Republic of the Philippines

City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

Prepared by: Ms. Johanna Feh A. Vaño, MBA-HRM

COURSE DETAILS
Program Title: Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management & Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management
Course Number: GE. Elec. 1
Course Title: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Credit Units: 3
Term: First Semester AY 2022-2023
Instructor: Johanna Feh A. Vaño, MBA-HRM
Contact Details: [email protected]

This module is prepared for

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

MODULE OVERVIEW

Environmental science often emphasizes that while we are surrounded by challenges, we also have tremendous
opportunities. We face critical challenges in biodiversity loss, clean water protection, climate change, population growth,
sustainable food systems, and many other areas. But we also have tremendous opportunities to take action to protect and
improve our environment. By studying this module, you have the opportunity to gain the tools and the knowledge to make
intelligent choices on these and countless other questions.

Because of its emphasis on problem solving, environmental science is often a hopeful field. Even while we face
warming climates, looming water crises, we can observe solutions in global expansion in access to education, healthcare,
information, even political participation and human rights. Birthrates are falling almost everywhere, as women’s rights
gradually improve. Creative individuals are inventing new ideas for alternative energy and transportation systems that were
undreamed of a generation ago. We are rethinking our assumptions about how to improve cities, food production, water
use, and air quality. Local action is rewriting our expectations, and even economic and political powers feel increasingly
compelled to show cooperation in improving environmental quality.

Why studying environmental science is so important to tourism? The quality of the environment, both natural and
man-made, is essential to tourism. However, tourism’s relationship with the environment is complex and many activities can
have adverse environmental effects if careful tourism planning and management is not undertaken. It is ironic really, that
tourism often destroys the very things that it relies on! Many of the negative environmental impacts that result from tourism
are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts,
hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the
environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the
environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental
values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance.

The course provides an integrated coverage of the basic concepts and principles of ecology and the major human
implications of these concepts. This involves a holistic approach in dealing with the understanding on working in a socially
diverse environment and personalities (2.3) to ensure comfort and ambience for customers, as deemed culturally
appropriate. Included are topics on the nature of ecosystems, relations of individuals and populations, the major
communities and man’s impact on environment. This course also discusses a familiarization on the basic environmental
management system, legal environmental regulations required for business compliance, principles of environment
assessments and monitoring systems, and the impact of human on environment to embrace responsibility and encourage
positive impact on the environment and the communities (7.0). In addition, this is based on the course description of the
subject, Macro Perspective in Tourism and Hospitality found in CHED Memorandum Order No. 62 Series of 2017.

This module is divided into chapters and each chapter has specific lessons. Each lesson has the following features so that
you can have a better grasp of the concepts.

1. Learning Compass
This portion orients you with the learning outcomes for the learning unit.
2. Let’s Begin!
After the identification of learning outcomes and overview for every lesson, you will be given a task that
leads you to the key concepts to be discussed in that unit.
3. Let’s Learn
This serves as the discussion of the concepts of each lesson.
4. Take Note!
This provides the summary of the important concepts of the lesson.
5. How Far Have We Gone?

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

To check whether the given learning outcomes are met, you are given another task to assess the extent of
understanding. (This part will be accessed through our google classroom.)
6. Walk the Extra Mile!
Every unit is ended with suggested activities for the enrichment of learning and further application of what
has been learned. (This part will be accessed through our google classroom.)
7. Suggested Readings
This portion provides you a list of suggested supplementary readings (mostly online) should you want to
deepen your knowledge of the lessons.
8. Lesson Reflection
This portion requires you jot down your thoughts by answering self-introspective questions. (This part will
be accessed through our google classroom.)

This module also includes a Summative Test which will be accessed through our google classroom at the end
of every chapter. Lastly, a Course Feedback is provided at the end of this module for you to share your evaluative
feedback of this module. This part will be our basis for improvement for future revision.

Welcome to this learning adventure. Buckle up and enjoy the ride!

Additional information:

The How Far Have We Gone, Walk the Extra Mile, Lesson Reflection & Summative Test are stored in our
google classroom. The instructions and the content of the assessment will be given there too. Your answers must be turned
in on the deadline that shows in our google classroom. At the same time, you need to write the same answers on the
separate answer sheets provided at the end of the module. These will be collected at the end of the first quarter. Timeline of
activities that will include specific dates to accomplish every lesson and deadline of your assessments will be provided
during our first virtual meeting.

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

“The Earth will not continue to offer its harvest, except with faithful stewardship. We cannot say we love the land and then
take steps to destroy it for use by future generations.”
—John Paul II

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

LESSON 1
Define Environmental Science and our Current Conditions

Learning Compass
At the end of this module, you are expected to have:
✓ explained what environmental science is, and how it draws on different kinds of knowledge;
✓ described some current concerns in environmental science

Let’s Begin!
Pre-Test:

This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the
deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION.

Let’s Discuss
What Is Environmental Science?

