ISSN: 2350-0328

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
Vol. 9, Issue 5 , May 2022

A Review on Design of SIW Antenna array

Ms. Chaudhari Neelima K., Dr. Labade Rekha P.

Head of Information Technology Dept, Amrutvahini Polytechnic, Sangamner, Maharashtra, India

Head of E&TC Dept, Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT: Micro Strip antennas have limitations such as Lower gain, Narrow bandwidth, Low power handling
capacity. Its Structure radiates from feeds and junction points. Similar propagation characteristics such as field pattern
and dispersion characteristic can be achieved from SIW antenna with slight modification in conventional rectangular
waveguide. Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) structure constitutes of two parallel conducting plates connected by
two rows of metallic posts. Metallic ground planes are added to the top and bottom of a dielectric substrate to create
Integrated waveguide-like and planar structure. The top and bottom ground planes are connected by two periodic rows
of metallic vias or slots.

In contrary to non-planar rectangular waveguides, SIW has planar structure and hence can be fabricated using planar
processing techniques. The new SIW structure can be used to design and fabricate various antennas such as slotted SIW
antennas, leaky-wave SIW antennas, cavity-backed SIW antennas and SIW horn antennas. The SIW antenna can operate
at high frequency. All components including active and passive components as well as antennas on the same substrate.
The limitations microstrip antennas are overcome by Surface Integrated waveguide as this antenna results in high quality
factor, high power handling capabilities, and self-consistent electrical shielding. As literature review various papers on
SIW antenna design are studied and their parameters are compared.

I. INTRODUCTION
In this review paper various substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) fed antenna designs are summarised and
modification in SIW antennas for improving gain are presented. Initially the SIW antenna design parameters are
discussed. Later in section III The Design of High Gain Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antennas” by Caroline
Sebastian. [1] In this section the design and implementation of circularly polarized substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)
antenna in X Band is reviewed. In section IV design of SIW slot antenna for circular polarisation and its simulation
results are reviewed. In section V and VI the paper Design and analysis of new substrate integrated waveguide
resonance antennas by Mohammad Majedi [2] is summarised. An open-ended substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)
resonator antenna is designed and analysed. The open-ended SIW resonator is analysed using two different methods.
In the first method the waveguide concept and in the second method the transmission line (TL) based metamaterials
concepts are used.

II. SURFACE INTEGRATED WAVEGUIDE (SIW) ANTENNA DESIGN

The surface integrated waveguide antenna design parameters are as below.

Basic Parameter to design SIW.
• Width of the waveguide (a)
• Diameter of metallic vias (d)
• Distance between two consecutive vias (p)
• Height of dielectric substrate (h)

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 ISSN: 2350-0328
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science,
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Vol. 9, Issue 5 , May 2022

Series metallic vias

P
d

Dielectric substrate

as

Fig. 1. SIW antenna design

SIW devices is a form of dielectric filled waveguide (DFW), For TE 10 mode, the dimension "b" is immaterial as it does
not affect the cut off frequency of the waveguide. Therefore, the substrate thickness is immaterial. It only affects the
dielectric loss. If substrate is thicker loss will be lower.

a
ϵ0
b
Fig. 2: Dimension definition of rectangular waveguide

For a rectangular waveguide, cut off frequency of arbitrary mode is calculated as:

Where c is speed of light, m, n are mode numbers, a, b are dimensions of the waveguide.
For TE10 mode, the simplified formula of fc is as below.

For Dielectric Filled Wave Guide with same cut off frequency, dimension ad is:
ad= a / √ϵR
Having determined the dimension "a" for the Dielectric Filled Wave Guide, we can now pass to the design equations
for SIW.

as = ad+ d2/.95p
 where d is the diameter of the via & p is the pitch i.e., distance between the vias.

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 ISSN: 2350-0328
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science,
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Vol. 9, Issue 5 , May 2022

ϵr
ad

as
 The two conditions are
P<2d
 Where guided wavelength is:

III. THE DESIGN OF HIGH GAIN SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED WAVEGUIDE ANTENNAS

BY CAROLINE SEBASTIAN [1]

The design and implementation of circularly polarized substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna in X Band is
explained in this section.

