TUTORIAL

2.0 WATER QUALITY PARAMETER

Q1 The ionic character of a river water is defined by the following hypothetical combinations:

Ca(HCO3)2 = 2.8 meq/L

Mg(HCO3)2 = 0.4 meq/L
MgSO4 = 0.7 meq/L
Na2 SO4 = 0.3 meq/L
NaCl = 0.6 meq/L

(i) Draw a miliequivalent per litre bar graph

(ii) Determine the alkalinity in mg/L as CaCO3
(iii) Determine carbonate hardness, non-carbonate hardness and total hardness in mg/L as
CaCO3

Q2 The results of a water analysis for Sungai Buaya is shown below:

Ca2+ = 2.5 meq/L HCO3- = 1.7 meq/L

Mg2+ = 0.6 meq/L SO42- = 2.0 meq/L
Na+ = 0.4 meq/L Cl- = 0.2 meq/L
K+ = 0.4 meq/L

(i) Calculate the concentration for each cation and anion component in mg/L
(ii) Draw a miliequivalent per litre bar graph
(iii) List the hypothetical combinations with values
(iv) Calculate the non-carbonate hardness in mg/L as CaCO3

Q3. The results of a water analysis for Sungai Skudai are as follows:

Ca2+ = 44 mg/L HCO3- = 122 mg/L

Mg2+ = ? SO42- = 81.6 mg/L
Na+ = 18.4 mg/L Cl- = 24.9 mg/L
K+ = 7.8 mg/L

i- Use an anion-cation balance to estimate the concentration of magnesium in

mg/L. Assume the total anion is the same as total cation.
ii- Draw a milliequivalent per litre bar graph. List the hypothetical
combinations.
iii- Find the value of carbonate hardness and non-carbonate hardness as mg/L
CaCO3.

Q4 Determine the most probable number of coliforms. A standard multiple-tube

fermentation test is run on a sample of water from a surface stream. The results of
the analysis for the confirmed test are shown below:

80
 Sample size, No. of positive results No. of negative results
mL out of 5 tubes out of 5 tubes
10 4 1
1 2 3
0.1 1 4
0.01 1 4
0.001 0 5

Q5 A sample of wastewater is analyzed for coliform organisms by the multiple-tube

fermentation method. The results of the confirmed test are as follows:

Sample size, No. of positive results No. of negative results

mL out of 5 tubes out of 5 tubes
0.01 5 0
0.001 4 1
0.0001 2 3
0.00001 2 3
0.000001 0 5

Determine the MPN of coliforms.

Q6. Determine the WQI of the following sample:

COD 5.2 mg/L

BOD 1.7 mg/L
AN 0.15 mg/L
SS 20 mg/L
pH 6.7
DO 8.5 mg/L

4.0 WATER SOURCES AND QUANTITY

Q7 Water consumption study of an area was conducted in 1980 and 1992 shows that
the quantity of water usage is 280 L/capita/day as follows:

Year Service Nos. of Light Heavy Public

factor houses Industrial Industrial amenities
Area Area
1980 0.85 1420 100 ha 0 2400 L/d
1992 0.90 1990 70 ha 30 ha + 5%
2020 0.95 - 10 ha + 10 ha + 15%

NOTE : Data for 2020 are based on year 1992.

Average no. of people in one house = 5 persons

81
Determine:
(i) Water demand in year 1992
(ii) The population growth of the area
(iii) Number of population in year 2020
(iv) Amount of water demand in year 2020

Q8 The population of Bandar Baru Warisan is as follows:

Year Population
1970 85350
1980 104141
1988 119062
1995 120402
2000 137558

i- Calculate the population of Bandar Baru Warisan in the year 2045

ii- Estimate the total water demand in the year 2045. Assume:

Daily water demand per capita in 2045 = 325 L/day

Water demand for non-domestic uses = 42 MLD
Service factor = 0.99

Q9 The data population for a town is given as below:

Year Population
1972 59300
1982 67500
1992 74000
2002 80600

(a) Calculate the population of the town in the year 2070

(b) Water demand per capita in the year 2002 was 300 L/person/day. Calculate the
water demand per capita for the year 2070 if water demand per capita increases
15% in the year 2070.
(c) In the year 2070, several public amenities such as mosque, school and
recreational centre will be built in the town and their water demands will be 1800
L/day, 1500 L/day and 2800 L/day respectively. Compute the total water demand
in that town in the year 2070 (Use service factor as 0.99)

82
5.0 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Aeration

Q10. A 32.6 MLD water treatment plant has two (2) cascade aerators. The total height of
fall for each aerator is 1.85 m. The dissolved oxygen content of the raw water is 4.8
mg/L and the saturation dissolved oxygen concentration is 9.2 mg/L.
(i) Determine the flow rate in each cascade aerator.
(ii) If Cs is the saturation dissolved oxygen concentration, Cb is the dissolved
oxygen concentration before aeration and Ca is the dissolved oxygen
concentration just after aeration, write an expression for r.
(iii) Estimate the dissolved oxygen concentration of the water just after the
aeration process. Assume the values of a and b in the Gameson’s Formula
as 1.25 and 1.30 respectively.

