Unit # 08 Power Resources

Power Resources

Are those substances through which we can generate energy to meet the power
requirements of the country.

Energy can be obtained from various resources i.e. water, wind, sunlight and fuels. It can
exist in various forms e.g. heat, light, electrical and chemical. All forms of energy can be
converted into power, which can be used to do work e.g. petrol or diesel in burnt in car
engines which produce chemical energy and is used to make the car move. Pakistan is a
small consumer of energy. Per capita energy consumption in Pakistan is very low i.e. 10
times less energy than the world average and about 80 times less than the United States,
but now with the development in industry and other sectors of economy, demand of
power supply is increasing. Despite the low consumption of energy, Pakistan is not self-
sufficient in power resources. A certain quantity has to be imported.

The main sources of energy in Pakistan are, in order of importance, Oil, Natural Gas, Hydel
and Coal. Minor energy sources include Nuclear and LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and
CNG (Compressed natural Gas).

Types of Resources:
Renewable Resources:
Are those resources which can be used again and again and do not finish e.g. water, solar
power and wind power.
Non-Renewable Resources:
Are those resources which cannot be used again and again and finished e.g. coal, oil and
gas.

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Fossil Fuel:
Remains of animals and plants are called fossils fuel. e.g. coal, oil and gas.

Coal:

❖ It is an old fossil fuel.

❖ The best type of coal takes several hundred million-year to form.
❖ It is a non-renewable energy.
❖ It can be classified into four types based on quality:
I. Anthracite: It is the top-quality coal and contains high carbon. The heating value is
also high. It is not available in Pakistan.
II. Bituminous: It has good quality, high carbon content and high heating value.
III. Lignite: It has low carbon content and low heating value. It contains moisture and
ash.
IV. Peat: It is the initial stage of a coal formation with very low carbon content. It is
highly vegetative.
Transportation:
❖ Trollies/donkeys are used for the transportation of coal from the mine to the surface.
❖ It is sold to the middleman who then transports it to cement factories and brick kilns by
truck.
❖ In these factories, coal is used as fuel.

Future of Coal as a Power Source:

❖ It provides the cheapest fuel.
❖ New reserves are found in Thar desert and Salt ranges.
❖ These reserves have 7508 million tons of coal.

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❖ Therefore, it is anticipated that it will be used as a cheap fuel source for many years to
come.

Uses of Coal:
❖ Coal is used in the process of smelting in iron and steel industries. Smelting is a process
that separated iron from iron ore.
❖ It is used as a fuel in thermal power stations to generate steam for electricity.
❖ It is also used as a raw material in fertilizers, ceramic and brick kiln industry.
❖ It is also widely used in domestic activities such as cooking and heating.
❖ It is also used in Bitumen i.e. used for roofing, surfacing, roads, etc.

Coal Fields in Pakistan

Quetta Coal Fields:

❖ There are coal fields at Harnai, Degari, Sharig, and Mach.
❖ Bituminous is found in these fields.
❖ This type of coal is used in steel and brick kiln industries.

Lower Sindh Coal Fields:

❖ Coal fields are found in Sonda, Lakhra and Jhimper.
❖ Lignite is found in these fields.
❖ It is used for thermal power stations.

Salt Range:
❖ Coal can be found in Pidh and Dandot.
❖ Lignite and Bituminous are found there.

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Makarwal:
❖ Coal is found in Marwal.
❖ Sub-bituminous is found there.
❖ It is used in the ceramic industry.

Mining Processes (Coal):

Mining is a process of digging rocks and minerals from the earth. Minerals are found at
different depths.

1. Underground Mining.

I. Adit Mining
II. Shaft Mining

2. Open Cast Mining

Shaft Mining Method (Underground):

❖ This method is used when coal is underground.
❖ In this method, a vertical shaft is dug.
❖ Along the coal seams, several other shafts are along dug.
❖ To break coal seams, dynamite is used.
❖ Miners pick coal using a shovel.
❖ Once it is picked, trollies are used to transport the coal to the surface.