The SIW antennas are used for the transmission and reception of electromagnetic energy. The design techniques
used in this method for SIW with slots and the integration with microstrip. This achieves the broad perspective of the
SIW in circular polarization. After simulation in HFSS Software it is observed that gain has increased in SIW structure
with slots for circular polarization as compared to SIW structure without slots.

The transmission of electromagnetic energy is carried out normally by two conductor lines such as parallel line, coaxial
cables and two wire cables. When the energy travel through normal electrical wire results in great losses such as
radiation loss, copper loss, dielectric loss and skin effect. Also, it is difficult to interconnect the transmission lines
with the planar circuits due to its non-planar nature. Hence Waveguides are the best option for the transmission of
electromagnetic energy in comparison with transmission lines. Since waveguides are non-planar and bulky, SIW can
be an option for the transmission of the electromagnetic energy. It has the advantages of conventional waveguides
such as high-power handling capability and high-quality factor. In the transmission line the wavelength of the signal
in the transmission line is comparable to the transverse size of the line so maxima and minima are occurred in
transmission lines.
Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is a form of transmission line which permits a non-planar arrangement of an
antenna converted into a planar form by compacting it on a single substrate. This results in a structure called SIW and
this technique is used to make the planar rectangular waveguide. SIW is designed by same method discussed in section
I. It has advantage of both microstrip and waveguide. Advantages of microstrip are compact dimensions and laid-back
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 ISSN: 2350-0328
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology
Vol. 9, Issue 5 , May 2022

integration. Advantage of waveguide is low radiation loss, and can lead to well-organized microwave circuits and
antennas. Communication systems make use of either linear (vertical or horizontal) or circular polarization.
MICROSTRIP TRANSISTION to WAVE GUIDE: The design of the SIW structure in planar circuits has to integrate
with conventional transmission lines such as microstrip line. The portion of radiating surface in the microstrip line is
made taper with the SIW structure for the proper impedance matching. Thus, the design of SIW with microstrip is
needed. The width to height ratio of the microstrip antenna is Wt / Ag = 0.4. The tapering is done to achieve connection
with microstrip width to waveguide width. Also, the wavelength of waveguide and cut-off wavelength is related as
λс = c / fc & λg = λс / √ €ᵣ

Fig. 3 Microstrip transition to the

waveguide

IV. DESIGN OF SIW SLOTTED ANTENNA FOR CIRCULAR POLARISATION [1]

For achieving circular polarisation in X band applications slotted SIW structure is designed and simulated. The
length of slots is calculated as

L =λ0 / √ 2(€ᵣ+1)
The length from the wall of waveguide to centre of slot is considered as λg / 4 and distance between the slots is taken
as λg / 2. Using this equation, the dimensions of slots can be obtained for antenna design with circular polarization. The
design shows good properties if the reflection coefficient is less than -15 db. The width of conventional waveguide is
used as 18.71mm.
SIW parameters and its microstrip transition:

wt W Lt λс €ᵣ λg Ag

7.5 3.23 18.75 37.5 4.4 17.88 18.75

In the design parameters of SIW and its microstrip transition the length is indicated in millimetre and frequency is
indicated in GHz. Fig. 4 shows the simulation result for SIW in circular polarization. Fig. 5 shows E- field pattern

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 ISSN: 2350-0328
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science,
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Vol. 9, Issue 5 , May 2022

Fig. 4 The graph showing reflection coefficient and frequency of SIW structure without slots

-30 30

-3.50

-7.00

-60 60

-10.50

-14.00

-90 90

-120 120

-150 150

-180
Fig. 5 The radiation pattern of SIW antenna without slots

Fig. 6 Structure of SIW antenna with slots

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 ISSN: 2350-0328
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science,
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Vol. 9, Issue 5 , May 2022

Fig. 7 The graph showing reflection coefficient and frequency in the circular polarisation

0
m1

-30 30

1.50

-2.00

-60 60

-5.50

-9.00

-90 90

-120 120

-150 150

-180

Fig.8 SIW antenna radiation pattern with slots in the circular polarisation

The SIW and its microstrip tapering is achieved in the X Band as above. From the results of simulation of SIW and its
microstrip interconnect, the reflection coefficients are below -15 dB i.e., -38.58 at 10.24 GHz which is in X Band.
resonating frequencies are 10.70 GHz and 12.16 GHz and reflection coefficient of -40.28 dB and -29.27 dB respectively
ar achieved after making inclined slots in SIW. So, the gain value of 4.0025 is achieved after making slots in SIW
structure.

