AN EVALUATION OF BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS

Part I. Basic Concepts

LAWRENCE A. WEINBERG, D.D.S.,MS."

New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, N. Y.

T their associatedofconcepts.
HE OBJECTIVE this series of articles is to evaluate several articulators and
Each articulator will be appraised by comparing the
occlusion produced on the instrument to that of a hypothetical patient from whom
all measurements have been made as prescribed in the technique. Clinical implica-
tions will be drawn from the accuracy of the resultant occlusion produced on each
articulator.
This series of articles is divided into four parts. The first part deals with a
review of the basic information that is necessary for the evaluation of articulators.
The remaining sections are devoted to a description of the concept, method, and
evaluation of the instruments.

MOTION

Motion itself must be studied to evaluate effectively the reproduction of mandi-

bular movement on an instrument. Motion may be rectilinear or curvilinear in na-
ture. Rectilinear motion is in a straight line, while curvilinear motion can be either
part of an arc or an ellipse (Fig. 1). Any curved motion has an axis of rotation by
definition. When the motion is part of a circle, the axis of rotation is stati0nary.l
Perpendicular bisectors of chords of the arc intersect at the axis of rotation (Fig. 1) .
On the other hand, the axis of rotation itself translates when the motion is part of
an ellipse.2 It is axiomatic that curved motion is always perpendicular to its axis.l

INSTANTANEOUS CENTERS OF ROTATION

The instantaneous center of rotation for elliptical motion can be found by

drawing perpendicular lines to equal chords of that part of the curve (Fig. 1).
Many instantaneous centers of rotation are located by repeating this process. Each
one represents the center of rotation of that part of the elliptical motion that it
controls. The radii from each instantaneous center of rotation constantly change.
Instantaneous centers of rotation should not be confused with a moving axis of ro-
tation where the radius remains constant.

This series of articles has been revised from the Dissertation in the Department of Graduate
Prosthetics submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of
Science (in Dentistry) at New York University, College of Dentistry.
*Instructor, Department of Graduate and Post Graduate Prosthodontics.
622
Volume 13 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART I
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INSTANTANEOUS
CENTERS OF

FIG. I
Fig. 1. (I), Line AB represents rectilinear motion. (21, Curvilinear motion is part of an arc
AI3 or ellipse AR, (3). (4), Perpendicular bisectors of chords of the arc intersect at the axis of
rotation. (.5), Instantaneous centers of rotation of elliptical motion AR control movement for a
specific segment of the curve.

Fig. Z.-Two of the required guidances of motion are the condylar paths A and B. The
third point is at the incisors, C.
624 WEINBERG J. Pros. Dew
July-August, 1963

PATH- E? ’

MUSCLE COMPLEX
MEASURED AT THE
4NClSORS AS THE
THIRD POINT OF

FIG.3

Fig. 3.-The three points of guidance are related to the muscle complex.

Three-dimensional curved motion has an axis of rotation in each of the 3

planes of space .* These 3 axes are always perpendicular to each other.*
The first requirement of reproducing any motion is the establishment of 3
fixed points on or attached to the object. * Reproduction of three-dimensional motion
can be obtained by recording the starting position, the path, and the end position
of these 3 fixed points. Clinically, for convenience, 2 of the required guidances of
motion of the mandible are the condylar paths; the third point is measured at the
incisors which will be referred to during movement as the incisal guidance (Fig. 2).
The objective of all articulators is to serve as a laboratory aid in imitating physi-
ologic motion by substituting mechanical equivalents for anatomic parts.
The starting position of the 3 selected points necessitates some method of
orientation to act as a fixed base from which to refer. Once this fixed base is
oriented in space, the problem is reduced to recording and transferring the paths
and end positions of the 3 fixed points.

HUMAN MOTION

Human motion consists of curved movement because the skeletal framework

is moved by muscles and hinged by various types of joints. The type of joint and
the way in which it is used determines the type of curved movement. When the
teeth are not in contact, the mandible is guided by the 2 condylar paths (Fig. 3)
and the entire muscle complex which can be measured at the incisors as the third
point of guidance. It is easier to visualize the muscle complex as the third poini
of guidance if its coordinated effect is measured at the incisor tooth position (as in
incision).
*Weinberg, R. A.: (B.M.E.) Personal Communication.
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BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART I 625

Fig. 4.-The mandible of an upright patient is oriented in i-elation to the three planes Of
space.

IMost untrained mandibular motion is elliptical in Nature. This means that the
axes of rotation in the 3 planes translate simultaneously as rotation occurs. It is
necessary to record simultaneously the curved paths of the 3 separate points to re-
produce this three-dimensional motion accurately. These records make possible the
transfer of the physiologic axes of rotation to an instrument as mechanical axes of
rotation.

PHYSIOLOGIC ‘VARIABLES

Certain compromises must be evaluated in the clinical transfer of physiologic

axes of rotation to mechanical axes of rotation. Steel instruments are precise and
rigid, whereas muscles, ligaments, and bone have a degree of physiologic tolerance.
This tolerance permits the necessary compensations or “give” which reduce the
effect of trauma. Physiologic tolerance is a variable factor which differs from pa-
tient and indeed within the same patient at different times.
The effect of external stimuli is another variable factor. Some examples are:
pain, temperature of waxes, head position, muscle distention, weight of instruments,
muscle tone at the time of measurement, force exerted by the dentist, and psychic
stimuli by the patient or dentist. These factors all contribute to biologic variability.*
Finite measurements of a living organism are extremely difficult to obtain.
Because of the small magnitude of the change, it is practically impossible to evalu-
ate the effect of one or combinations of the biologic variables. For this reason,
the biologic variables must be considered as a source of error to all techniques.
*Silverman, S.: Personal communication.
626 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
July-August, 1963