Humans have always inhabited two worlds. One is the natural world of plants, animals, soils, air, and water that
preceded us billions of years and of which we are a part.
The other is the world of social institutions and artifacts
that we create for ourselves using science, technology,
and political organization. Both worlds are essential to
our lives, but integrating them successfully causes
enduring tensions. Where earlier people had limited
ability to alter their surroundings, we now have power to
extract and consume resources, produce wastes, and
modify our world in ways that threaten both our continued
existence and that of many organisms with which we
share the planet. To ensure a sustainable future for
ourselves and future generations, we need to understand
something about how our world works, what we are doing
to it, and what we can do to protect and improve it.
Environment (from the French environner: to
encircle or surround) can be defined as (1) the
circumstances or conditions that surround an organism or
group of organisms, or (2) the complex of social or
cultural conditions that affect an individual or community. Figure 1 Many kinds of knowledge contribute to solutions in environmental
science. A few examples are shown.

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

Environmental Science is the use of scientific approaches to understanding the complex systems in which we live. It
is the systematic study of our environment and our place in it. A field of science that studies the interactions of the physical,
chemical, and biological components of the environment and the relationships and effects of these components with the
organisms in the environment A relatively new field, environmental science is highly interdisciplinary, integrating natural
sciences, social sciences, and humanities in a broad, holistic study of the world around us.

As distinguished economist Barbara Ward pointed out, for an increasing number of environmental issues, the difficulty
is not to identify remedies. Remedies are now well understood. The problem is to make them socially, economically, and
politically acceptable. The solutions to the environmental problems increasingly involve human social systems as well as
natural science. (See Figure 1)

Environmental science is integrative. We inhabit both a natural world of biological diversity and physical processes and a
human environment of ideas and practices. Environmental science involves both these natural and human worlds.

Environmental science is global. You are already aware of our global dependence on resources and people in faraway
places, from computers built in China to oil extracted in Iraq or Venezuela. These interdependencies become clearer as we
learn more about global and regional environmental systems. Often the best way to learn environmental science is to see how
principles play out in real places. Familiarity with the world around us will help you understand the problems and their context.

Environmental science helps us understand our remarkable planet. Imagine that you are an astronaut returning to the
earth after a trip to the moon or Mars. What a relief it would be, after the silent void of outer space, to return to this beautiful,
bountiful planet (fig. 1.3). We live in an incredibly prolific and colorful world that is, as far as we know, unique in the universe.
Compared with other planets in our solar system, temperatures on the earth are mild and relatively constant. Plentiful supplies
of clean air, freshwater, and fertile soil are regenerated endlessly and spontaneously by biogeochemical cycles and biological
communities

Current Conditions

We live on a marvelous planet!

Perhaps the most amazing feature of our planet is the rich diversity
of life that exists here. Millions of beautiful and intriguing species populate the
earth and help sustain a habitable environment. This vast multitude of life
creates complex, interrelated communities where towering trees and huge
animals live together with, and depend upon, tiny life forms such as viruses,
bacteria, and fungi. Together all these organisms make up delightfully
diverse, self-sustaining communities, including dense, moist forests, vast
sunny savannas, and richly colorful coral reefs.

We face many serious environmental problems.

With more than 6.5 billion humans currently, we’re adding about 75 million more to the world every year. While
demographers report a transition to slower growth rates in most countries, present trends project a population between 8
and 10 billion by 2050. The iimpactof that many people on our natural resources and ecological systems is a serious
concern.

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

Clean Water. Water may well be the most critical resource in the
twenty-first century. Already at least 1.1 billion people lack an adequate
supply of safe drinking water, and more than twice that many don’t have
modern sanitation. Polluted water and lack of sanitation are estimated to
contribute to the ill health of more than 1.2 billion people annually,
including the death of 15 million children per year. About 40 percent of the
world population lives in countries where water demands now exceed
supplies, and by 2025 the UN projects that as many as three-fourths of us
could live under similar conditions. Water wars may well become the major
source of international conflict in coming decades.

Food Supplies. Over the past century, global food production has more than kept pace with human population
growth, but there are worries about whether we will be able to maintain this pace (fig. 1.4). Soil scientists report that about
two-thirds of all agricultural lands show signs of degradation. Biotechnology and intensive farming techniques responsible
for much of our recent production gains often are too expensive for poor farmers. Can we find ways to produce the food we
need without further environmental degradation? And will that food be distributed equitably?

Energy. How we obtain and use energy is likely to play a crucial role in our environmental future. Fossil fuels (oil,
coal, and natural gas) presently provide around 80 percent of the energy used in industrialized countries. Supplies of these
fuels are diminishing, however, and problems associated with their acquisition and use—air and water pollution, mining
damage, shipping accidents, and geopolitics—may limit what we do with remaining reserves. Cleaner renewable energy
resources—solar power, wind, geothermal, and biomass—together with conservation, could give us cleaner, less
destructive options if we invest in appropriate technology.

Climate Change. Burning fossil fuels, making cement, cultivating rice paddies, clearing forests, and other human
activities release carbon dioxide and other so-called “greenhouse gases” that trap heat in the atmosphere. Climate changes
caused by greenhouse gases are very likely to cause increasingly severe weather events including droughts in some areas
and floods in others. Melting alpine glaciers and snowfields could threaten water supplies on which millions of people
depend. Already, we are seeing dramatic climate changes in the Antarctic and Arctic where seasons are changing, sea ice
is disappearing, and permafrost is melting (fig. 1.6). Rising sea levels are flooding low-lying islands and coastal regions,
while habitat losses and climatic changes are affecting many biological species.

