6.

MULTIVIBRATORS

a) ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM: Design and setup an Astable Multivibrator for:

(i) Symmetrical output with a time period T= 1ms
(ii) Asymmetrical output with duty cycle 70%; T = 1ms
(iii) Perfect square
(iv) VCO
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

(i) Symmetrical output with T = 1ms

DESIGN:
(i) For symmetrical output with a time period T= 1ms
T1 = 0.693RB1C1 ,
T2 = 0.693RB2C2 (T2 is the time for which Transistor T2 is off.)
Let Vcc = +12V , Ic = 2mA , β = 100 - 400
𝐼 𝐼 5 × 2 × 10
𝐼 > ∴𝐼 = 5× = = 10
𝛽 𝛽 100
. .
RC1 = RC2 = = = = 5.9𝐾 ≈ 𝟓. 𝟔𝑲

When T2 is ON,
. .
RB1 = = = 11.2 × 10 = 112𝐾 ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑲 RB1 = RB2 = 100K

T1 = T2 = 0.5ms [T1 + T2 = 1ms &Tt = T1 + T2]

 Tt = 1.38RB1C1 C1 = . × ×
= 7.25𝜇𝐹 × 10 ≅ 𝟏𝟎𝒏𝑭

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EXPECTED GRAPH

PROCEDURE:
 Wire the circuit as shown in figure.
 Switch on VCC.
 observe the output across VC1 to GND.
 VC2 to GND.
 VB1 to GND.
 VB2 to GND
 Measure T, T1&T2
 Measure VC1, VC2, VB1, VB2

(ii) Asymmetrical output with T = 1ms and duty cycle 70%

circuit diagram :

DESIGN:
𝑡
= 0.7
𝑡 + 𝑡
0.3tON = 0.7tOFF
0.3T1 = 0.7T2
T1 + T2 = 1ms  T2 = 0.3ms
&T1 = 0.7ms
Let RC1 = RC2 = 5.6K
RB1 = RB2 = 100K
T1 = 0.693RB1C1
. ×
 C1 = . × ×
=
𝟏𝟎𝒏𝑭
. ×
 C2 = . × ×
=
4.33𝑛𝐹 ≈ 𝟒. 𝟕𝒏𝑭

22
EXPECTED GRAPH

Procedure is same as above.

(iii) Perfect square

circuit diagram :

EXPECTED GRAPH

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PROCEDURE:
 Wire the circuit as shown in figure.
 Switch on VCC.
 observe the output across VC1 to GND.
 VC2 to GND.
 VB1 to GND.
 VB2 to GND
 Measure T, T1&T2
 Measure VC1, VC2, VB1, VB2

(iv) As VCO
circuit diagram:

EXPECTED GRAPH

TABULAR COLUMN

VBB Frequency

If VBB is varied, the time period of output T changes in accordance with the equation
T = 2RCln (1 + VCC=VBB). With a fixed value of VCC, it can be seen from the equation that
the output frequency of the circuit is nonlinear function of VBB.

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PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What are the other names of A stable multivibrator?

2. Define quasi stable state?
3. Is it possible to change time period of the waveform without changing R&C?
4. Explain charging and discharging of capacitors in an Astable Multivibrator?
5. How can an Astable multivibrator be used as VCO?

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Why do you get overshoots in the Base waveforms?

2. What are the applications of A stable Multivibrator?
3.How can A stable multivibrator be used as a voltage to frequency
converter?
4.What is the formula for frequency of oscillations?
5. why diode is used in A stable Multivibrator?

MODEL QUESTION:

1. Design and set up a single memory.

2. Design and set up a police alarm.

RESULT

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b). BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM: Design and setup a Bistable Multivibrator.

DESIGN
Bistable multivibrator
Let Vcc = 12V, ICsat = 2mA, β = 100
VRE = 2V, VR2 = VRE + VBE = 2.8V
VR1 = Vcc – VR2 [when T2 is OFF and T1 is ON]
= 12 – 2.8 = 9.2V
IR1≅IR2=10IB
. ×
R1 = VR1/IR1 = × × ×
= 47K

IR2 = 9IBsator VR2/IR2

. ×
R2 = × × ×
= 15K
( ) .
R = = ×
= 4.9K ; Capacitor, C=220PF

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

26
EXPECTED GRAPH

PROCEDURE:

 Wire the circuit as shown in figure.

 Switch on VCC.
 Give 3v ,1kHz square wave from function generator
 observe the output across VC1 to GND.
 VC2 to GND.
 Measure VC1, VC2

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is the working principle of Bistable multivibrator?
2. What are the applications of Bistable multivibrator?
3. Which logic gates are used to construct the Bistable element?
.POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. What are the applications of a Bistable Multivibrator?
2. Describe the operation of commutating capacitors? Another name of commutating
capacitors.
3. Why is a Binary also called a flip-flop?

MODEL QUESTION:

1. . To convert 1KHz square wave to 500Hz square wave.

2. Design 1. Divide by 2 circuits

2. Divide by 4 circuits.

RESULT:

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c). MONOSTABLEMULTIVIBRATOR

AIM: Design and setup a mono stable multivibrator.

DESIGN:
Let Vcc = 12V , Icsat = 2mA , Β = 100
Let VB1 = -2V
V ×R V ×R
V = +
R + R R + R
.
= = −2
3R1 = 2.2R2
. .
RC1 = RC2 = = ≅ 5.6K
T = 0.693R C
0.5mS = 0.693R C
V −V 11.2
R = = = 112K ≅ 100K
I I
5×
β
IBsat = 5Ic/β = 0.1mA
IBsat = I1 – I2
. . ( )
0.1mA = = = 0.1mA
Let I2 = 0.1mA
.
R2 = . = 58𝐾 ≅ 56𝐾
. ×
So 𝑅 = = 41𝐾 ≅ 39𝐾
0.5 × 10
C = = 7.2nF ≅ 10nF
0.693 × 100 × 10

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

28
EXPECTED GRAPH

Pre lab Questions:

1.Explain the operation of collector coupled Monostable Multivibrator?
2. Derive the expression for the gate width of a transistor Monostable Multivibrator?
3. Give the application of a Monostable Multivibrator.
4.Describe the operation of coupling capacitor in this circuit?
5. Justify, Why Monostable Multivibrator is called one-shot circuit?
Post lab questions:
1.Why monostable multivibrator is not an oscillator?
2.why diode is used in monostable multivibrator?
3.How do you find the frequency of a monostable multivibrator?
4.How does monostable multivibrator used as a frequency divider?
5.why monostable multivibrator is called gating circuit?
6. Why is the –ve voltage given at the base of Q1 transistor?

MODEL QUESTION:

1. Design and set up a circuit to count the number of people entering the room using only dc supply.
2. Design and set up a circuit that can be used in an industry to aid counting of tins on conveyor belt.

RESULT:

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