‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
(STRENGTH OF MATERIALS)

lecture # 6
Stress and Strain under Axial Loading:
Additional Problems

CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022

 Contents
2

 Objectives of the present lecture

 Problems-1 through 7

 Tutorial Problems

CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022

 Objectives of the Present Lecture
3

 To discuss a few more problems on the topic of stress

and strain under axial loading.

CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022

 Problem-1
4
Two gage marks are placed exactly 250 mm apart on a 12-mm-diameter
aluminum rod. Knowing that, with an axial load of 6000 N acting on the rod,
the distance between the gage marks is 250.18 mm, determine the modulus of
elasticity of the aluminum used in the rod.
Solution
Given : L0 = 250.0 mm; L = 250.18 mm; d 0 = 12 mm; P = 6000 N
 = L − L0 = 250.18 − 250.0 = 0.18 mm
 2 
A0 = d = 12 2 = 113.1 mm 2
 0.18 4 4
= = = 7.2 10 − 4
L0 250
P 6000
= = = 53.05 MPa
A0 113.1
 53.05
E= = −4
= 73.7  10 3
MPa = 73.7 GPa Ans.
 7.2 10
CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022
 Problem-2
5
A 60-m-long steel wire is subjected to 6-kN tensile force. Knowing that E = 200
GPa and that the length of the rod increases by 48 mm, determine
(a) The smallest diameter that may be selected for the wire, and
(b) The corresponding normal stress.
P
Solution

Given :  = 48 mm; P = 6 kN; L = 60 m; E = 200 GPa

PL PL (6 1000)  (60 1000)

=  A= = = 37.5 mm 2

AE E 48  200 103
 2 4  37.5
A = d = 37.5  d = = 6.91 mm Ans. P
4  Alternatively

Hooke' s Law :  = E = (200 1000) 
P 6 1000 L
= = = 160 MPa Ans. 48
A 37.5   = (200 1000)  = 160 MPa Ans.
60 1000
CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022
 Problem-3
6
A control rod made of yellow brass must not stretch more than 3 mm when the
tension in the wire is 4 kN. Knowing that E = 105 GPa and that the maximum
allowable normal stress is 180 MPa, determine
(a) The smallest diameter that can be selected for the rod, and
(b) The corresponding maximum length of the rod.
P
Solution
P P 4 1000
= =  all  A = = = 22.22 mm 2
A  all 180
 2 4  22.22
A= d = 22.22  d = = 5.32 mm Ans.
4 
PL AE 22.22  3  (105 103 ) P
= L= = = 1749.8 mm
AE P 4 1000
 L = 1.749 m = 1.75 m Ans.

CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022

 Problem-4
7
An 80-m-long wire of 5-mm diameter is made of a steel with E= 200 GPa and
an ultimate tensile strength of 400 MPa. If a factor of safety of 3.2 is desired,
determine
(a) The largest allowable tension in the wire, and
(b) The corresponding elongation of the wire.
Solution P
Given : L = 80 m; d = 5 mm; E = 200 GPa; U = 400 MPa; F.S. = 3.2
 2  2
A = d =  5 = 19.63 mm 2
4 4
P PU
 =  U =  PU = U A = 400 19.63 = 7852 N
A A
PU 7852
Pall = = = 2453.8 N = 2.45 kN Ans. P
F .S . 3.2
PL Pall L (2.45 1000)  (80 1000)
= = = = 50.0 mm Ans.
AE AE 19.64  (200 1000)
CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022
 Problem-5
8
A square aluminum bar should not stretch more than 1.4 mm when it is
subjected to a tensile load. Knowing the E = 70 GPa and that the allowable
tensile stress is 120 MPa, determine
(a) The required length of the bar
(b) The required dimensions of the cross section if the tensile load is 28 kN
Solution P

Given : P = 28 kN;  = 1.4 mm; E = 70 GPa;  all = 120 MPa

PL L E E 1.4  (70 1000)

= = L= = = = 816.7 mm Ans.
AE E   all 120
P P 28 1000
 = =  all  A = = = 233.33 mm 2
A  all 120 P

A = a 2  a = A = 233.33 = 15.28 mm Ans.

CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022
 Problem-6
9

Both portions of the rod ABC are made of an

aluminum for which E = 70 GPa. Knowing that the
magnitude of P is 4 kN, determine
(a) The value of Q so that the deflection at A is zero.
(b) The corresponding deflection of B.

CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022

 Solution
(a) Internal forces in each part
Divide the rod into two component parts say
AB and BC and find the internal forces in
each part (say PAB and PBC) by passing
sections through each parts and drawing each
time the free-body diagram of the portion of
rod located to the upper side of the section.

Section in part AB : PAB

 (+)Fy = 0  − PAB + P = 0
 PAB = P (T)
PBC
Section in part BC :
 2 
AAB = d AB =  20 2 = 314.16 mm 2
 (+)Fy = 0  − PBC − Q + P = 0 4 4
 PBC = −(Q − P) (C)  2 
ABC = d BC =  60 2 = 2827.4 mm 2
4 4
CE 302: Mechanics of Materials 10 December 4, 2022
 Solution (Contd.)
11
Elongation
PL PAB LAB P  400 (4 1000)  400
 AB = = = = = 0.0728 mm
AE AAB E AB 314.16  (70 10 ) 314.16  (70 10 )
3 3

Shortening
PL PBC LBC − (Q − P)  500
 BC = = = = −2.526  10 −6
(Q − P)
AE ABC EBC 2827.4  (70 10 )
3

For zero deflection at A

Absolute AB = Absolute BC
 0.0728 = 2.526 10 −6 (Q − P)
 Q − P = 28820.3  Q = 28820.3 + P = 28820.3 + 4 1000 = 32,820 N
 Q = 32.8 kN Ans.
(b)  AB =  BC =  B = 0.0728 mm Ans.
CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022
 Problem-7
12

The rod ABC is made of an aluminum for which E

= 70 GPa. Knowing that P = 6 kN and Q = 42 kN,
determine the deflection of
(a) Point A
(b) Point B

CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022

 Solution
(a) Internal forces in each part
Divide the rod into two component parts say
AB and BC and find the internal forces in
each part (say PAB and PBC) by passing
sections through each parts and drawing each
time the free-body diagram of the portion of
rod located to the upper side of the section.

Section in part AB : PAB

 (+)Fy = 0  − PAB + P = 0
 PAB = P (T)
PBC
Section in part BC :
 2 
AAB = d AB =  20 2 = 314.16 mm 2
 (+)Fy = 0  − PBC − Q + P = 0 4 4
 PBC = −(Q − P) (C)  2 
ABC = d BC =  60 2 = 2827.4 mm 2
4 4
CE 302: Mechanics of Materials 13 December 4, 2022
 Solution (Contd.)
14
Elongation
PL PAB LAB P  400 (6 1000)  400
 AB = = = = = 0.109 mm
AE AAB E AB 314.16  (70 10 ) 314.16  (70 10 )
3 3

Shortening
PL PBC LBC − (42 − 6) 1000  500
 BC = = = = −0.0909 mm
AE ABC EBC 2827.4  (70 10 )
3

Deflection at A

(a )  A =  AB +  BC = 0.109 - 0.0909 = 0.0181 mm ( ) Ans.

Deflection at B

(b)  B =  BC = −0.0909 mm ( ) Ans.

CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022

 Tutorial Problems……

CE 302: Mechanics of Materials 15 December 4, 2022

 Tutorial Problem-1
16
The rigid castings A and B are connected by two 18-mm-diameter steel bolts CD
and GH and are in contact with the ends of a 38-mm-diameter aluminum rod
EF. Each bolt is single-threaded with a pitch of 2.5 mm, and after being snugly
fitted, the nuts at D and H are both tightened one quarter of a turn. Knowing
that E is 200 GPa for steel and 70 GPa for aluminum, determine the normal
stress in the rod.

CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022

 Solution
17
Deformations
Bolts CD and GH
Tightening the nuts causes tension in the bolts. Because of symmetry, both are subjected to
the same internal force Pb and undergo the same deformation δB.
 2  2
Ab = d = 18 = 254.47 mm 2
4 4
PL Pb Lb Pb  450 −6
b = = = = 8.842  10 Pb
AE Ab Eb 254.47  (200 10 )
3

Free body diagrams of bolts and Aluminum bar.

