EXERCISE

1. Where do majority of migrants from UP, Bihar, TN and Kerala

go ?

A) BIHAR

 Bihar is second on the list of states which contributes 15 per cent migrant labourers
especially to the Gulf countries, according to latest figures of the e General of
Emigrants (PGoE).
 Another important destination is Punjab, where 20 percent of migrants from Bihar
are engaged in both rural and urban areas in districts such as Jalandhar and
Ludhiana.
 9 percent of Bihari migrants are found in Maharashtra, particularly in Mumbai,
Bhiwandi, Pune.
 Other important destinations are Haryana, Gujarat and West Bengal, the southern
states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The neighbouring
states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh are also destinations.

B) UTTAR PRADESH

 Out-migration from Uttar Pradesh is not a recent phenomenon and is not confined to
the national boundary. Cross-boundary migration from the state started as early as in
the 1820s, when a large number of artisans, agricultural labourers and cultivators left
for different British colonies like Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Mauritius and
Fiji and also to the sugarcane-growing areas of the tropics, in search of work (Jayaram
2011).
 However, the major flow of migration from the state was within the country when, in
the 19th century, people started migrating to the industrially developed areas of West
Bengal, the tea gardens of Assam and Darjeeling (West Bengal) and the coal mines of
Bokaro, Giridih and Karanpur in Jharkhand (then Bihar) among other places (Kundu and
Gupta 1996).
 The origin of recent migration from Uttar Pradesh can be traced back to the late 1960s
and early 1970s when the Green Revolution created a huge demand for agricultural
labour in Punjab and later to Haryana and even parts of Jammu (Breman 1985; Singh
and Karan 2000).
 However, in the last two to three decades, the destination has diversified with large
numbers of people moving to various parts of the country, particularly to more
industrialised and prosperous states such as Maharashtra, Delhi and Gujarat.
C)TAMIL NADU
 Mumbai
D) KERALA
 Kerala is not able to create enough jobs that are suitable for an increasingly larger
number of young people with high levels of education. Additionally, the glamour
associated with Gulf emigration is still very strong among the young in Kerala.
 But, several thousand educated youths have moved to the Gulf for low-skill jobs they
wouldn't do in Kerala.
 Migration therefore also takes place either because the locals have priced themselves
out of the informal service sector, or, as in big cities like Mumbai, they have placed
some tasks beneath them and migrants fill the gap

2. What Kind of Occupation they do after migration ?

A) BIHAR

 Migrant workers from Bihar regions are largely engaged in the construction sector,
which accounts for 22 percent of this group.
 A significant 20 percent are also engaged in industry. However, agricultural sector
continues to engage 16 percent of all migrant workers, who largely come from the
poorer districts of northern Bihar such as Purnia and Araria.

B) UTTAR PRADESH

 Today, agricultural income alone is inadequate for meeting basic needs of rural
households. As a result many labourers are less interested in agriculture and keener on
construction, carpentry or masonry and other types of casual work in the informal
sector.
 But inadequate employment opportunities and industrial backwardness within Uttar
Pradesh, along with the growing price of essential commodities, have made migration
an appealing and necessary prospect. Workers can get more opportunities and higher
wages in destinations such as Delhi, Maharashtra and Gujarat within India and the Gulf
countries.

C)TAMIL NADU
 To fishing islands

D)KERALA
  There are different industries, institutions, hospitals, etc. concentrated in urban areas.
Industrial development has been primarily focused in these areas creating externalities.
Therefore it creates lot of employment opportunities. This attracts rural labourers and
they shift to urban sectors.

3. In Which season they migrate and when do the come back ?

A) BIHAR

 4.42 million people from Bihar migrate every year to various states of India and that
migration has actually gone up

B) UTTAR PRADESH

 People seasonally migrate for employment in different areas and different

industries.

 For example, significant numbers of people from drought-prone regions migrate

seasonally to work in brickmaking, construction, tile factories, and agricultural work.