THE HYPOTHETICAL AVERAGE PATIENT

A hypothetical patient of known measurements must be established to serve as

a standard to evaluate one technique with another. The hypothetical patient is de-
rived by averaging skull measurements. This method facilitates measurement by
mathematics, permits the evaluation of small variations which might easily be ab-
sorbed in physiologic variations, and compensates for our inability to accurately
measure and record the movements in a live patient. The hypothetical patient also
serves as an immutable standard for comparison.
The orientation of the mandible of an upright patient in relation to the 3
planes of space is seen in Fig. 4, while the geometry of the hypothetical patient
is shown in Figs. 5 & 7. The protrusive condylar inclination is given as 40 degrees

Fig. B.-The protrusive inclination of the hypothetical patient is 40 degrees to the hori-
zontal plane of the head with the patient in an upright position.

Fig. B.-The second molar of the hypothetical patient is located 50 mm. from the hinge axis
as measured along the horizontal plane and 32 mm. below it.
\‘olume 13 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART I 627
?;umber 4

to the horizontal plane of the head with the patient in an upright position (Fig. 5).
The second molar is located 50 mm. from the hinge axis as measured along the
horizontal plane and 32 mm. below it (Fig. 6). The incisal edge of the mandibular
central incisor is 100 mm. from the hinge axis as measured along the horizontal
plane and 32 mm. below it (Fig. 7).

ESTABLISHMEZNT OF A FIXED BASE

The maxillary dental arch is a fixed base from which mandibular motion is
measured. The face-how mounting serves to transfer the definite three-dinlensional

Fig. 7.-The incisal edge of the mandibular central incisor of the hypothetical patient is
100 mm. from the hinge axis, as measured along the horizontal plane and 32 mm. below it.

Fig. 8.-A fixed base, from which mandibular motion is measured, can be established only
when the upper cast is correctly mounted with the face-bow. W, The working movement. P, The
protrusive movement. B, The balancing movement.
628 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
July-August, 1963

Fig. 9.-The incisal guide table regulates the incisal guidance on the articulator in the
horizontal and vertical planes. Changes in the condylar paths require different paths of the
incisal guidance pin.

relationship between the maxillary dental arch and the starting position of the paths
of mandibular movement (Fig. 8). The center of rotation of each condyle during
the opening movement and the incisal guidance serve as the three separate fixed
points for studying motion. The centric relation record orients the cast of the
mandible to the cast of the maxillae from which all measurements are made.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF MANDIBULAR MOTION

The direction of mandibular movements is usually described in pure or border

movements of protrusive, and right and left, lateral excursions.
Protrusive Excursion.-The protrusive condylar paths are anterior in direction
and usually are directed at some angulation to the horizontal plane. The condyles
move in the sagittal plane in pure protrusive excursions.
Incisal Guidance.-The incisal guidance is formed by the movement of the
lower incisors against the lingual incline planes of the upper anterior teeth. During
protrusive movements, the incisal guidance positions the mandible anteriorly in the
sagittal plane. In lateral movements, the incisal guidance guides the mandible usu-
ally at some angulation to the horizontal plane. The incisal table regulates this
guidance on the articulator (Fig. 9).
Balancing Condylar Path.-The balancing condylar path is a curved path that
slopes downward, forward, and medially (Fig. 10). The medial movement is
measured from the sagittal plane and is called the Bennett angle (Fig. 11). The
Bennett angle is not to be confused with the lateral “Bennett movement” of the
working condyle. The downward angle to the horizontal plane is not necessarily
the samein the protrusive as it is in the balancing excursion. This difference, when
it exists, is called the Fischer angle (Fig. 10) .3
Balancing cusp Inclines.-The working and balancing cusp inclines are related
to the “extreme guidances” of mandibular motion (condylar and incisal guidances).
The balancing condylar path, balancing cusp inclines, and the incisal guidance may
Volume 13
Sumher 4 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART I 620

be considered to be approximately in a straight line. The specific balancing cusp

inclination, then, is related to its position between the extreme guiding factors. For
example, a 30 degree balancing condylar path and a 30 degree incisal guidance
result in 30 degree balancing cusp inclines (Fig. 12). When the incisal guidance
is changed to zero degrees and the balancing condylar path remains 30 degrees,
the balancing cusp inclination at the midpoint (near the second molar) is approsi-
mately 15 degrees (Fig. 13).
ITforking Condylar Motiopz.-It is not possible to examine individual condylar
motion directly. Landa has presented indirect evidence by dissection and cinefluor-
ography that the so-called “Bennett” lateral shift does not exist. It is his contention
that the working condyle only rotates. On the other hand, gnathologic studieP and

Fig. lO.-The balancing condykir path is usually steeper than the protrusive eondylar path.
This difference in angulation, when it is present, is caRed the Fischer angle.
Fig. Il.-The medial movement of the balancing condyle is measured from the sagittal
plane and is called the Bennett angle, which is not the same as the lateral “Bennett move-
ment” of the working condyle.
 J. Pros. Den.
630 WEINBERG July-August, 1963

Fig. 12.-A 30 degree balancing condylar path and a 30 degree incisal guidance result in 30
degree balancing cusp inclines.
Fig. 13.-When the incisal guidance is changed to zero degrees and the balancing condylar
path remains 30 degrees, the balancing cusp inclination at the midpoint (near the second molar)
is approximately 15 degrees.