Adit Mining Method (Underground):

❖ It used to extract coal that is on the hillside.
❖ For hillside coal extraction, horizontal shafts are dug.
❖ Multiple shafts can be dug at different levels.

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❖ Dynamite is used to break the seams; shovel is used to pick up coal and trollies are used
to transport the coal outside.

Open Cast Mining:

❖ It is used when coal is visible on the surface.
❖ Dynamite is used to break these seams and shovel to pick them up.
❖ The coal is then supplied to industries using vehicles.

Advantages (Open Cast Mining):

❖ Easier access to materials.

❖ Easier to transport material to the destination
❖ Cheaper Safer and faster
❖ No problem of ventilation
❖ Dangers and hazards are less as compare to underground mining.

Disadvantages (Open Cast Mining):

❖ Destroy the landscape

❖ Destroy the natural habitat

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❖ Air, water and Noise pollution
❖ Deforestation
❖ Work is affected by weather.

Why Pakistan Imports Coal?

i. Pakistan is rich in coal, but the coal found here is mostly of low quality.
ii. Moreover, Pakistan lacks the proper infrastructure and machinery to mine coal
reserves.
iii. Therefore, to mix proper quality coal, Pakistan imports coal.

Problems (Underground Mining):

❖ Ventilation and underground transport problem.

❖ Dangerous gases may produce which are dangerous for workers life.
❖ Due to use of explosive material, the roofs of tunnel may be collapse.

Problems in Mineral Sector:

❖ Lack of finance.
❖ Lack of experts.
❖ Low priority given to mineral extraction.
❖ Lack of technical knowledge.
❖ Inaccessible mineral deposits.

Thar Power Generation Project

Advantages:
❖ Thar coal fields are rich in coal with 175 billion tons of coal (lignite).

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❖ It is anticipated that this can produce almost 100,00 MW of power for the next 200
years.
❖ This coal can also be exported to other countries like India.
❖ Electricity will become cheaper.
❖ There will remain no need to import oil and billions of dollars will be saved.
Disadvantages:
❖ Coal power sources can be damaging to the environment and will pollute rivers with
waste and air with mercury.
❖ Mercury will contaminate the air and seafood and their continuous consumption can
damage brain cells.
❖ The fly ash particles in the air can cause respiratory disorders in humans and animals.
❖ The fly ash particles in the air can also reduce crop yields.
(PPQ) Explain why the extraction of coal is limited in Pakistan. (4)
✓ Coal is of low or inferior quality.
✓ Reserves of coal not developed.
✓ Seams of the coal are thin.
✓ Lack of finance.
✓ Technology problem.
✓ Extraction of the coal with traditional methods.
✓ Risky jobs (Labour problem).
✓ Lack of experts.
✓ Not enough mine in Pakistan.

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(PPQ)

Describe coal output from the Sor Range Coalfield from 1990 to 2000. (3)
✓ Fluctuated.
✓ Highest production in 1992-3 (75,000).
✓ Sharp declined in 1994-95 (40,000).
✓ Increased in 1995.
✓ After 1995 the production has fluctuated.
✓ After 1998 slow decline.

Mineral Oil (Petroleum)

❖ It is one of the most important fossil fuels.

❖ It is also known as black gold.

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❖ It can be found underground (many meters) or under the seabed.
❖ It can be found mainly in anticline i.e. dome-shaped between dual layers of non-porous
rocks.
❖ It is trapped in these anticlines with gas and water, above and below respectively.
❖ It is non-renewable energy.
Uses of Mineral Oil:
❖ It is used as a fuel to vehicles, trains, and aircraft.
❖ It is used to reduce friction in machines.
❖ It is also a power source i.e. used to generate electricity.
❖ Its by-products can be used for many industrial and domestic uses including plastics,
wax, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, etc.

Oil Drilling:

❖ A derrick (drilling rig) is set up.

❖ The well of oil is drilled to extract this liquid to the surface with the help of pipes.
❖ The drill is used to break rocks.
❖ To control the flow of oil valves are used.
❖ Once oil flow starts the derricks are removed.