V. HMSIW (HALF MODE SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED WAVEGUIDE) RESONANCE ANTENNAS

DESIGN AND SIMULATION: BY MOHAMMAD SAEED MAJEDI. [2]

In this paper the antennas using an open-ended substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) resonator are designed and the
open-ended SIW resonator is analysed using two different approaches waveguide theory and the transmission line (TL)
based metamaterials theory. Two different antennas using the SIW resonator are designed and simulated. The first
antenna operates at the first order resonance mode of the resonator. The operating frequency of this antenna is 8.33 GHz,
bandwidth of this antenna is 1.9%, maximum gain of this antenna is 7.3 dBi and radiation efficiency of this antenna is
94%. The second antenna operates at the zeroth order resonance mode of the resonator which has a half mode substrate
integrated waveguide (HMSIW) structure. Its operating frequency is 5.72 GHz, bandwidth is 1.2%, maximum gain is 4.2
dBi and radiation efficiency is 95%. The presented antennas have advantages of low profile, easy fabrication, easy
integration with other circuits and high efficiency.

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 ISSN: 2350-0328
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Vol. 9, Issue 5 , May 2022

Fig. 9. top view and side view of an open-ended SIW resonator (a)

SIW structure is designed by drilling two rows of metallic posts in between two connected parallel conducting plates.
SIW has planar structure and hence can be fabricated using planar processing techniques which is not possible in non-
planar structure. Using this new structure slotted SIW antennas and leaky-wave SIW antennas are designed and
fabricated. Structure is made compact by using Half-mode substrate-integrated waveguide (HMSIW) and 50 % size
reduction is achieved. In this method it is assumed that the vertical cut of the waveguide acts as a virtual magnetic
wall. Transmission line includes a series inductor and a parallel LC resonator. After simulation it is proved that at
low frequencies the effective permeability of this Transmission Line is negative, at medium frequency it is zero and
at high frequencies it is positive.
In this paper two open-ended SIW resonator antennas are demonstrated. This resonator is analysed using two methods.
The first method results in electric and magnetic fields intensity relations in the resonator as well as the resonance
frequencies of different modes. In the second method TL based metamaterials concept is used. In this method the
SIW structure is considered as an ENG TL. Using this method in later part resonance modes and their frequencies are
obtained. Two typical antennas are designed and simulated with the technique of an open-ended SIW resonator. The
first antenna is designed at the first order resonance frequency of the resonator. The HMSIW antenna operates at the
zeroth order resonance frequency. These antennas radiate from their open walls. Both antennas have high efficiency
with broadside radiation patterns.

SIW open-ended resonator

The configuration of an open-ended SIW resonator in direction of y-axis is shown in Fig. 1. In the next two sections
this resonator using two different methods are analysed.

A. Resonator analysis using Waveguides theory

In this section, relations of the electric and magnetic fields intensity in the resonator for different modes are studied.
The SIW structure shown in Fig. .9 is equivalent to a waveguide structure with the same length (d), the same height (h)
and the following width a = a SIW - (dv2 / .95s).

In this way the structure is analysed as an open-ended waveguide structure with dimensions of a×d×h. Because of low
thickness, the electric field is nearly normal to the surface of the patch and hence only TMz modes with no variation

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 ISSN: 2350-0328
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science,
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Vol. 9, Issue 5 , May 2022

along the z axis will be considered. Similar to the microstrip structures, the open-ended walls of the waveguide resonator
at y = 0 and y = d can be modelled by perfect magnetic conducting (PMC) surfaces. The two other side walls of this
resonator are considered as perfect electric conducting (PEC) surfaces.