patients* utilizing three-dimensional pantographs indicate that there are different

types of working condylar movements. Each type is specifically characteristic of
the individual patient.
More research is necessary on this point, as it will become apparent that the
specific working condylar motion has a direct bearing on the working cuspal in-
clinations. The basic articulators vary in their ability to record and transfer the
working condylar movement.
Basic Types of Working Condylar Motion.-The simplest working condylar
motion is pure rotation with no lateral or “Bennett” side shift (Fig. 14). However,
the working condyle need not remain on the original hinge axis line. The working
condyle can move backward, upward, and laterally (Fig. 15) or downward, for-
ward, and laterally (Fig. 16). As the working condyle rotates it can shift laterally
at zero degrees along the original hinge axis line (Fig. 17). The last working
condylar motion may involve downward, backward, and lateral movement (Fig. 18).
The balancing condylar paths associated with these movements vary in the
degree of medial movement necessary to accommodate for the specific working con-
dylar motion. Lateral mandibular excursions, then, are related to the three-dimen-
sional working and balancing condylar movements. These movements are spe-
cifically characteristic of the individual. However, only the border movements are
recorded for laboratory instruments.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WORKING CONDYLAR MOVEMENT

Different working condylar movements alter the working cusp inclines with
the same incisal guidance. The working condylar path, working cusp inclines, and

*Granger, E.: Personal communication.

 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART I 631

BAL. COM3; ROTATING

c+
--_ WORKING
CONDYLE

FIG. 14
WORK. COND,
-- flACK.
Ul?
LAT.

FIG. I5

BAL, CUND.
----~* rC
--
WORK. CDND.
DOWN.
FOR.
LAT.

Fig. 14.-The working condyle may rotate with no lateral shift.

Fig. 15.-The working condyle may rotate and move backward, upward, and/or laterally.
Fig. l&-The working condyle may rotate and move downward, forward, and laterally.

the in&al guidance may be considered to be approximately in a straight line. The

specific working cusp inclination is usually related to its position between the ex-
treme guiding factors (incisal and condylar) .?18However, when the working con-
dyle rotates with little lateral Bennett movement, the cusp inclines will reflect the
incisal guidance inclination (Fig. 19) .g In this situation, the distance traversed,
or length of cusp, will decrease as it is located posteriorly rather than the cuspal
inclination.
When the working condylar motion does contain a lateral Bennett shift, the
war:king cusp inclines at the midpoint between the condyle, and the incisal guidance
will be the average between the extreme guidances. For example, a working condyle
with a zero degree Bennett movement and a 30 degree incisal guidance result in
secondmolar working cusp inclines of 15 degrees (Fig. 20).
Plane of Occlusion.-A relatively steep balancing condylar motion produces
steep balancing cusp inclines (Fig. 21) . The typical transverse curve of occlusion is
developed when this occurs bilaterally (Fig. 22). Excessive occlusal wear, mutila-
 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
July-August, 1963

tion due to missing teeth, or extensive restorative dentistry may change this rela-
tionship.

SIGNIFICANCE OF CUSPAL-CONDYLAR HARMONY

The cusp inclines are constructed to harmonize with the specific three-dimen-
sional working and balancing condylar motion and the incisal guidance of the
articulator. When these restorations are in contact in the mouth, they will tend
to force the mandible into the same pattern of motion as that which existed on the
articulator (Fig. 23) .l’J
Tooth Contact Dominates Mandibular Motion .-With fixed restorations, tooth
contact tends to dominate mandibular motion because of the mechanical leverage
that is obtained when the teeth are further away from the fulcrum than the main
muscular attachments (Fig. 24). I1 For this reason it is desirable to harmonize
tooth inclines with mandibular movement to prevent conflict between the tem-
poromandibular joints, the muscle complex, and the periodontal support. A patho-
logic condition develops when the physiologic tolerance of one or more of the com-
ponents of the system is exceeded.

THE THREE AXES OF ROTATION OF MANDIBULAR MOTION

Mandibular motion consists of curved, and more often, elliptical motion. The
related axes of rotation in the three planes of space are associated with this three-
dimensional motion. Although mandibular motion is controlled by the neuromuscu-
lar complex, physiologic axes of rotation exist as an integral part of motion itself.
It is vital to visualize the relationship of axes of rotation to three-demensional mo-
tion in order to understand the basic problems involved in imitating physiologic
motion. The movement of the three axes of rotation during function has been
described in a previous article.lO
Transverse Hinge A&.-The transverse hinge axis which passes through
both condyles is associated with rotation of the mandible in the verticle (sagittal)
plane (Fig. 25). Motion is always perpendicular to its axis of rotation by definition.
There is a controversy as to whether there are one or two transverse hinge axes.
The proponents of two hinge axes base their concept on the well-known asymmetry
of the mandibleal Research by Cohn* which supports the concept of two hinge
axes is in conflict with some of the original work of McCollum.13 The concept of
one transverse hinge axis is supported by Gnathologic clinical research.r4 I stated
previously, “Movement in one direction in a plane can have only one axis of
rotation. Two axial centers of rotation of the same plane and direction of motion
is a self-contradictory statement. If the mandible were rotating about one axis,
translation would have to occur in the other axis.“16
Verticcd A&.-The physiologic vertical axis of rotation is associated with
rotation in the horizontal (transverse) plane and is located in the working condyle
(Fig. 26).

*Cohn, L. A.: Personal communication. Presented to the Greater New York Academy of
Prosthodontics, 1960.
Volume
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BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART I 633

FIG. 18

Fig. 17.-The working condyle may rotate and shift laterally at 0 degrees along the hinge
axis lme.
Fig. l&-The working condyle may rotate and shift downward, backward. and laterally.

Sagittal A&.-The physiologic sagittal axis of rotation is associated with

rotation in the frontal plane. The balancing condyle rotates about the sagittal axis
which is located through the working condyle (Fig. 27).

CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE TRANVERSE HINGE AXIS

The transverse hinge axis of rotation is of clinical importance for orientation

of the maxillary cast on the articulator and the subsequent accurate transfer of
the centric relation record. When this record is removed and the articulator is
clos,ed, the hinge axis of the instrument may be different than the hinge axis of the
patient’s mandible. The casts will not be oriented properly at the vertical dimension
of occlusion even though the interocclusal record itself may have been correct. The
error produced in the occlusion has been evaluated mathematically15~1G and will be
presented in relation to articulators.

KINEMATIC HINGE AXIS DETERMINATION

The transverse hinge axis can be found kinematically by attaching a special

bow to the mandible (Fig. 28). The adjustable pins of the bow are approximately
at right angles to the arms which are movable in length. This device is temporarily
 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
July-August, 1963

cemented to the teeth and the patient is trained to produce hinge movements of
the mandible. The pins are adjusted until they rotate without any translation.17
Only the point of the pins at the skin can be assumed to be on the hinge axis.
The opposite end of the pins may have a slight translatory movement (Fig. 29))
because the apparatus can never be exactly cemented parallel with the hinge axis ;
second, the equipment cannot be expected to maintain perfect right angles.

TRANSFER TO THE ARTICULATOR

Only the points of the pins of the face-bow are assumed to be on the hinge
axis. If the condylar rods of the articulator are extended out to meet the face-bow
pins, an accurate hinge axis transfer can be accomplished (Fig. 30). However, if

ROTATIMG COf’dDYLE WITH

BALANCING WORKING BALANCING 0” LATERAL
CONDY LE CONDYLE INCLINATIO
CONDYLE 6‘ t!?

Fig. lQ.-The cusp inclines reflect the incisal guidance inclination when the working con-
dyle rotates with little lateral Bennett movement.
Fig. 20.-A working condyle with a 0 degree Bennett movement and a 30 degree incisal
guidance results in working cusp inclines of 15 degrees midway between the two extreme guid-
ing factors.
Fig. 21.-A relatively steep balancing condylar motion requires steep balancing cusp
inclines.
Fig. 22-A typical transverse curve of occlusion forms when steep-balancing condylar
motion occurs bilaterally.
\7olun1e 13 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART I
Numller 4 63.5

Fig. 23.-The cusp incfines are constructed to harmonize with the specific three-dimensional
n,orking and balancing condylar motfon and the imisal guide of the articulator.

Fig. 24.--Tooth contact tends to dominate mandibular motion because of mechanical

leverage.

Fig. 25 .-The transverse hinge axis passes through both condyles and is associated with
rotation of the mandible ih the vertical (sagittal) plane.
 J. Pros. Den.
636 WEINBERG July-August, 1963

the pins of the face-bow are extended in to meet the articulator, the axis of the
instrument will not be on the true hinge axis (Fig. 31) .
Non-Right Angle System.--Much discussion about the importance of a so-
called “right angle system” in locating and reproducing the transverse hinge axis
has taken place. The arms of the face-bow are not at right angles to the bow nor
are the pins at right angles to the arms. The adjustability of the parts remains
the same. The pins of the bow can be adjusted to the true hinge axis on the face
(Fig. 32). All other parts of the system will translate as before, but perhaps will
be slightly more exaggerated. If the condylar rods of the articulator are extended
out to reach the pins of the face-bow, the true hinge axis will be duplicated on the
instrument (Fig. 33).

Fig. a&-The physiologic vertical axis of rotation is associated with rotation in the hori-
zontal (transverse) plane.

Fig. 2i’.-- The physiologic sagittal axis of rotation is associat.ed with rotation in the frontal
plane.
“,E’zE:
‘4” BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART I 637

SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPLES OF LOCATING AND TRANSFERING THE

KINEMATIC HINGE AXIS

The transverse hinge axis does not translate when the patient is trained to
move his mandible in an arc. The kinematic face-bow must have arms that are
variable in length, as well as adjustable pins. only the poist of the pins can be
assumed to be on the hinge axis. \Vhen this record is transferred to the articulator,
the condylar rods of the articulator must be extended out to meet the face-bow
pins. The “right angle system” of pins, arm, and bow is immaterial, as the bow
can never be assumed to be cemented exactly parallel to the hinge axis. The vital

Fig. %.-The transverse hinge axis is found by attaching a special bow to the mandible.

RIGHT ANGLE SYSTEM

F&I@9 CEMEMED ASYMMETRICALLY
,,

Fig. 29.-Only the point of the pins of the kinematic face-bow at the skin can be assumed
to be on the hinge axis, AB. The opposite end of the pins, CD, may have a slight translatory
movement.
 J. Pros. Den.
638 WEINBERG
July-August, 1963

requirement is to have the condylar rods of the articulator extend out to meet the
face-bow pins.

ANATOMIC AVERAGE LOCATION OF THE TRANSVERSE HINGE AXIS

In many techniques, an anatomic average location of the transverse hinge axis

is advised. There are some differences in the methods used to determine its location.
The basic idea, based on the work of Snow,l* is to measure 11 to 13 mm. from
the tragus of the ear on a line from the tragus to the corner (outer canthus) of
the eye. Various dentists use different parts of the tragus as a starting point.
HanaulQ starts “ . . . about 13 mm. (vz inch) anterior to the auditory openings . . . ;”
Swenson* describes measuring 11 mm. from the upper part of the tragus. GysizO
located the axis by the intersection of a line 10 mm. from the central point on

Fig. 30.- The condylar rods of the articulator are extended out to meet the face-bow pin6
to accomplish an accurate hinge axis transfer.
Fig. 31.- The pins of the face-bow are extended in to meet the articulator, and an error
in the true hinge axis is created.
Volume 13 BASIC ARTICLJL.~TORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART I
Number 4 639

the posterior curvature of each tragus to the corner of the eye. Monson and Hanau
used ?,$ inch while the DAB articulator of Bradrup-Wognse+ utilizes balls that
fit into the aural orifices. The method described here for the anatomic average
hinge axis location will utilize the Snow type of face-bow with the measurement
of $4 inch from the center of the posterior curvature of the tragus (Fig. 34).