Oil Refineries:
❖ This oil cannot be used in raw form.
❖ To make this oil suitable for use, it should be refined first.
❖ For this purpose, oil refineries in Pakistan are:
✓ Near the oil field in Potwar Plateau, Morga is the Attock Oil Refinery.
✓ In Karachi, at the port of import is the Pakistan Refinery and National Refinery.

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Oil Fields in Pakistan:
❖ There are many oil fields in the Potwar Plateau including Dhullian, Tut, Balkasar, etc.
❖ The lower Sindh has oil fields too namely Mazari, Laghari, Tando Adam, etc

Oil Transportation

Oil is Transported Through Pipes:

❖ It offers a continuous supply.
❖ It allows you to transport a large amount of oil quickly.
❖ It is cheap once the pipeline construction is complete.
❖ But the pipelines can also leak oil.
❖ It can transport oil to main centers only.
❖ It can transport only one product.
❖ Its construction is expensive.

Oil is Transported Through Rail Tankers:

❖ It can allow the oil to be transported to areas where there is no pipe construction.
❖ It can transport more than one product.
❖ It is best for small suppliers and users.
❖ It can transport only a small or limited amount of oil.
❖ It is a slow transport and can encounter accidents.
❖ It is expensive.

Oil is Transported Through Road Tankers:

❖ It can help the oil to transport to remote areas.
❖ It can transport more than one product.
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❖ It is suitable for small users and suppliers.
❖ It can transport a limited amount of oil only.
❖ It is a slow transport, can encounter accidents, theft or leakage.
❖ It is heavy on the roads.
❖ It is expensive.

(PPQ) Explain in detail why it is necessary for Pakistan to import so much petroleum
(crude oil) even though petroleum is produced in Pakistan. (6)

✓ Oil production is Pakistan is low.

✓ Pakistan cannot satisfy its own needs for oil.
✓ Growing demand due to increasing population.
✓ Increasing number of industries.
✓ Extension of road network.
✓ Increasing number of vehicles.
✓ Conversion to diesel locomotives.
✓ Mechanization of agriculture.
✓ Most thermal power stations use oil.
✓ Lubricant for machinery.
✓ Source of many by-products e.g. Paraffin / wax / plastics.
✓ Increasing demand for electricity.

(PPQ) What problems are caused for Pakistan because so much is spent on importing
petroleum? (4)

✓ Negative trade balance.

✓ Increasing burden of debt.
✓ Economy goes down.
✓ Uses foreign exchange.
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✓ Less money for education / health care / infrastructure / industry / agriculture.
✓ More taxes imposed.
✓ Cannot afford to exploit new oilfields.

Natural Gas

❖ It is an important fossil fuel.

❖ It can be found in rocks that are above the oil.
❖ The rocks act like a sponge and trap the gas.
❖ The rocks have several tiny holes.
❖ It is a non-renewable energy.
Importance of natural Gas:

❖ It is the source of energy and fulfill 35 % requirements of the country.

❖ Used as a chief raw material in different industries, especially in Fertilizer Industry.
❖ Used at Domestic level.
❖ Used in power generation (Thermal).
❖ Low cost energy.
❖ Used in transport in the form of CNG and LPG.
❖ It is cheaper than coal and oil.
❖ It is cleaner than coal and oil.

Areas of Natural Gas:

❖ It is in Sui, Balochistan.
❖ In Sindh, it is in Mari.
❖ It is in Mayal, Punjab.
❖ It can also be found in Khairpur, Uah, Pirkoh, and Dhullian.
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Uses of Natural Gas:
❖ It has domestic uses as well as commercial uses.
❖ It can be used as a raw material in chemical, fertilizer and cement industry.
❖ It can be used as an alternative fuel for vehicles.
❖ It can be used in thermal power stations as a fuel.
❖ It is used for domestic because it is easily available via pipeline, can be imported in the
cylinder to remote areas, cheaper, convenient and cleaner.