For simulation an open-ended SIW resonator following sizes are taken.

aSIW = 12.5 mm and d = 14 mm on a Taconic RF-35 substrate with dielectric constant of εr = 3.5 and height of h =
1.524. The via holes diameter is 1 mm and distance between them is s = 2 mm. This resonator is simulated using HFSS.
The input impedance of the resonator is as shown in Fig. 2. In this Fig., the resonance frequency of different modes are
shown. The resonance frequency is defined as the frequency where the input resistance reaches maximum. Magnitude
of the electric field intensity in the resonator for the first four modes is shown in Fig. 10. Table I shows comparison
between the resonance frequencies of the first four modes of the resonator obtained by HFSS simulation.

a b c d
Fig. 10. Magnitude of electric field intensity in the resonator for TM 100, TM110 ,TM120 and TM130 modes.

TABLE I. Theoretical and simulated resonance frequencies of the first four modes of the resonator

Mnl fmnl (GHz) by eq. 4 fmnl (GHz) HFSS simulation

100 6.70 6.68

110 8.81 8.44

120 13.27 12.12

130 18.44 16.38

Fig. 11. Equivalent circuit model of an ENG TL unit cell

As can be seen, in this resonator contrary to the conventional waveguide resonators, there is a TM 100z mode with no field
variation along the y axis.

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Vol. 9, Issue 5 , May 2022

Antenna design and simulation:

A. SIW first order resonator antenna

Configuration and dimensions of the presented antenna is shown in Fig. 6. A proximity coupling is used to match the
antenna to a 50 Ω microstrip line. The open-ended walls of the antenna act as radiating elements. The equivalent
magnetic currents at these radiating walls are

TABLE II. Theorical And Simulated Resonance Frequencies Of

The First Four Modes of The Resonator

Resonance mode fr (GHz) Eq. (10) fr (GHz) HFSS simulation

Zeroth order 6.73 6.68

First order 8.52 8.44
Second order 12.29 12.12
Third order 16.47 16.38

Fig. 12. Configuration of the presented antenna (dimensions are in mm)

The radiation pattern of this antenna is similar to the conventional microstrip antennas. For TM 100 or zeroth order
resonance mode, the equivalent magnetic currents are in opposite directions and the radiated fields cancel each other at
xz plane.
In this antenna the TME110 or the first order resonance mode is used and the equivalent magnetic currents are in the
same direction. This antenna produces a broadside radiation pattern with y-directed polarization.
SIW structure contain conducting walls in the form of vias due to which the ground plane size of the antenna can be
reduced and hence the overall size of the antenna is smaller than the conventional microstrip antennas.

Fig. 13. Radiation patterns of the SIW first order resonator antenna (a) xz plane (b) yz plane

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Vol. 9, Issue 5 , May 2022

The centre frequency and -10 dB bandwidth of this antenna are 8.33 GHz and 1.9% respectively. The radiation patterns
of the antenna are shown in Fig. 13. The maximum antenna gain is 7.3 dBi and its radiation efficiency at the centre
frequency is 94 %.

• VI. HMSIW ZEROTH ORDER RESONATOR ANTENNA

Configuration of the antenna is shown in Fig. 14 has a HMSIW (half mode substrate integrated waveguide) structure
and operates in the TM100 or the zeroth order resonance mode. The antenna is fed through a proximity coupling.

Fig. 14. Configuration of the presented antenna (dimensions are in mm)

The equivalent magnetic currents at the x-directed edges are in opposite directions and their radiated fields cancel each
other at xz plane. Hence, the open y-directed edge acts as the main radiating element and produces a broadside radiation
pattern with x-directed polarization.
Because of using HMSIW structure and also operating at zeroth order resonance mode, this antenna has more compact
size compared to the previous one.
The S11 parameter of this antenna is shown in Fig. 10. The operating frequency and -10 dB bandwidth of this antenna
are 5.72 GHz and 1.2%, respectively. Due to existence of the fringing field at the open sided wall, the resonance
frequencies of this antenna are lower compared to the previous one. The radiation patterns of the antenna are shown in
Fig. 11. The maximum antenna gain and its radiation efficiency at the centre frequency are 4.2 dBi and 95% respectively.
As it is expected, the cross-polarization level of this antenna, which results from open x-directed edges, is higher than
that of the previous antenna.
It should be noted that the structure of this antenna is similar to the shorted microstrip patch, however it was designed
and analysed with a completely different approach.