Coagulation

Q11. A water treatment plant treats 97.2 million litres of water in a day. Based on jar test,
the optimum dosage is 15 mg/L.
(a) Calculate the total amount of alum required (in kg) for the month of January
2018.
(b) The flow regulator for the alum solution does not function properly. However it
could only allow 50 litres per second of alum solution to flow. What
concentration (in mg/L) of alum solution would you prepare in the alum tank?

Flocculation

Q12. The data below are for a mechanical type flocculator tank:

Flowrate = 300 m3 per hour

Detention time = 45 minutes
Power input = 0.5 kW
Drag coefficient = 1.6
Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
Dynamic viscosity = 1.05 x 10-3 Ns/m2
Velocity of paddles = 0.5 m/s

Determine:
i) Area of the paddle blades
ii) Velocity gradient
iii) Camp Number
iv) Dimension of the tank if Length:Width:Depth ratio = 4:3:1

83
Q13. A flocculator designed to treat 20 000m3 per day. The Camp No. has been found to
be 4.6 x 104 and the value of velocity gradient is 30 per second. For a temperature
of 20oC, calculate the power input.

Q14. A water treatment plant is to process 30,000 m3/d. The rapid mixing tank will blend
35 mg/L of alum with the flow and is to have a detention time of 2 min. The tank is
to have a square cross section with vertical baffles and a flat blade impeller.
Determine:
(i) Quantity (kg/d) of alum added.
(ii) Dimension of the tank.
(iii) Power input (kW) necessary for a G value of 900 s-1. the water
temperature is 22oC.

Q15. One way to flocculate particles is via hydraulic method. Compute the length, width
and depth values for a hydraulic flocculation tank of round-the-end type. Use the
following data:

Water flowrate = 870 m3/hour

Detention time = 20 min
Average flow velocity = 20 cm/s
No of compartment =5
Width of each compartment =2m
Distance between baffles = 0.4 m
Thickness of each baffle = 50 mm
Thickness of compartment = 0.15 m

Sedimentation

Q16. A treatment plant treats 15000 m3 per day of water. Given the choice between two
tanks as specified below, determine the tank that is more efficient. Assume the
settling velocity of a particle to be 0.72 mm/s and the retention times in both tanks
are the same.

Tank A : Length 25 m and width 10 m

Tank B : Diameter 17 m.

Q17. A settling analysis of water containing initial suspended solids concentration of 500
mg/L using a settling column of 3 m high was carried out in a laboratory. The
results of the analysis is shown below:

84
 Retention Time Suspended Solids Concentration (mg/L)
(minutes)
1m 2m 3m
5 340 390 405
10 245 315 345
15 215 265 305
20 180 230 245
30 125 175 190
40 95 130 150

(a) Determine the effectiveness of the column if the overflow rate is 156
m3/m2.day.
(b) Find the overflow rate if the effectiveness of the column is 60 percent.

Q18. A settling analysis of water containing initial suspended solids concentration of 300
mg/L using a settling column of 3.6 m high was carried out in a laboratory. The
results of the analysis is shown below:

Retention Time Suspended Solids Concentration (mg/L)

(minutes)
1.2 m 2.4 m 3.6 m
10 240 255 270
20 150 225 240
30 126 192 219
40 96 150 195
60 87 120 150
90 60 90 105

(a) Determine the effectiveness of the column if the overflow rate is 108 m3/m2.day.
(b) Calculate the length, width and water depth of an actual rectangular
sedimentation tank treating 35.1 MLD of water in order to achieve the same
effectiveness found in (i). Use scale-up factors of 0.65 for the overflow rate and
1.75 for the retention time. Assume a length to width ratio of 5:1.

Q19. A rectangular sedimentation tank is designed for a flow of 40 MLD using a 4:1
length:width ratio and an overflow rate of 24 m3/m2.day. The depth of the tank is
3.0 m. Determine the dimensions of the tank and calculate the retention time.

Q20. Calculate the overflow rate and the retention time of a sedimentation tank of
diameter of 25 m and water depth of 2.6 m. The incoming flow rate is 15 000 m3
per day.

85
Q21. The data from a settling-column analysis of flocculating solids are listed below.

Time (min) 10 20 30 40 60 90 120

Depth (m) Concentration of Suspended Solids (mg/L)
0.5 300 250 200 150 100 75 50
1.0 350 290 260 220 165 95 65
1.5 375 325 280 255 200 125 85
2.0 400 340 300 275 225 150 100
The initial concentration of suspended solids = 500 mg/L.

(i) Calculate the percent of removal for every sample point and sampling time
(%R).
(ii) Plot the %R at depth versus time.
(iii) Calculate the overall suspended solids removal of the sedimentation tank if
the overflow rate = 4.0 m3/m2.hour

Q22. A settling column analysis is performed and the data are listed below.