Transportation of Gas

It Can Be Transported Using Pipeline:

❖ The pipeline provides a continuous and fast supply.
❖ It can transport a large amount of has.
❖ It is cheap after the construction of the pipeline.
❖ The pipes can leak gas.
❖ It can supply gas to only main cities like Karachi.
❖ The pipelines are expensive to build.
❖ It can be transported using cylinders

Cylinders Can Be Used to Transport Gas to Remote Areas:

❖ It is suitable for small users and can supply a small amount.
❖ It is portable.
❖ It is a slow transport.
❖ It provides a supply of gas that is interrupted when the cylinder is empty.
❖ It is expensive.

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❖ There can be accidents.

LPG:
❖ Natural gas is turned into a liquid when it is cooled at a very low temperature.
❖ This is known as the Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG).

Energy Resources

❖ It is a powerful energy source.

❖ Energy is produced by the splitting of atoms.
❖ It is used for electricity generation.

Advantages:
❖ It is a reliable energy source.
❖ It can produce a large amount of energy with small raw material inputs.
❖ It is efficient.
❖ It is a long-lasting fuel in comparison with fossil fuels as they are running out.
❖ It is environmentally friendly as compared to fossil fuels.
❖ It can reduce load shedding.

Disadvantages:
❖ It is an expensive fuel to purchase and to build.
❖ It is difficult to maintain and there are not many skilled individuals available.
❖ It can be radioactive.
❖ Its disposal of waste can be a problem.

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Nuclear Power Plants

❖ Karachi Nuclear Power Plant.

❖ Chashma Nuclear Power Plant.

Advantages:
❖ Large output.
❖ Reliable.
❖ Small input of raw material.
❖ Less pollution / environment friendly.
❖ Less chances of accidents in nuclear power plant.
❖ Less chances of Green House effect.
❖ Pakistan is deficient in fossils fuels so nuclear energy can solve the energy problem.

Disadvantages:
❖ The fuel rods in reactors produces dangerous rays. People exposed to the rays get
cancer and their children can be born deformed.
❖ Expensive to buy and build.
❖ Nuclear waste can remain radioactive for many years. There are problems with
reprocessing and strong nuclear waste.
❖ Lack of technology.
❖ Risk of terrorism.
❖ Use for bombs.

Thermal Electricity:
❖ If electricity is produced by utilizing non-renewable sources like nuclear, coal, gas and oil
then it is known as thermal electricity.

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❖ Fossil fuels are used to run turbines by producing steams in boilers.
❖ The turbine then rotates and turns the shaft into a generator within a magnetic field and
electricity is produced.

Alternative Energy Resources:

❖ The energy that comes from sources that do not deplete natural resources as well as
also does not harm the environment.
❖ Examples of these sources are sun, wind, geothermal, biomass, wave, tidal and water.

Importance of Renewable Energy:

❖ Fossil fuels are depleting and are becoming expensive with each passing day.
❖ Pakistan imports many fossil fuels such as oil.
❖ Nuclear energy's waste is difficult to dispose of.
❖ Nuclear energy can be radioactive.
❖ Renewable resources do not harm the environment.
❖ The renewable resources are cheap.

Hydro-Electric Power (HEP):

❖ It uses the force of flowing water to spin the hydro-turbines.
❖ There is a shaft that is going into the generator.
❖ The water force makes the hydro-turbine spin at a rapid speed.
❖ Then the hydro-turbine makes the shaft spin inside the magnetic field.
❖ The spinning of the shaft inside the magnetic field generates electricity.

Transmission:
❖ It is transmitted using underground or overhead transmission lines or grids.

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❖ The local supplier sets the voltage and the electricity is supplied to commercial and
domestic users.

Locations:
❖ Tarbela Dam
❖ Mangla Dam
❖ Warsak Dam

Conditions for Dam Construction:

❖ The climate should be wet and cool to prevent evaporation.
❖ There should be more rainfall for good water supply.
❖ There should be narrow and deep valleys.
❖ The steep sides also help in the easy construction of dams.
❖ There should be Impervious rocks to make sure there is less seepage.
❖ There should be hard rocks.
❖ Glaciers are also a great place as snow will melt in summer and more water will be
stored.