Air Pollution. Air quality has worsened dramatically in many areas. Worldwide, the United Nations estimates that
more than 2 billion metric tons of air pollutants (not including carbon dioxide or wind-blown soil) are emitted each year. Air
pollution no longer is merely a local problem.

Biodiversity Loss. Biologists report that habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and introduction of exotic
organisms are eliminating species at a rate comparable to the great extinction that marked the end of the age of dinosaurs.
The UN Environment Programme reports that over the past century, more than 800 species have disappeared and at least
10,000 species are now considered threatened.

7 Environmental Principles of Nature

The key to understanding the environmental problems that we encounter today is to learn about our ecosystem. This
section highlights the basic environmental principles.

1. Nature knows best.

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

This principle is the most basic and in fact, encompasses all the others. Humans have to understand nature and
have to abide by the rules nature dictates. In essence, one must not go against the natural processes if one would like to
ensure a continuous and steady supply of resources.

2. All forms of life are important.

Each organism plays a fundamental role in nature. Since such an occupational or functional position, otherwise known as a
niche, cannot be simultaneously occupied by more than one specie, it is apparent that all living things must be considered
invaluable in the maintenance of homeostasis in the ecosystem.

3. Everything is connected to everything else.

This principle is best exemplified by the concept of the ecosystem. In an ecosystem, all biotic and amniotic components
interact with each other to ensure that the system is perpetuated. Any outside interference may result in an imbalance and
the deterioration of the system.

4. Everything changes.
It is said that the only permanent thing is change. As a general classification, change may be linear, cyclical or
random. As example of linear change is evolution of species, which has brought about higher and more complex types of
organisms. Cyclical change may be exemplified by seasons and the rhythms in floral and faunal life stages that go with the
seasons. An example of random change is the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, which brought about great upheaval in many parts
of Luzon and changes in the topography of the land.

5. Everything must go somewhere.

When a piece of paper is thrown away, it disappears from sight but it does not cease to exist. It ends up elsewhere.
Gases released in smokestacks may disperse but it will end up a component of the atmosphere or brought down by rains.
What a particular type of waste does to the earth's repository should be of concern to us. It may be a pollutant or a resource
depending on certain factors.

6. Ours is a finite earth.

The earth’s resources can be classified as either renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources are those that
can easily be replenished by natural cycles (e.g. water, air, plants, and animals) while non-renewable resources are those
that cannot be replenished through natural cycles (e.g. ores of various metals, oil, coal). Although renewable resources can
be replenished, it is important to note that these are renewable only as long as they are not overused nor destroyed from
such factors such as pollution. To ensure that these resources will be continually replenished, it is essential to know how
much of a resource can be consumed at a given time to balance the rate of exploitation with the rate of replenishment.

7. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God's creation.

Among all creatures, humans are the only ones made in God's image and have been given the right to have
dominion over all His creations. Being the most intelligent and gifted with reason, humans are capable of manipulating
creation to their own advantage. Yet, creation exists not to be ravaged or abused but to be taken care of. Humans cannot
exist without nature. They are co-natural with the environment they live in. If the environment they live in is destroyed, with it
will go Homo Sapiens.

Take Note!

Remember:
Environmental Science is the use of scientific approaches to understanding the complex systems in which
we live. It is the systematic study of our environment and our place in it.

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

How Far Have We Gone?

This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the
deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION.

Walk the Extra Mile!

This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the
deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION.

Suggested Readings

Read and watch the following articles and videos in the specified website.

See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB0JA7jsqMw
What is Environmental Science. Definition and the scope of the field.
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dru4tp-AmkE
Environmental Problems in the Philippines
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0pB1qw8SMs
Environmental Problems
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Puv0Pss33M
How to Save our Planet?

References
➢ Cunningham, W., & Cunningham, M., Environmental Science. (pp. 12-17)

Lesson Reflection

Answer the following questions here as your journal. Share your answer to the class during our virtual meeting.

1. How much did you know about the topics before we started? What have you learned after this lesson?
2. How can you apply what you have learned to your current life as a student and to your future dream career

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

LESSON 2: MATTER & ENERGY

Learning Compass
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
✓ define matter & energy;
✓ describe the states and classifications of matter;
✓ explain the properties of matter and what made its identity unique; and
✓ describe the energy resources & ways on how to conserve energy.

Let’s Begin!
Pre-Test:

This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the
deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION.

Let’s Discuss
MATTER
Matter is made of atoms, molecules, and compounds

Everything that occupies space and has mass is matter. It is the material that makes up things in the Universe.
Matter exists in three distinct states—solid, liquid, and gas—due to differences in the arrangement of its constitutive particles.
Water, for example, can exist as ice (solid), as liquid water, or as water vapor (gas). Under ordinary circumstances, matter is
neither created nor destroyed but rather is recycled over and over again. Some of the molecules that make up your body
probably contain atoms that once made up the body of a dinosaur and most certainly were part of many smaller prehistoric
organisms, as chemical elements are used and reused by living organisms. Matter is transformed and combined in different
ways, but it doesn’t disappear; everything goes somewhere. These statements paraphrase the physical principle of
conservation of matter. Matter consists of elements, which are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms
by ordinary chemical reactions. Each of the 122 known elements (92 natural, plus 30 created under special conditions) has
distinct chemical characteristics. Just four elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—are responsible for more than
96 percent of the mass of most living organisms.