Concentration of Suspended Solids (mg/L)

Time(min)
1m 2m 3m
5 340 390 405
10 245 315 345
15 215 265 305
20 180 230 245
30 125 175 190
40 95 130 150
The initial concentration of suspended solids = 500 mg/L.

Determine the detention time and overflow rate if the overall suspended solids
removal of the sedimentation tank is 70%.

Filtration

Q23. The size of a filter unit is 4.5 m by 9.0 m. After filtering 10 000 m3/day of water in
24 hours, the filter is backwashed at a rate of 10 L/m2.s for 15 minutes. Compute
the filtration rate (L/m2.s), the quantity and percentage of treated water used in the
backwashing process.

Q24. A town with a population of 100 000 requires a slow sand filter. If the filtration rate
is 200 L/m2.hour and the water demand per capita is 220 liters a day, calculate the
size of a filter if 5 filters of the same size were used to treat the water.

Q25. A filter plant is to be constructed to process 75,700 m3/d. Pilot plant analysis
indicates that a filtration rate of 15 m/h will be acceptable. Assuming a surface
configuration of approximately 5 m x 8 m , how many filter units will be required?
Allow one unit out of service for backwashing.

86
Disinfection

Q26. A dosage of 0.8 mg/L chlorine is needed to maintain a residual chlorine of 0.2
mg/L in the distribution system. What is the dosage rate (quantity of chlorine) in kg
per day needed to treat 45 000 m3/day?

Q27. The chlorine demand in a water treatment plant is 2.8 mg/L. If the quantity of water
treated is 550m3/day and the chlorine is available in powder form containing 35 %
chlorine, calculate the daily quantity of powder required. Assume the residual
chlorine in the water as 0.2 mg/L.

Q28. The chlorine dosage applied to the water is to be 60 mg/L. How many kilograms of
bleaching powder should be applied to the 1500 m3 of water if the bleaching
powder contains 70 percent available chlorine?

Q29. How many milligrams of available chlorine are contained in liters of sodium
hypochlorite with a strength of 15 percent? How many liters would be required for
a dosage of 0.6 mg/L to 23,000,000 L of water?

Water Distribution System

Q30. The water usage on the day of maximum consumption is as follows:

Time, Rate, Time, Rate,

a.m. m3/min p.m. m3/min
12 (midnight) 0.0 1 24.5
1 7.1 2 24.4
2 7.0 3 24.2
3 7.1 4 24.3
4 7.0 5 25.6
5 7.3 6 26.9
6 7.5 7 34
7 12.2 8 33.0
8 18.9 9 20.0
9 21.0 10 8.4
10 22.8 11 7.6
11 23.5 12 (midnight) 7.2
12 (noon) 23.9

Fire flow requirement is 10 m3/min for 10 hours.

(i) Calculate the pumping rate and the required storage capacity to
equalize demand over the 24-hr period.

(ii) Calculate the pumping rate and the required storage capacity to
equalize demand during a pumping period between 8 a.m. and 4
p.m.

87
 (iii) Calculate the storage required for fire reserve.

Q31.

Mass Diagram of Water Consumption

7500

7000

6500

6000
Cumulative Consumption, cubic meter

5500

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Time, hours

Figure 1.0 Mass Diagram of Water Consumption

Using the mass diagram given in the Figure 1.0, determine:

(a) The required storage capacity to equalize demand over the 24-hr period.
(b) The required storage capacity to equalize demand during a pumping period
between 6 A.M., and 6 P.M..

88
Q32. The water usage on the day of maximum consumption is as follows:

TIME HOURLY RATE TIME HOURLY RATE

(L/s) (L/s)
12 P.M. - 1 P.M. 415
1 A.M. 140 2 400
2 130 3 395
3 110 4 400
4 90 5 400
5 80 6 420
6 75 7 465
7 125 8 60
8 220 9 530
9 315 10 315
10 380 11 200
11 400 12 175
12 440

(a) What is the constant 24-hr pumping rate and required storage capacity to equalize
demand over the 24-hr period?

(b) What is the constant 12-hr pumping rate and required storage capacity to equalize
demand during a pumping period between 6 A.M., and 6 P.M.?

______________________________________________________________________

Properties of water at standard atmospheric pressure

Temperature Density Specific Weight Dynamic Viscosity Surface

o
C kg/m3 kN/m3 N.s/m2 Tension N/m
0 1000 9.81 1.75 x 10-3 0.0756
10 1000 9.81 1.30 x 10-3 0.0742
20 998 9.79 1.02 x 10-3 0.0728
30 996 9.77 8.00 x 10-4 0.0712
40 992 9.73 6.51 x 10-4 0.0696
50 988 9.69 5.41 x 10-4 0.0679
60 984 9.65 4.60 x 10-4 0.0662
70 978 9.59 4.02 x 10-4 0.0644
80 971 9.53 3.50 x 10-4 0.0626
90 965 9.47 3.11 x 10-4 0.0608
100 958 9.40 2.82 x 10-4 0.0589

89