Solar Energy:
❖ It is the energy of the sun.
❖ Pakistan has around 300 sunny days annually in several parts of Pakistan.
❖ Solar energy can be used in rural areas e.g. cooking, pumping water, water heating, etc.
❖ It is a renewable energy source.
❖ It is safe and clean.

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Wind Power

❖ The kinetic energy in wind is converted into electrical energy by windmills and pumps.
❖ This energy can be used for pumping water or grinding grain.
❖ The generator in wind turbines generates electricity.
❖ This electricity can be supplied to larger areas by connecting the grid to the generator.
❖ It is a renewable energy source.

Advantages of Wind Power:

❖ Wind is a renewable resource.

❖ It is environment friendly.
❖ It can be used independently at local in rural and remote areas of Pakistan.
❖ Wind farms provide a source of income for farmers and may attract small industries to
rural part of Pakistan where job opportunities are limited.
❖ Wind power can help to solve Pakistan’s energy problems thus leading to industrial and
agricultural expansion.
❖ No chance of greenhouse gases.

Disadvantages of Wind Power:

❖ Wind turbines are expensive to build thus increasing the burden on the economy.
❖ The strength of wind is not constant and varies. This means that wind turbines do not
produce the same amount of electricity all the time.
❖ They automatically stop working when there is a storm.
❖ Wind farms can be developed only in coastal and mountainous areas with high wind
speeds.
❖ Cannot develop in plain areas due less speed of wind. 6. Wind turbines can kill birds.
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Geothermal Power:
❖ It is derived from the heat of Earth’s core.
❖ The Earth’s heat is absorbed by hot springs (underground water).
❖ Drills are used to pump out this hot water.
❖ The hot water is used to run the turbines and electricity is generated.

Wave Power & Tidal Power:

❖ Wave motion is used to run the turbine and generate electricity. This is known as Wave
Power.
❖ The Tidal water in the creeks of the Indus delta has high-velocity flow and can be used to
generate electricity. This is known as the Tidal Power.
❖ Both power sources are renewable.
❖ They can provide continuous energy.
❖ However, they are expensive to construct.
❖ They can kill sea habitats.
❖ They can also affect the local shipping using the sea route.

Biogas & Biomass:

❖ The Biogas refers to using vegetable and plants matters (decaying and living) to use as a
fuel.
❖ The method of biomass is not new in Pakistan, women in rural areas use cow dung
patties to use as a fuel for cooking.
❖ Biogas can be produced from the waste of animals and plants.
❖ Biogas can be generated by fermentation of cow dung, but it emits methane gas that
can increase air pollution since it is a greenhouse gas.

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National Grid:
❖ The National Grid transmits electricity to consumers and domestic users.
❖ It comprises of transformers and long transmission lines in the network.

Shortcomings:
❖ It is expensive and difficult to maintain.
❖ The long transmission line is difficult to install.
❖ There is friction that makes the line lose electricity.

Electricity Shortage in Pakistan:

❖ The existing power station has become inefficient because of poor maintenance and old
machinery.
❖ At HEP stations, reservoirs have a silt that has reduced their capacity to produce
electricity.
❖ In winter, the water in HEP stations' reservoirs is less because of less rainfall.
❖ The demand for electricity has increased because of the increase in population,
industrialization, rural electrification and improved standards of living.

Load Shedding:
❖ The planned power cuts are known as load shedding.

Rural Electrifications:
❖ The rural areas are also receiving electricity.
❖ It will help them in improving their standards of living.
❖ It is also helping them to use modern methods in agriculture.
❖ It will decrease the migration of rural people to urban areas.
❖ It will expand and improve small industries.
❖ It will connect rural areas with opportunities though access to IT.
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Efforts for Rural Electrification:
❖ The national grid has been extended.
❖ More thermal power stations are established.
❖ More HEP schemes are planned.
❖ Many villages have access to electricity now because of solar energy and biogas.
❖ Foreign and private investments are in place for the development of rural electrification.
❖ WAPDA is also playing its role in rural electrification.
❖ The government has initiated various programs e.g. Village Aid Program.
❖ The government announced to provide electricity to villages that agree to bear 33% of
installation cost.

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