All elements are composed of atoms, which are the smallest unit of matter and building blocks of everything in the
Universe that exhibit the unique chemical characteristics of an element. Atoms are composed of smaller parts known as
protons, neutrons and electrons.

Structure of The Atom:

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

Our current model of the atom can be broken

down into three constituent parts – protons, neutron,
and electrons. Each of these parts has an associated
charge, with protons carrying a positive charge,
electrons having a negative charge, and neutrons
possessing no net charge. In accordance with
the Standard Model of particle physics, protons and
neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom, while
electrons orbit it in a “cloud”.

States of Matter

The following are the characteristics states of matter:

1. SOLID
▪ Has a definite shape (rigid)
▪ Definite volume
▪ Particles vibrate around fixed positions
2. LIQUID
▪ No definite shape (takes the shape of its container) Has definite volume
▪ Particles are free to move over each other, but are still attracted to other
3. GAS
▪ No definite shape (takes the shape of its-container) No definite volume
▪ Particles move in random motion with little or no attraction to each other
▪ Highly compressible

4. PLASMA
▪ No definite shape
▪ No definite volume
▪ Known as the fourth-state of matter
▪ Not an ordinary gas because it can generate electricity

Classification of Matter

1. Mixture is composed of different substances and the proportions that makeup the mixture vary likewise they can
be separated by physical method. Mixtures are classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Homogenous to
the naked eye indistinguishable parts while heterogeneous have distinguishable parts.

2. Pure Substances have constant composition and can only be separated by chemical reactions. Elements and
compounds are pure substances. Elements are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
by chemical or physical means while compounds are substances with constant composition that can be broken
down into elements by chemical processes.

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

Pure substances, however, can be broken down in the process of chemical changes. Chemical changes involve a
change in color, change in temperature, change in odor, which make the substance form other chemical value. Mixtures on
the other hand can be separated by physical changes. A physical change is a change in the form of the substance, but not its
chemical compositions.

Methods of Separating Mixtures

1. Distillation is a process of separating a mixture by differences in boiling point.

2. Filtration is a process of separating a solid and a liquid.
3. Chromatography is a method of separation that requires 2 phases, stationary phase and a mobile phase

Properties of Matter

Property is the characteristic that give each substance its unique identity.

1. Physical property is tangible property that shows what the substance or matter is, without changing into or
interacting with another substance (color melting point, conductivity, density).
2. Chemical properties are those that will happen to a substance as it changes into or interacts with another
substance (or substances) (i.e. flammability, corrosiveness, and reactivity with acids).

Physical and Chemical Change

There are two types of changes in matter,

1. Physical Change occurs when a substance change its physical form, not its composition.
2. Chemical change (chemical reaction) occurs when a substance (or substances) is altered into different substance
(or substances).

Energy
If matter is the material of which things are made, energy provides the force to hold structures together, tear them
apart, and move them from one place to another. In this section we will look at some fundamental characteristics of these
components of our world.

Energy occurs in different types and qualities

Energy is the ability to do work or the capacity for doing work such as moving matter over a distance or causing a
heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures. Energy can take many different forms. Heat, light, electricity, and
chemical energy are examples that we all experience.

Types of Energy

There are two basic forms of energy: kinetic energy and

potential energy. The energy contained in moving objects or the energy
due to motion of an object is called kinetic energy. A rock rolling down
a hill, the wind blowing through the trees, water flowing over a dam, or
electrons speeding around the nucleus of an atom are all examples of
kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy that is latent but
available for use or a stored energy by an object that can be
transformed into another form of energy. A rock poised at the top of a

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

hill and water stored behind a dam, the food that we eat contains chemical energy, and the gasoline of cars are examples of
potential energy.

Energy Resources

Conventional Energy Resources

Conventional sources of energy are non-renewable sources of energy, which are being used since the time being.
The use of this form of energy has been in massive volumes for the past years that their Gown reserves have been
decreased to a great extent, that it is becoming increasingly difficult to discover and exploit their new deposits.

Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers called coal
beds or coal seams. It is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen'
sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is one of the most important sources of energy. Coal is used in heating, in steam engines and
also in generation of electricity.

Crude Oil

Crude oil is a liquid found naturally in rock, containing mostly complex hydrocarbons, with some additional organic
material. It is one of the major fuels used today, and is used in the production of many synthetic materials. Crude oil differs
in weight and color, and in composition.

Natural Gas

Natural gas is a highly combustible colorless and odorless hydrocarbon composed mainly of methane. In pressurized
deposits located deep in the Earth's crust, this gas is produced. The same manner as oil, natural gas is also produced by
geologic processes that act upon organic matter over millions of years and its high combustibility with low emissions makes it
a highly important resource.