ORIENTATION OF THE FIXED BASE ( ~XAXILLARY CAST)

Giln~er’2 in 1862 proposed individual orientation on an articulator by measur-

ing the individual distances between the joints and the incisors. Sloping joint
paths in an articulator were introduced by Hayes”” in 1887. Judging from his
instrument, he considered that the dental arcs were invariably placed in relation

FIG32 NON-RIGHT AWGLE SYSTEM

Fig. 32.-The pins of the (non-right angle system) bow can be adjusted to the true hinge
axis on the face. AB.

Fig. 33.-The condylar rods of the articulator are extended out to reach the pins of the
non-right angle system face-bow. The true hinge axis, AB, js duplicated on the machine.
 WEINBERG J. Pros. Pen.
640 July-August, 1963

Fig. 34.-The transverse hinge axis can be located by measuring 11 to 13 mm. from the
tragus of the ear on a line from the tragus to the corner of the eye.

to the joints and the condylar axis2” Snowls was aware that the jaws have a
degree of asymmetry. His face-bow, developed in 1889, was intended to reproduce
the position of the upper jaw in relation to the condyles.
Campionz4 and Beyron2s used mandibular face-bows for investigation of con-
dylar movements. Gysi20 recorded condylar paths in 1929 with this type of instru-
ment. He also felt that, by means of a face-bow, the jaws should be correctly ori-
ented in relation to the condyle axis. In the early work on orientation, the emphasis
was centered on the location of the condyle and very little stress was placed on the
orientation of the occlusal plane.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF A FIXED BASE TO MOVEMENT

In order to record movement, a fixed base must be oriented in space to

which all measurementscan be referred. In other words, the maxillary dental arch

Fig. 35.-The maxillary arch has a definite three-dimensional relationship to all condylar
motion.
Volume 13 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART I
Number 4 641

has a definite three-dimensional relationship to all condylar motion (Fig. 35).

Once the maxillary cast is oriented on the articulator, the centric relation record
completes the static or starting relationship between the maxillae and the condyles
in the temporomandibular fossae. From this.static starting position, dynamic eccen-
tric conclylar movements are imitated by means of eccentric interocclusal records
or extraoral tracings.

ESSENTIAL STEPS IN THE FACE-BOW MOUNTING

Two essential stepsare necessary to orient the maxillary cast on the articulator.
First, the transverse hinge axis of the patient must be located kinematically as
in Gnathology13 or by anatomic average measurements. Second, an anterior point
of orientation is selected to form a horizontal plane of reference through this point
and the transverse hinge axis.
Antcriov Point of O~&+~tation~.-I’ariation exists in the selection of the ante-
rior point of orientation which, with the transverse hinge axis, forms the horizontal

Fig. SG.--Some techniques use an orbital point A as the anterior point of orientation; others
place the plane of occlusion parallel to the ala-tragus line, B, while still others use a line from
the tragus of the ear to the anterior nasal spine, C. The incisal edges of the anterior teeth, D,
can be lined up with the notch on the incisa1 pin of the Hanau Model H articulator.
Fig. 37.-The various anterior points of orientation, A, B, C, or D, raise oi- lower the ante-
rior part of the face-bow.
642 WEINBERG

plane of reference. Some techniques call for the use of an orbital pointer. Others
place the plane of occlusion parallel to the ala-tragus line, while still others use a
line from the tragus of the ear to the anterior nasal spine (Fig. 36). Often, the
occlusal plane and/or the ridges are oriented so as to be roughly parallel to the
base of the articulator. The incisal edge of the teeth or occlusion rim can be made
level with the notch on the incisal guide pin of the Hanau Model H articulator.
These various anterior points of orientation raise or lower the anterior part of
the face-bow (Fig. 37).
Effect of Raising or Lowering the Plane of Occlusion.-Raising or lowering
the face-bow mounting does not effect centric occlusion. However, it does effect
eccentric interocclusal condylar readings which, in turn, influence cusp inclines.26
As the plane of occlusion is elevated, the condylar readings decrease. Conversely,
as the occlusal plane is lowered, the condylar readings increase. Because of the
compensatory change of the occlusal plane, these condylar variations do not affect
the mesiodistal (protrusive) CUSP inclines.

Fig. 38, Right and left border movements produce the typical needlepoint tracing similar
to a Gothic arch.
Fig. 39,Three tracings are made simultaneously and used to locate the vertical axis for
each lateral movement of the mandible, ff perpendicular lines are drawn from each arc of the
tracing.
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Number 4
BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART I 643

There is no compensatory change in the transverse plane of occlusion. There-

fore, any change in the condylar readings affects lateral cusp inclines.