Fig. 15. S11 parameter of the HMSIW zeroth order resonator antenna

(a) (b)

Fig. 16. Radiation patterns of HMSIW zeroth order resonator antenna (a) xz plane (b) yz plane

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Vol. 9, Issue 5 , May 2022

In table III the simulated characteristics of the two presented antennas are summarized.

f0 Max
Max Gain
Antenna Antenna size -10 dB BW Efficiency (%)
(GHz) (dBi) X-Pol.

SIW first order

8.33 13.5 mm × 14 mm 1.9% 7.3 94 -18.9
resonance

HMSIW 0th
5.72 6.75 mm × 14 mm 1.2% 4.2 95 -3.5
order resonance

TABLE III. Characteristics of The Designed and Simulated Antennas

VII CONCLUSION

The two new SIW resonance antennas are designed and analysed on the basis of an open ended SIW resonator. This
resonator is analysed using the conventional waveguide theory as well as the TL based metamaterials theory. The first
antenna operates at the first order resonance mode and its radiation pattern is broadside. In comparison to the
conventional microstrip antenna that requires a large ground plane, the overall size of this antenna is smaller and also it
provides lower cross polarization level. These results are due to the existence of conducting walls in the SIW structure.
The second antenna which has HMSIW structure operates at zeroth order resonance mode. The footprint of this antenna
is reduced about 56% compared to the first antenna. These antennas have low profile, high efficiency and they are easy
to fabricate.

Table IV: Summary of slotted and unslotted SIW antennas.

Type of SIW antenna

Antenna Reflection coeff.
f0 (GHz)
size below -10 dB
/Design methodology

10.24 GHz
Unslotted
Unslotted antenna -15 dB
antenna
(X Band)

SIW and its microstrip tapering resonates in 2 freq. of

Slotted -40.2865 dB and -
10.70 GHz and
antenna 29.2741 dB
12.16GHz

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Table V: SIW - Open-Ended Resonator

Type of SIW antenna /Design -10 dB

methodology f0 (GHz) Antenna size Max gain
BW

SIW first order resonance antenna 8.33 13.5 mm × 14 mm 1.9% 7.3

HMSIW zeroth order resonance antenna 5.72 6.75 mm × 14 mm 1.2% 4.2

Thus, the SIW and its microstrip tapering is done in the X Band. From the results of simulation of SIW and its microstrip
interconnect, the reflection coefficients is below -15 dB that is -38.58 from 10.24GHz which shows in X Band. After the
introduction of inclined slots in SIW, the structure resonates in two frequencies of 10.70 GHz and 12.16GHz with a
reflection coefficient of -40.2865 dB and -29.2741 dB respectively. From the radiation pattern for SIW having no slots
the gain is comparatively less. But with the introduction of slots, the gain has increased to a reasonable value of 4.0025
as compared to the structure of SIW without slots.

REFERENCES
[1] The Design of High Gain Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antennas Caroline Sebastian¹, V.J AmirthaVijina², Ramesh R³, Usha Kiran K
[email protected]¹, [email protected]², [email protected]³, [email protected] School of Electronics Engineering
(SENSE) VIT University Chennai campus, India Conference: 2016 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and
Networking (Wisp NET)

[2]. Design and analysis of new substrate integrated waveguide resonance antennas Mohammad Saeed Majedi Communications and Computer
Research Centre, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran [email protected] November 2012
DOI:10.1109/ISTEL.2012.6482947Conference: Telecommunications (IST)

[3]. SIW Antenna for 5G In-Band Full Duplex Applications Masaud Shah, Hammad M. Cheema Research Institute for Microwave and Millimetre-
Wave Studies (RIMMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan {mshah.msee17seecs,
hammad.cheema}@seecs.edu.p

[4]. Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antennas and Arrays Pampa Debnath Assistant Professor, RCC Institute of Information Technology, Kolkata,
INDIA [email protected] Sayan Chatterjee Assistant Professor, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, INDIA [email protected]

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