Wind Energy

Wind power means the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy This is possible by using wind
turbines to make electrical power, windmills for mechanical power, and wind pumps.

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy

Advantages Disadvantages
Wind energy is friendly to the surrounding environment, Winds unreliability factor for winds strength is too low in some
because no fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity. areas and don't have the capability to support a wind turbine
or wind farm.
Wind turbines take up less space than the average power It produces a lot less electricity than the average fossil fueled
station. power station, requiring multiple wind turbines to be built in
order to make an impact.
Newer technologies are making the extraction of wind energy Construction can be very expensive and costly to surrounding
much more efficient. wildlife during the build process.
Wind turbines are a great resource to generate energy in The noise pollution it produces since the noise it produces
remote locations, such as mountain communities and remote can be compared to small jet engine.
countryside.
When combined with solar electricity, this energy source is
great for developed and developing countries to provide a
steady, reliable supply of electricity:

Solar Energy

Solar energy is the conversion of sunlight into usable energy. Solar energy can be a source of energy to produce
electricity to homes, businesses, schools and other similar places. The power of sunlight can be harnessed by collecting and
converting it into electricity. This is done by using solar panels (photovoltaic cells), which are large flat panels are made up of
many individual solar cells, these cells have been invented to absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity.

Solar Power Generation

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy

Advantages Disadvantages
Sunlight is free. The Solar Cells and Solar Panels that are needed to harness
solar energy tend to be very expensive.
The harnessing of this energy source has no danger of Solar power cannot be harnessed during a storm, on a cloudy
pollution. day or at night, thus limiting the power that can be saved for
future use.
The technology harnessing this energy is cost effective Solar panels require quite a large area for installation to
achieve a good level of efficiency.
Most systems of solar power require a low maintenance The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the
factor. sun.
Most systems have a life span of 30 to 40 years likewise; most The production of solar energy influenced by the presence of
system carry a full warranty for 20 to 30 years or more. clouds or pollution in the air.

Lastly, solar energy is not produced during night time.

Hydroelectric Power

Hydro power is the process of changing the kinetic

energy of flowing water in a river into electrical power that
can be used by end users.

It works when a dam is built in big naturally

occurring river or lake. The dam functions as a reservoir of
water thereby holding the water and creating pressure So
that water can produce more electrical power. Gravitational
potential energy is stored in the water, that when it flows it
helps the turbine rotate thus powering the generator to
create or produce electricity. These turbines are within the
tunnels in the dam. The water in the dam has immense
pressure due to its great height, and the greater the volume
of water where it flows out then one can get more power out
of the water as has greater potential energy.

The generator contains two main parts; the rotator and the stator. The rotator is the part which rotates and the stator
is the part which is covered in copper. The electrical current is created when the rotator spins around the copper wire on the
stator.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Power

Advantages to hydroelectric power Disadvantages to hydroelectric power

Minimal amount of pollution is produced Hydropower has high investment costs
Free by nature, since the mechanism to produce energy is Hydro power is dependent on the amount of precipitation.
flowing water.
Hydropower plays a major role in reducing greenhouse gas Inundation of land and wildlife habitat,
emissions.
Low operations and maintenance costs. Loss or modification of fish habitat.

Page 15 of 26
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

The technology is reliable and proven over time. Fish entrainment or passage restriction.
The energy source is renewable as long as there is rain and Changes in reservoir and stream water quality.
running water.
Displacement of local populations

Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy is harnessed from the heat coming beneath the Earth. This energy provides a clean and
renewable resource. The unlimited heat coming from the center or Earth's interior makes this energy source renewable. The
heat continuously flowing from the Earth's interior, which travels primarily by conduction, is estimated to be equivalent to 42
million megawatts (MW) of power, and is expected to remain se for billions of years to come, ensuring an inexhaustible
supply of energy.

According to the Geothermal Energy Association, geothermal system requires heat, permeability, and water. This
heat from the Earth's core according to them will continuously flow outward until it reaches the Earth's surface as lava, but
usually remains below thereby heating nearby rock
and water reaching a temperature that might range
up to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. This water is then
heated to become hot water that will produce
steam that collects underground because they are
trapped in permeable and porous rocks producing
geothermal reservoir, as manifested by hot springs
and geysers. A geothermal reservoir is the
collection of hot water underground or beneath the
surface of the earth.

Geothermal Power Plant Schematic Diagram

Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy

Advantages to Geothermal Energy Disadvantages to Geothermal Energy

Low running cost. It saves about 80% of the fossil fuel cost. High initial installation cost.

No fuel needed to generate power. Viable areas for construction are only few since area where
geothermal plants are built must have a good heat source
It’s renewable; because the mechanism to produce energy
comes naturally from the earth.

It’s not a big risk to the environment since this energy source
is renewable, it does not somehow harm the environment in
the process.