INTRAORAL AND EXTRAORAL TRACINGS

Border Movements.--A border movement of the mandible can be defined as

the limit of physiologic motion in any one direction. A border movement does not
necessarily coincide with the functional pattern. Indeed, most functional movements
take place m.ell within the border limits. * The exception is centric relation which
usually occurs during deglutitiorP and certain phasesof mastication. Centric rela-
tion, as defined in the Glossary of Prostlzodohc Tertfzs, is “The most retruded
relation of the mandible to the maxillae when the condyles are in the most poste-
rior unstrained position in the glenoid fossae from which lateral jaw movements
can be made at any given degree of jaw separation.“28 Centric relation is, by defi-
nition, a border position. The path of movement from centric relation to the extreme
lateral position is an example of a border movement.
Extraoral Tracing.-One of Gysi’szO outstanding contributions was the extra-
oral tracing used in relation to articulators. A stylus, or writing device, is attached
to the maxillary dental arch and a tracing plate is attached to the mandibular dental
a.rch in the horizontal plane (Fig. 38). Right and left posterior border movements
form a needlepoint tracing which is similar to a Gothic arch in shape.
Location! of the Vertical Axis.-(;ysi felt that needlepoint tracings could be
used to locate the vertical axes. Three simultaneous tracings locate the vertical axis
for each lateral movement if perpendicular lines are drawn from the midpoint of
each arm of the arrow point tracing (Fig. 39). This principle is used in many tech-
niques, such as for the Gysi Trubyte articulator and Gnathologic instruments.1”.29

SLIM MARY

The objective of this series of articles is to evaluate several articulators and

their associatedconcepts. The first part deals with a review of the basic information
that is necessary for evaluation of these instruments. The requirements for record-
ing motion have been described in order to better understand the relationship of
mandibular motion to the cuspal inclines. The clinical importance of establishing
the correct orientation of the maxillary dental arch on the articulator has been
demonstrated.

REFERENCES

1, Dent, J., and Harper, A. : Kinematics and Kinetics of Machinery, New York, 1921, John
Wiley & Sons, pp. 3, 30, 88.
2. Hinkle, R.: Kinematics of Machines, New York, 1953, Prentice Hall, Inc., p. 7.
3. Fischer, R.: Beziehungen Zwischen den Kieferbewegungen und der Kauflachenform der
Zahne, Schwiez. Monatschr. Zahnk. 36.
4. Landa, J. S.: Critical Analysis of the Bennett Movement, J. PROS. DEN. 8:709-726, 1958.
5. Isaacson, D.: A Clinical Study of the Bennett Movement, J. PROS. DEN. 8:641-649, 19.58.
6. Cohen, R.: The Relationship of Anterior Guidance to Condylar Guidance in Mandibular
Movements, J. PROS. DEN. 6:758-767, 1956.
7. Schuyler, C. H.: Factors of Occlusion Applicable to Restorative Dentistry, J. PROS. DEN.
3:772-782, 1953.
*Schweitzer, J.: Personal communication
 J. Pros. Den.
644 WEINBERG July-August, 1963

8. Swenson, M. G.: Complete Dentures, ed. 4, St. Louis, 1959, The C. V. Mosby Company,
pp. 256-272 ; 295-306.
9. Weinberg, L. A.: Incisal and Condylar Guidance in Relation to Cuspal Inclination in
Lateral Excursions, 1. PROS. DEN. 9:851-862. 1959.
10. Weinberg, L. A.: Physibiogic Objectives of Redonstruction Techniques, J. PROS. DEN.
10:711-723, 1960.
11. Hausmann, E., and Slack, E.: Physics, ed. 2, New York, 1935, D. Van Nostrand Co.,
12. Page, k.‘“?L : Some Confusing Concepts in Articulation! D. Digest 64:71-76; 120-124, 1958.
13. McCollum, B. B.: Fundamentals Involved in Prescribing Restorative Dental Remedies,
D. Items Interest 61:522-535 ; 641-648 ; 724-736 ; 852-863 ; 942-950, 1939.
14. Granger, E. R., Lucia, V., Hudson, W., Celenza, F., and Pruden, W., Jr.: Hinge Axis
Committee, New York Academy of Prosthodontics, 1959.
15. Weinberg, L. A.: The Transverse Hinge Axis: Real or Imaginary, J. PROS. DEN.
9:775-787, 1959.
Brotman, D. N.: Hinge Axes, J. PROS. DEN. 10:436-440; 631-636, 873-877, 1960.
:76: Cohen, R.: Hinge Axis and Its Practical Application in the Determination of Centric
Relation, J. PROS. DEN. 10:248-257, 1960.
Snow, G. : The Philosophy of Mastication, D. Cosmos 42:531-535, 1900.
:;: Hanau, R. L.: Full Denture Prosthesis, ed. 4, Buffalo, 1930, Hanau Engineering Co.,
p. 39.
20. Gysi, A. : Practical Application of Research Results in Denture Construction (Mandibu-
lar Movements), George Wood Clapp, Collaborator, J.A.D.A. 16:199-223, 1929.
21. Brandrup-Wognson, T. : An Articulator Construction, Svensk. Tandlakare-Tidskrift. 29:
339, 1936.
22. Prothero, J.: Prosthetic Dentistry, ed. 3, Chicago, 1923, Medico-dental Publishing Com-
pany, pp. 1115-1116.
23. Bergstrom, G.: On the Reproduction of Dental Articulation by Means of Articulators, A
Kinematic Investigation, Orebro, Sweden, 1950, A. B. Littorin Ryden.
24. Campion, G.: Some Graphic Records of the Movements of the Mandible in the Living
Subject and Their Bearing on the Mechanism of the Joint and, the Construction
of Articulators, D. Cosmos 47:39-42, 1905.
25. Beyron, H. : Orienterings problem vid Protetiska Rekonstruktioner och Bettstudier med
Sarskild Hansyn till Anvandningen av Ansiktslage, Svensk. Tandlakare-Tidskrift.
35:1, 1942.
26. Weinberg, L. A. : An Evaluation of the Face-Bow Mounting, J. PROS. DEN. 11:32-42,
1961.
Jankelson, B.: Physiology of Human Dental Occlusion, J.A.D.A. 50:664-680, 1955.
Z: The Academy of Denture Prosthetics: Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, J. PROS. DEN.
10:13, 14, 1960.
29. Lucia, V. 0.: Centric Relation-Theory and Practice, J. PROS. DEN. 10:849-856, 1960.