Rod EF
The rod is in compression, where the magnitude of the force is Pr and the deformation δr.
 2  2
Ar = d = 38 = 1134.11 mm 2
4 4
PL Pr Lr Pr  300 −6
b = = = = 3.779  10 Pr
AE Ar Er 1134.11 (70 10 )
3

CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022

Displacement of D relative to B.
Tightening the nuts one-quarter of turn causes ends D and H of the bolts to undergo a
displacement of ¼ (2.5 mm) relative to casting B. Considering end D,

1
D / B = (2.5) = 0.625 mm
4
But δD/B = δD - δB where δD and δB represent the displacement of D and B. If casting A is
held in a fixed position while the nuts at D and H are being tightened, these displacements
are equal to the deformations of the bolts and of the rod, respectively. Therefore,
 D / B = b −  r
 0.625 = 8.842 10 −6 Pb − (−3.779 10 −6 ) Pr

From the free body diagram of casting B :

→ (+)Fx = 0  Pr − 2 Pb = 0  Pr = 2 Pb
 0.625 = 8.842 10 −6 Pb − (−3.779 10 −6 )2 Pb  Pb = 38.1103 N = 38.1 kN
Pr = 2 Pb = 2  38.1 = 76.2 kN Pr 76.2 1000
r = = = 67.2 MPa Ans.
Ar 
 382
4
CE 302: Mechanics of Materials 18 December 4, 2022
 Tutorial Problem-2
19
A block of 250-mm length and 50× 40 mm cross section is to support a centric
compressive load P. The material to be used is a bronze for which E = 95 GPa.
Determine the largest load that can be applied, knowing that the normal stress must
not exceed 80 MPa and that the decrease in length of the block should be at most
0.12% of its original length.. P
Solution
Given :  = 0.12% of 250 mm; A = 50  40 mm 2 ; L = 250 mm; E = 95 GPa;  all = 80 MPa
Largest load based on allowable stress:
P
= =  all  P =  all A = 80  (50  40) = 160000 N = 160 kN
A
Largest load based on allowable deformation:
P
PL AE all (50  40)  (95 1000)  (0.0012  250)
= =  all  P = = = 228000 N
AE L 250
 P = 228 kN
The smaller P govenrs. Therefore, P = 160 kN Ans.
CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022
 Tutorial Problem-3
20
A cast-iron tube is used to support a compressive load. Knowing that E= 69 GPa and
that the maximum allowable change in length is 0.025%, determine
(a) The maximum normal stress in the tube,
(b) The minimum wall thickness for a load of 7.2 kN if the outside diameter of the
tube is 50 mm.
0.025L
Solution Given : E = 69 GPa;  all = 0.025% of L = = 0.00025L
100
(a) Maximum normal stress:
  all 3  0.00025 L 
 = E = E = E 69 10   = 17.25 MPa Ans.
L L  L 
(b) Minimum wall thickness:
P P 7.2 1000 di
=  A= = = 417.39 mm 2
A  17.25 do
 2 2 4A 4  417.39
A = (d o − d i )  d i = d o −
2
= 50 −
2
= 44.368 mm
4  
d o − d i 50 − 44.368
t= = = 2.82 mm Ans.
2 2
CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022
 Tutorial Problem-4
21
A 1.5-m long aluminum rod must not stretch more than 1 mm and the normal stress
must not exceed 40 MPa when the rod is subjected to a 3-kN axial load. Knowing
that E = 70 GPa, determine the required diameter of the rod.
Solution Given : L = 1.5 m;  all = 1 mm;  = 40 MPa; P = 3 kN; E = 70 GPa
Diameter based on given stress:
P
P P 3 1000
=  A= = = 75 mm 2
A  all 40
 2 4A 4  75
A= d d = = = 9.77 mm
4  
Diameter based on given deformation:
PL PL (3 1000)  (1.5 1000)
=  A= = = 64.3 mm 2
AE E 1 (70 1000) P
 2 4A 4  64.3 The larger diameter governs.
A= d d = = = 9.05 mm Therefore d = 9.77 mm Ans.
4  
CE 302: Mechanics of Materials December 4, 2022