Energy Conservation
The following are the tips for reducing energy consumption:

Page 16 of 26
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

20 Tips to Save Energy by Cebu Daily News.

1. Always turn off the lights when leaving a room.

2. Use compact fluorescent light bulbs. They use less electricity and last up to 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs.
3. Make sure that bulbs, fixtures, lenses, lamps and reflective surfaces are cleaned regularly. By removing the grease, dust
and other dirt, you can increase the output of your lights.
4. Refrigerator accounts for 11 percent of a household's total energy consumptions.
Today’s energy-efficient refrigerators use 50 percent less energy than old models.
5. Organize food on refrigerator shelves to allow ample airflow and efficient operation.
6. Chest freezers are more energy efficient than upright models. Cold air stays in better when the door is opened.
7. A room air conditioner filter should be cleaned once per quartet. A dirty air filter reduces airflow and may even damage
the unit.
8. A poorly performing air conditioner should be serviced without delay. A leaking refrigerant not only reduces the unit's
efficiency, it also emits greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.
9. Using a microwave oven instead of a conventional oven can save 50 percent of cooking energy costs. Microwave
ovens cook food faster than conventional ovens.
10. Oven toaster uses much less energy than a conventional oven. It is also faster and more convenient for cooking small
quantities of food.
11. Iron clothes in bulk once a week.
12. Give your car a break. Combine trips whenever possible. Use mass transit, walk or bike whenever possible. Leaving
your car at home just two days week will save 1,590 pounds of greenhouse gas emissions each year.
13. Always maintain your car to maximize its fuel efficiency, safety and reliability.
14. Refrain from charging cellular phones when the battery is not yet fully empty. This does not only save energy; it also
prevents damage on your cellular phones.
15. Unplug any battery chargers or power adapters when not in use.
16. Activate sleep features on computers, copiers and other machines that power down when the equipment is on but not in
use for a while. Turn off equipment during long periods of non-use to cut energy costs.
17. Use lap top computers since they use up to 90 percent less energy than a standard Computer.
18. Consider using ink-jet printers which also use 90 percent less energy than laser printers.
19. Choose flat-panel computer monitor rather than a regular cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor. Some flat-panel liquid crystal
display monitors use considerably less electricity than comparably-sized CRT models. Price; for LCD monitors have
been dropping. Buy the smallest monitor. The bigger the monitor, the more energy it uses. A 17—inch monitor
consumes 35 percent more electricity than a 14-inch monitor.
20. Implement paper-reducing strategies, such as double-sided documents printing, re-using to save paper and using e-
mail instead of sending memos or faxing documents and conserve other resources.

Page 17 of 26
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

Take Note!

Remember:
Energy is the ability to do work or the capacity for doing work such as moving matter over a distance or
causing a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.

How Far Have We Gone?

This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the
deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION.

Take note that you need to write your answers on the separate answer sheets provided at the end of the module
which will be collected at the end of the first quarter.

Walk the Extra Mile!

This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the
deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION.

Take note that you need to write your answers on the separate answer sheets provided at the end of the module
which will be collected at the end of the first quarter.

Suggested Readings

Read and watch the following articles and videos in the specified website.

See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0LBegPWzrg
What is Energy?
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63t0Y2ACoh4
Types of Energy l Energy Forms l Energy Sources and Uses
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Giek094C_l4
Types of Energy

Page 18 of 26
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

References
Guido, R., Garcia, R., Meneses, J., Quilang, A., & Binag, N., Fundamentals of
Environmental Science. (pp. 13-25)

Lesson Reflection

Answer the following questions here as your journal. Share your answer to the class during our virtual meeting.

1. How much did you know about the topics before we started? What have you learned after this lesson?
2. How can you apply what you have learned to your current life as a student and to your future dream career?

Page 19 of 26
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

LESSON 3: HYDROLOGY

Learning Compass
At the end of this module, you are expected to have:
✓ defined hydrology and water;
✓ described hydrologic cycle;
✓ identified the essentialities, physical and chemical properties of water; and
✓ discussed the kinds, definition and the types of water

Let’s Begin!
Pre-Test:

This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the
deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION.

Let’s Discuss

We can’t escape our need for water, even if we wanted to. Our bodies are made up of 66% water and require water
daily! We developed in amniotic fluid; we can’t last more than two or three days without water; we wash ourselves and nearly
everything else in water; we get much of our food from water (oceans); and, we travel on water. Water is king!

Hydrology

Hydrology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water on, in, and above the earth. Studies
the quality of water, hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental water sustainability. It is frequently simply
denoted as the study of water.

If water is king, then the hydrologic cycle is queen. This natural, give-and-take balancing system is the agent of
the planet’s water supply. It recycles the earth’s crucial water supply in many different forms. Since the beginning of time,
the Earth’s water has been used over and over. Recycling is not a recent idea. The water you’re drinking today may have
been, at one time, part of a tropical bay with a basking Brachiosaurus family enjoying the beach nearby. Thanks to the
hydrologic cycle, that same swallow of water has probably been a liquid, solid, and gas infinitely many times throughout
geologic time. Time after time, water plays important, but different, ecological roles as it moves from one form to another.

Water

Water covers over 70% of the Earth’s surface, but it’s hard to picture that much water. Standing on a beach and
looking seaward, ocean water stretches to the horizon and seems to go on forever. Water is often referred to as the basis of
life. It is composed of two atoms of Hydrogen and an atom of Oxygen. It is one of the most abundant compounds in Earth.