57 w. 57 ST.
NEW YORK 17, N. Y.
ARCON PRINCIPLE IN THE
CONDYLAR MECHANISM OF AD JUSTABLE ARTICULATORS

LAWRENCE A. WEINBERG, D.D.S., MS.*

New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, N. Y.

of the Arcon type has the condylar slot fixed to the upper mem-
A N ARTICULATOR
ber and the ball attached to the lower member. This positioning of the con-
dylar elements is the reverse of the usual arrangement. Many articulators, includ-
ing the Gnathologic type, use the Arcon principle. It is claimed that this principle
more truly represents the condition found physiologically where the temporoman-
dibular fossae are located in the skull and the condyles are a part of the mandib1e.l
In the usual articulator arrangement (such as the Hanau), as the upper
member moves, the angulation between it and the condylar slot keeps changing
(Fig. 1) . However, the condylar slot in the Arcon articulator is constant in angula-
tion to the maxillary dental arch. The Arcon principle (Fig. 2) seemsto reflect
physiologic conditions more truly than the Hanau type articulator. The purpose
of this article is to examine and evaluate this principle.

METHOD OF EVALUATION

The same interocclusal protrusive record from a hypothetic patient with a

known condylar inclination was placed on both types of instruments, and the read-
ings were calculated mathematically. The instruments were returned to the centric
position and compared. The samemethod was used for the balancing condylar posi-
tion. In this way, the condylar articulator was compared with the Arcon
instrument,

PROTRUSIVE INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD

The hypothetic patient had a 7 mm. protrusive excursion and a 40 degree

condylar inclination (Fig. 3). The 40 degree geometric triangle formed by the pro-
trusive condylar movement (Fig. 3) was recreated for both articulators when they
were in protrusive position (Fig. 4).
The three dimensional condylar relationship was the sam,efor both articulators,
regardlessof the method of movement, becausethe mountings and protrusive records
were identical.

This article is a revised segment from the Master’s thesis, “An Evaluation of Basic Articu-
lators and Their Concepts,” which was accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements leading
to the Degree of Master of Science, New York University, College of Dentistry.
*Instructor, Department of Graduate and Postgraduate Prosthodontics.

263
 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
March-April, 1963

MECHANISM OF THE ARTICULATORS

The mechanisms of the articulators are reversed in function. In the con-

dylar type of articulator (Hanau), the angulation of the condylar slot is constant
to the lower member (Fig. 4). During protrusive movements, the angulation
changes between the upper member and the condylar slot of the articulator (Fig. 4).
In the Arcon articulator the reverse is true. The upper member remains con-
stant in relation to the condylar slot. The angulation of the condylar slot to the
lower member changes during protrusive movements (Fig. 4).

CONDYLAR ARTICULATOR
tHANAil Hf

Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 1,In a condylar articulator (Hanaul, the condylar slot is part of the lower member,
while the ball ls attached to the upper member.
Fig. 2.-In an Arcon articulator (Bergstrom), the condylar slot is Axed to the upper
member and the ball to the lower member.
Fig. 3.-The hypothetic patient with a 7 mm. protrusive excursion and a 40 degree con-
dylar inclination produces a protrusive record of speciilc dimensions. The 40 degree geometric
triangle created by the protrusive condylar position is recreated in both articulators when they
are in a protrusive position.
 ARCON PRINCIPLE 265

PROTRUSIVE CONDYLAR POSITIONS ON THE ARTICULATORS

A 40 degree triangle is created by the protrusive condylar position and the

horizontal plane (Fig. 3). This triangle was recreated on both articulators by
means of the protrusive record. The angulation of the condylar slots to the lower
member of both instruments was 40 degrees. The angulation of the upper member
of the articulator to the condylar slot was approximately 39 degrees in both in-
struments (Fig. 4). This was true because the same protrusive record positioned
both condylar mechanisms (Fig. 5).

CHANGtNG A~LATt~

A. B

Fig. 4.-A, Condylar articulator. B, Arcon articulator. A 40 degree triangle is created by

the protrusive condylar position and the horizontal plane. This triangle will be recreated in both
articulators by the protrusive record. The angulation of the condylar slots to the lower member
of the instruments is 40 degrees in both instances. The angulation of the upper member of
the articulator to the condylar slot is approximately 39 degrees in both instruments.

AB , CD, EF, PARALLEL 12.39”

AH, EG, PARALLEL 9
v= w
X=Y
Y-w=z

K = 4- 3.5021
K= 0.4979
0.4979
tan V= 50

B. v= 00 34’ 14”

V= w= 0-J 34’ 14”

x= Y= 4o” (GIVEN)
Y-W= z
z = 390 25’ 46”

Fig. 5.-A and B, The angulation between the upper member and the condylar slot in both
condylar and Arcon articulators is determined mathematically.
 J, Pros. Den.
266 WEINBERG March-April, 1963

PROTRUSIVE CONDYLAR READINGS

The protrusive condylar inclinations were measured in relation to the horizontal

plane of the instrument. When the condylar instrument (Hanau) returned to the
centric position, the condylar slot remained at a 40 degree angulation to that
plane (Fig. 6). However, as the Arcon articulator returned to centric position,
there was a changing angulation of the condylar slot to the horizontal plane of the
instrument. At centric position, the angulation of the condylar slot was reduced
to approximately 39 degrees (Fig. 6).
The difference in the resultant protrusive condylar readings on the two ar-
ticulator occurs because of the mechanical method of producing motion. The three
dimensional positions and motion produced on each articulator are identical. This
similarity can be verified by repeating the described procedures for an infinite
number of protrusive positions. A curved condylar path does not alter this similarity
provided both articulators have identical curved condylar slots.

