Notes Comparing Quantities (Class 8th)
Notes Comparing Quantities (Class 8th)
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Revision Notes on Comparing Quantities
Ratios
It shows the relation between two quantities or to compare two quantities.
Example
If there are 20 men and 40 women in a company then the ratio of the number of men to the
number of women is 20: 40.
This shows that the number of men is half the number of women in the company.
Percentage
This is another way to compare the quantities. It means for every hundred. In the fraction form if
the denominator is 100 then the numerator is the percentage and is represented by a special
symbol %, read as a percent.
1. By Fraction Method
Example
If there are 20 boys out of 50 students in the class then find the percentage of boys.
To make the denominator hundred we need to multiply both the denominator and numerator with
2.
2. Unitary Method
In the unitary method, first, we need to find the value of one unit then multiply it with the required
number of units.
Example
In the above example, there are 20 boys out of 50 students. Then out of 100 students, the number
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of boys will A
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Finding the Increase or Decrease Percent
To find the increase or decrease in percent there are two methods.
1. Calculate the percentage of the given value then add or subtract it to the original value.
Example
If the price of the refrigerator was 50000 Rs. last year and it increases by 20 % this year. Then what
is its price now?
Solution
= 50000 + 10000
= 60000 Rs.
2. Unitary Method
As we know that 20% increase means 100 Rs. will increase to 120 Rs.
Finding Discounts
It’s very common these days that there is a sale and the products are at a discounted price.
Basically discount is the reduction in the Market price to increase the sale and to promote the
products.
We can get the amount of discount by subtracting the Sale price from the Market price.
Example
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If the price of one jean is 2500 Rs. and we are getting a discount of 500 Rs. then what is the sale
price of the jeans? What is the discount percentage?
Solution
= 2000 Rs.
Estimation in Percentages
To understand the estimation let’s take an example
Example
If the price of a product in the mall is 498.80 and it is available at a discount of 15 % then how
would you estimate the amount to be paid?
Solution
a. Round off the value 498.80 to the nearest tens i.e. 500.
Therefore the bill amount will be reduced by approximately 75 Rs and you may have to pay 425 Rs.
Cost price is the actual amount which is paid by the manufacturer to produce it or to provide the
service.
It is the amount at which the product is sold in the market by the retailer.
Profit
After selling a product if the seller has someLIVE COURSES
financial gains then it is said to be a profit.
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Profit = SP – CP
Loss
It is the financial negative revenue which a seller has to bear while selling the product.
Loss = CP – SP
Remark: While buying an item if a shopkeeper made some additional expense then these
expenses are called Overhead Expenses. It will be included in the cost price.
Example
If a shopkeeper bought 250 books for 75 each. He spent 500 Rs. on the binding of books. Then he
sold it in 20000 Rs. Calculate the profit or loss percentage.
Solution:
Profit = SP – CP
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Sales Tax/Value Added Tax/Goods and Services Tax
The amount charged by the government on the sale of an item is called Sales Tax.
Shopkeeper collects it from the customer and gives to the government. So the sales tax will always
be on the selling price of the item and is added to the value of the bill.
Earlier you must have seen Sales tax on the bill, nowadays; you will mostly see Value Added Tax
Formula
If the tax is x%, then Total price after including tax would be
Example
If the sales tax of 5% is added to an item whose selling price is 1500 Rs then find the bill amount
including tax.
Solution:
= 1500 Rs + 75 Rs
= 1575 Rs.
Compounded Interest
Interest is the extra money paid by the banks on our money at a fixed rate of interest.
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Where P = Principal amount
R = Rate of interest
The interest calculated both on the principal and the interest earned is called compounded
interest
Example
A sum of Rs. 20,000 is invested by Honey for 2 years at an interest of 8% compounded annually.
Find the Compound Interest (C.I.) and the amount she has to pay at the end of 2 years.
Solution:
Step 1 Firstly calculate the Simple Interest (S.I.) for one year.
Let the principal for the first year be P 1 . Here, P 1 = Rs.20, 000
Amount at the end of 1st year = P 1 + SI 1 = Rs. 20000 + Rs. 1600 = Rs. 21600 = P 2 (Principal for 2nd
year)
Step 3: Now the new principal for another year = 21600 Rs.
Amount at the end of 2nd year = P 2 + SI 2 = Rs. 21600 + Rs.1728 = Rs. 23328
Example
If a person borrow Rs 15,000 for 3 years at an interest rate of 10% compounded annually. Then
what will be Compound Interest and the amount to be paid by him?
Solution:
r = 10%
n=3
= 19965 Rs.
CI = A – P
= 19965 - 15000
= 4965 Rs.
But sometimes it happens that we have to calculate the compound Interest half-yearly or
quarterly.
In the case of half yearly, the time period will get double and the rate of interest will get half.
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