Page 20 of 26
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

There are about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers of water. It makes up the biggest amount of liquid on earth's surface reaching up
to 336 miles. Almost. 97% of water are in the oceans, just over 3% is found as fresh water, this can be found in water system
like lakes, streams, groundwater, and at the atmosphere. Earth's water source is a reusable supply that is continuously being
redistributed over the Earth.

Water is the most important of all compound substances. It plays a vital role in all plants and animal life. Many
reactions particularly the life processes, take place only in aqueous or water solution. Because water is least expensive of all
liquids and because it is an excellent solvent, it is the most useful substance used in industry Three-fourths of the earth's
surface is covered with water. The human body contains approximately 70% water. Water also exists as a constituent of
many substances. It a common substance that is usually taken for granted. However, it is the most lavish and the most
important chemical substance. It plays an important role in the functioning of both the bodies; water is the universal solvent. It
occurs in three states of matter solid, liquid and gas as water vapor.

Essentialities of Water

The following are some of the important features of water:

1. Metabolism — it aids in the metabolism of animals.

2. Photosynthesis — it helps in the metabolism of plants.
3. Lubrication is in a liquid form, and it aids to make a friction Less surface.
4. Transport of substances - it acts as a medium for transport and for chemical activities within the cell.
5. Transport of heat - it has the capability to absorb heat.
6. Support — it assists humans, animals and plants in the daily life services such as; laundry, washing dishes, bathing,
etc.
7. Temperature control - water helps the control and regulation of temperature.

Kinds of Water

The following are the different types of water:

1. Surface water is a type of water that can be perceived (e.g. oceans, lakes and reservoirs, rivers and streams).

2. Groundwater is the name given to fresh water stored in open spaces within the underground rocks and
unconsolidated materials. It is a form of fresh water that is found under earth's surface. Water that arises from
precipitation, some of it becomes runoff, but large amount of it seeps into the ground and becomes trapped in cracks
and pores of the soil and rock, and water infiltration from lakes, streams and ponds.

3. Precipitation is the most variable element of weather. It can take the form of rain, dew, fog, hail, sleet or snow, and
may vary widely in its frequency, duration, intensity and spatial pattern. It is mainly derived from the oceans and plays
a vital role in the cycling of water.

Definition of Drinking Water

Water accounts for about 70% of the body weight. Even bones contain 30 -40% water. Water is essential to the body's
vital processes. One could not even utilize the oxygen we breathe were i! not that the lung tissues are constantly moist.
Evaporation of water from the skin helps regulate the body temperature. The digestive juices contain high percentage of
water. The elimination of body wastes through the kidneys requires water.

Page 21 of 26
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

The amount of water in the tissues is precisely regulated. If it varies more than 10% either way, serious symptoms
result. If the amount should increase or decrease that as much as 20% death would ensure. Water is said to be potable if it is
a freshwater is not polluted and is suitable for drinking.

Pure Water

According to the usual definition, water that is safe for drinking is called pure. It contains no disease producing germs
or poisons. It needs not be soft that is relatively free from minerals. Hard water too, can be pure though it contains iron,
calcium and magnesium. Many people assume that clear water flowing in an open stream is pure. Flowing water maybe
contaminated by germs or poison and still appears perfectly clear. Only by laboratory test can the suitability of water for
drinking be determined. Disease germs are easily carried by water. The faulty handling of sewage may pollute the water of
private levels or municipal systems. Most cities have purification plants to ensure the purity of the domestic water supply.

1. Drinking Water

a. Foul water means "stale" (not fresh). It is water, which have been stored for a long time in a container. It
acquires a peculiar odor and taste. However, this kind of water is safe to drink.

b. Safe water contains some impurities but these impurities are harmless. It is what we usually drink. Safe water
usually contains some harmless germs, dissolved air and minerals, sediment or silt and traces of germicides
such as chlorine.

c. Pure water contains no germs, no dissolved minerals nor air. There are no substances and sediments present.

Example: distilled water — is the product of condensation and evaporation of water.

2. Soft water does not contain dissolved salts of calcium, magnesium and iron.

3. Hard water - water containing appreciable quantities of calcium, magnesium and iron salts.

a. Temporary hard water contains the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium that precipitate as insoluble
carbonates of heating. Temporary hardness maybe removed by boiling.

b. Permanent hard water contains sulfates and to a limited extent, chlorides of calcium, magnesium and iron.
Permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling. It can be removed only by chemical softeners such as
sodium carbonate, sodium tetraborate or borax, ammonium hydroxide, trisodium phosphate or a mixture of
sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.

4. Heavy water is composed of deuterium oxide molecule. Ordinary water molecular weight of 18 but in every 600
volumes of water there is about 1 volume of heavy water of deuterium oxide. Deuterium is an isotope with atomic weight 2
and is designated heavy hydrogen.

