ‪Q1/ What is the solution of the system‬‬ ‫?‬
‫‪3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −7‬‬

‫)‪A/ (1,5‬‬ ‫)‪B/ (1, −5‬‬ ‫)‪C/ (−1,5‬‬ ‫)‪D/ (−1, −5‬‬

‫‪𝑦 =𝑥−4‬‬
‫{ ‪Q2/ What is the solution of the system‬‬ ‫?‬
‫‪2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5‬‬

‫)‪A/ (3, −1‬‬ ‫)‪B/ (2,1‬‬ ‫)‪C/ (5,3‬‬ ‫)‪D/ (1,0‬‬

‫𝑥‪𝑦 = 2‬‬
‫{‪Q3/ Which ordered pair is the solution of the system‬‬ ‫?‬
‫‪𝑦 =𝑥+5‬‬

‫)‪A/ (3,4‬‬ ‫)‪B/ (1,5‬‬ ‫)‪C/ (5,7‬‬ ‫)‪D/ (5,10‬‬

‫?)‪Q4/ Which system has a solution in (3,3‬‬

‫‪𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 5‬‬ ‫𝑥=𝑦‬ ‫‪𝑦 =𝑥+3‬‬ ‫‪𝑥+𝑦=2‬‬

‫{‪A/‬‬ ‫‪B/ {𝑦 = −𝑥 + 6‬‬ ‫{ ‪C/‬‬ ‫{ ‪D/‬‬
‫‪2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7‬‬ ‫‪𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4‬‬ ‫‪𝑦 =𝑥−2‬‬

‫ی‬
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‫دەنێێ)‬

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