Draft 2

Throughout human history, science has played a pivotal role in addressing and solving various problems faced by
societies. From ancient civilizations to the modern era, the application of scientific principles has proven
instrumental in unraveling mysteries and uncovering truths. One such field that exemplifies the power of science
in problem-solving is forensic science.

Forensic Science is the application of scientific principles to solve criminal cases, playing a pivotal role in modern
investigations. Its significance lies in providing objective evidence, ensuring fair trials, and accurate verdicts.

This field traces its roots back to ancient civilizations like India, Egypt, China, and Rome. India, in particular,
boasts a rich history of ancient forensic science techniques used in legal and investigative practices.
The ‘Arthashastra,’ an ancient Indian treatise written by Chanakya around the 4th century BCE, contains
references to the use of forensic science in criminal investigations. It outlines methods for collecting evidence,
such as fingerprints, footprints, and other impressions found at crime scenes, aiding in the identification and
apprehension of criminals.
Similarly, the ‘Charaka Samhita’ from Ayurveda, attributed to the sage Charaka, describes medical practices,
including forensic medicine, with techniques for post-mortem examinations, poison identification, and cause of
death determination.

Ancient Chinese investigators also employed trace evidence analysis, examining footprints, tire tracks, and other
impressions from crime scenes.

In the 14th century, a Chinese coroner named Song Ci wrote a treatise titled “Collected Cases of Injustice
Rectified,” which is considered one of the earliest works on forensic science. It outlined methods for examining
corpses and determining the cause of death.

In the 17th century, Italian physician Fortunato Fidelis made significant contributions to forensic medicine,
conducting detailed autopsies to assist in criminal investigations.

In the 20th century, forensic science witnessed remarkable global expansion, with numerous countries making
significant contributions to its development. In the early 1900s, several European countries, including France,
Germany, and the United Kingdom, established forensic laboratories and institutes. In France, Edmond Locard
founded the world’s first police laboratory in Lyon in 1910. His pioneering work in forensic analysis and the
formulation of the “Locard’s Exchange Principle” became foundational in the field.

During this time, in India, the Indian police forces too started setting up rudimentary forensic laboratories to aid
investigations. Several prominent scientists played pivotal roles in advancing forensic science in India. Dr. B.K.
Mahapatra played a key role in setting up the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) in Kolkata in 1957. Dr.
B.R. Sharma was instrumental in establishing the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Forensic Medicine
Department in New Delhi. Dr. P.C. Dikshit contributed significantly to the field of forensic toxicology, while Dr.
R.K. Sharma pioneered DNA profiling, leading to the establishment of DNA fingerprinting laboratories in
Hyderabad and Kolkata.

In the United States, forensic science experienced rapid growth and standardization during the 20th century.
Forensic laboratories were established in various states, including the renowned FBI Laboratory in Washington,
D.C. The work of forensic experts like Dr. Paul L. Kirk, who was instrumental in the development of forensic
science education in the U.S., and Dr. Walter C. McCrone, a renowned microscopist, greatly advanced the field.

Forensic science also made significant strides in Japan during this period. The National Research Institute of
Police Science (NRIPS) was established in 1937 to conduct forensic investigations and research. Dr. Minoru Sato
contributed to the development of forensic techniques in Japan.

In the mid-20th century, Australia established the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM) in 1946,
followed by the creation of other forensic institutions in different states. Dr. Sir Sydney Smith, the first Chief
Government Forensic Scientist in New South Wales, was a key figure in advancing forensic science in Australia.
All through the 20th century, international collaborations facilitated the spread of forensic science expertise.
Organizations like INTERPOL facilitated knowledge-sharing and cooperation among forensic experts
worldwide. Conferences, workshops, and training programs brought together forensic scientists from various
countries to exchange ideas and practices.

The discovery of DNA profiling by Sir Alec Jeffreys in 1984 revolutionized forensic biology and had a
transformative impact on criminal investigations globally. DNA databases were established in many countries,
significantly enhancing the ability to identify suspects and exonerate the innocent.

As forensic evidence became increasingly admissible in courts and instrumental in securing convictions, more
countries recognized the importance of forensic science in the pursuit of justice. Consequently, forensic
laboratories and research institutions proliferated across continents, leading to the widespread integration of
forensic science in criminal justice systems worldwide.

However, despite these advancements, there remained a significant lack of standardization in forensic
practices. Different countries employed varying methodologies and protocols, leading to inconsistencies and
challenges in exchanging forensic information across borders.

Recognizing the importance of addressing this issue and unifying forensic practices, India took the lead by
establishing the National Forensic Science University (NFSU). In doing so, India pioneered the concept of a
specialized institution solely dedicated to forensic science education, research, and training. NFSU became
the first of its kind institute, of national importance, strategically designed to set rigorous standards and
foster uniformity in forensic science practices.

NFSU actively fosters international collaboration with various institutions and organizations around the world.
This collaboration is a key aspect of NFSU’s commitment to advancing forensic science and promoting global
knowledge-sharing in this field.

In just three years, NFSU rapidly expanded its reach, establishing eight new branches across India and abroad.
These include the prestigious Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology and Forensic
Science in New Delhi and an international branch in Uganda, in collaboration with the Government of Uganda.
Additional branches in Goa, Tripura, Bhopal, Pune, Guwahati, Dharwad, and Manipur further solidified NFSU’s
nationwide presence.

Currently, NFSU serves as a hub of knowledge for approximately 4,800 ambitious students from diverse
regions of India and beyond. Over 300 accomplished faculty members, renowned in their respective domains,
impart their wealth of knowledge and experience to guide these students.

NFSU has garnered international acclaim for its pioneering efforts in forensic science education, research, and
application. Experts and organizations from countries like the United States, United Kingdom, Australia,
Germany, Canada, and Singapore have praised the university’s commitment to excellence and state-of-the-art
facilities.

By consolidating expertise, providing state-of-the-art facilities, and emphasizing interdisciplinary learning,

NFSU aimed to bridge the gaps in forensic science and elevate its standards to international levels. The
university’s focus on specialized training, research, and quality control measures further solidified its position
as a game changer in the field of forensic science.
With NFSU at the forefront, India showcased its commitment and addressing the lack of standardization
that had persisted for decades. The establishment of NFSU not only benefited India’s forensic landscape
but also provided a model for other countries to follow, encouraging international cooperation and
harmonization of forensic practices on a global scale. As NFSU’s influence continued to grow, the world
witnessed India’s determination to lead the way in the pursuit of justice and truth through standardized
and cutting-edge forensic science.