Page 22 of 26
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

Types of Water

1. Artesian Water comes from a well in a confined aquifer. The water level in Well must stand at some height
above the top of the aquifer. It may also be known as "artesian well water."
2. Fluoridated water Contains fluoride that is added within the water, but some spring and artesian sources have
naturally occurring fluoride in trace amounts.
3. Mineral water is distinguished from other types of water by the regular mineral and trace elements present. It
must contain no less than 250 parts per million (ppm) total dissolved solids (TDS) with the solids being the
minerals in the water. It must come from a geologically and physically protected underground water source.
4. Purified water is produced by distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis or other suitable processes.
5. Sparkling water contains the same amount of carbon dioxide that it had at occurrence from the source after the
treatment and possible replacement of carbon dioxide.
6. Spring water emanates from beneath the earth, from under strata that formed in prehistoric times. It must come
from underground formation and flow naturally to the surface of the earth.
7. Sterile water is also known as "sterilized water". It must meet the requirements under "Sterility test."
8. Well water comes from a hole that is bored, drilled or otherwise constructed in the ground, tapping the water of
an aquifer.

Water forms a dynamic recycling process called the hydrologic cycle. Solar energy evaporates from the oceans, seas,
rivers and lakes to form clouds in the atmosphere. The clouds when cooled due to change in temperature may condense &
will form into rain. These show that the water cycle indicates the amount of Water within the earth is constant.

Hydrologic Cycle

The hydrologic cycle is made up of all water movement and storage throughout the Earth’s hydrosphere.

When the sun heats the oceans, the cycle starts. Water evaporates and then falls as precipitation in the form of snow,
hail, rain, or fog. While it’s falling, some of the water evaporates or is sucked up by thirsty plants before soaking into the
ground. The sun’s heat also keeps the cycle going.

Hydrologic cycle is composed of the interconnections between water reservoirs in the environment and living
organisms and the physical processes involved in its transport between those reservoirs. It describes the continuous
movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth. Some of the processes that take place during hydrologic
cycle are:

1. Evaporation is the process of transformation of water from liquid to gas by means of solar radiation as it moves from
the ground or bodies of water into the atmosphere.
2. Sublimation is the phase change from solid to gas; it is the State change from solid water to water vapor which
occurs at the glaciers.
3. Transpiration is the release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air.
4. Condensation is the process of transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air which creates clouds
and fogs.
5. Advection is the process that moves water, regardless of its state, throughout the atmosphere. It serves evaporated
water over the oceans to be precipitated over land.

Page 23 of 26
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

6. Precipitation is the process of transformation of water in which the condensed water vapor falls to the earth's
surface. Precipitation might be in the form of rain, snow, hail, fog, drip and sleet.
7. Runoff includes surface runoff and channel runoff. While the water flows it may seep into the ground, evaporated into
the air, become stored in lake« or reservoirs.
8. Infiltration is the flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil
moisture or groundwater.

Water Treatment (Water Purification)

Water for drinking and domestic use must be free from suspended impurities and bacteria. The following processes
are used for purifying water:

1. Sedimentation — water is allowed to flow into reservoirs or setting tanks where most of the large, suspended solids
settle to the bottom. The partly clear water then undergoes further purification.
2. Flocculation or coagulation - alum and lime or ferrous sulfate and lime are added in order to make fine particles of
clay, sand and organic matter to form flocs. Aluminum sulfate reacts with water forming aluminum hydroxides, a
gelatinous precipitate that drags suspended materials along with it.
3. Filtration consists of passing thru layers of sand and gravel and even charcoal to absorb coloring matter.
4. Chlorination is the addition of chlorine in the amount of one-part chlorine per million parts water to destroy
microorganism.
5. Aeration is a popular way of removing unpleasant taste and objectionable odor in water. In this process, water is
prayed into air and sunlight. Oxygen in air dissolves in the water, improving its taste, helps oxidize
organic matter present, and certain germs in water.

Other Ways of Water Purification

A common and satisfactory method of
purifying water is to boil it for about ten minutes
for boiling kills disease producing germs. Another
effective method particularly in emergencies is by
mixing into quarts of water tablets for water
purification which can be purchased at the
drugstore.

Take Note!

Remember:
Hydrology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water on, in, and above
the earth. Studies the quality of water, hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental water
sustainability. It is frequently simply denoted as the study of water.

Page 24 of 26
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

How Far Have We Gone?

This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the
deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION.

Take note that you need to write your answers on the separate answer sheets provided at the end of the module
which will be collected at the end of the first quarter.

Walk the Extra Mile!

This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the
deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION.

Take note that you need to write your answers on the separate answer sheets provided at the end of the module
which will be collected at the end of the first quarter.

Suggested Readings

Read and watch the following articles and videos in the specified website.

See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGWr5jXJfbs
The Water
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yIPpYbYAMA
Hydrology
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cm4TnJ07sNc
What is Water
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkAhB-8CtZg
Water Water Everywhere

References
Guido, R., Garcia, R., Meneses, J., Quilang, A., & Binag, N., Fundamentals of
Environmental Science. (pp. 39 - 44)

Page 25 of 26
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015

Lesson Reflection

Answer the following questions here as your journal. Share your answer to the class during our virtual meeting.

1. How much did you know about the topics before we started? What have you learned after this lesson?
2. How can you apply what you have learned to your current life as a student and to your future dream career?

Summative Test!

This portion of the module will ONLY be accessed through our google classroom. Further instructions and the
deadline for this activity will appear in our google classroom too. NO LATE SUBMISSION.

Page 26 of 26