Fig. 6 .-The protrusive condylar inclinations are measured in relation to the horizontal
plane of the instrument. A, When the condylar instrument (Hanau) returns to centric positlon,
the condylar slot will remain at 40 degrees to that plane. B, On the other hand, as the Arcon
articulator returns to centric position, there is a changing angulation of the condylar slot to
the horizontal plane of the instrument. At centric position, the angulation of the condylar slot is
reduced to approximately 39 degrees.

GEOMETRY OF BOTH
ARTICULATORS WITH
UPPER MEMBER MOVING

Fig. 8.

Fig. 7.

Fig. ‘I.-The hypothetic patient has a 15 degree Bennett angle on the balancing side. The
working condylar movement is upward, backward, and lateral. The geometric configuration
is superimposed on a top view of the mandible.
Fig. 8.-&r both articulators, the balancing condyle positions in space are identical as
determined by the same lateral record. The geometric representation for both articulators with
the upper member moving is identified.
Volume
Number
13
2
ARCON PRINCIPLE 267

BALANCING CONDYLAR POSITION RELATED TO THE ARTICULATORS

The medial movement of the’ balancing condyle is measured from the sagittal
plane and is called the Bennett angle. This angle is not to be confused with the
direct lateral Bennett movement of the working condyle. The hypothetic patient
had a 15 degree Bennett angle on the balancing side. The working condylar move-
ment is upward, backward, and lateral. The geometric representation is superim-
posed on a top view of the mandible in Fig. 7.
On both types of articulators, the balancing condylar positions in space were
identical as determined by the same lateral record. The geometric configuration
for both articulators with the upper member moving is given in Fig. 8, the mathe-
matical representation in Fig. 9.

BALANCING CONDYLE SIN 15”= +

15’ BENNETTANGLE
b = I.8118
A.
IOO- b = 98.1882

X= 86O 3’ 6”
x t 15-J= Y
Y= 101°3’ 6”

z= IBCP-Y
2 = 78” 57’ 54 ”

Fig. 9.--A, The geometric scheme for the balancing condylar position with a 15 degree
Bennett angle. B, The geometric conilguration of the balancing condyle position on both ar-
ticulators with the upper member moving backward. Approximate values are indicated
(exact figures found above).

When both articulators were in the balancing condylar position, the angle
between the upper member and the condylar slot was 75 degrees. The angle between
the condylar slot and the sagittal plane of the instrument was 11 degrees (Fig. 8).
With a condylar articulator, the angulation between the upper member and
the condylar slot changes during lateral motion while the angulation between the
condylar slot and the sagittal plane of the instrument remains fixed. The reverse
situation is true for an Arcon articulator (Fig. 10).
 J. Pros. Den.
268 WEINBERG March-April, 1963

BAL. SIDE
WANGING

FtXED
ANGU-
LilTION

A. B.

Fig. 10.-A, With a condylar articulator, the angulation between the upper member and
the condylar slot changes during lateral motion, while the angulation between the condylar slot
and the sagittal plane of the instrument remains fixed. B, The reverse is true for the Arcon
articulator. When both articulators were in the balancing condylar position, the geometric
configuration was identical.

A. B.

Fig. Il.-A, When the condylar instrument returns to centric position, the condylar slot
remains at the original Bennett angle. B, As the Arcon instrument returns to centric position,
the angulation of the condylar slot to the sagittal plane of the instrument changes.

BENNETT ANGLE READINGS

When the condylar instrument returned to centric position, the condylar slot
remained at the original 11 degree Bennett angle (Fig. 11, A). As the Arcon
instrument returned to centric position, the angulation of the condylar slot to the
sagittal plane changed from 11 to approximately 15 degrees (Fig. 11, B) .
The difference in the Bennett angle readings on the two instruments results
from the mechanical method of producing motion. The three dimensional bal-
ancing condylar position and motion on each instrument are identical.

CONCLUSIONS

Both the Arcon and condylar instruments produce the same motion because
condylar guidance is the result of the interaction of a condylar ball on an inclined
plane. One without the other is ineffective. Reversing the relationship does not
change the guidance produced. The only change is in the numbers used to record the
inclination. Mathematical evidence supports the view that neither instrument has
any specific advantages over the other.

REFERENCE

1. Bergstriim, G.: On the Reproduction of Dental Articulation by Means of Articulators: A

Kinematic Investigation, ed. 1, Orebro, Sweden, 1950. A.-B Littorin Ryden.
57 WEST 57~~ ST.
NEW YORK 19, N. Y.
AN EVALUATION OF BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS
Part II. Arbitrary, Positional, Semiadjustable Articulators”

LAWRENCE A. WEINBERG, D.D.S., M.S.“”

New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, N. Y.

have been classified as arbitrary, positional, semiadjustable, and

A RTICULATORS
fully adjustable. The concepts associated with each articulator will be de-
scribed and evaluated as well as the accuracy of the occlusion produced on the
instrument.

ARRITRARY (MONSON SPHERICAL THEORY)

Monsonl felt that the condylar path and the occlusal plane form a curve.
Bonwill” said that the two condyles and the incisors formed an equilateral triangle
with sides of 4 inches. Monson associatedBonwill’s triangle with his own observa-
tions and formulated his “spherical theory.” The condylar path and occlusal plane
form a curve which is part of an 8 inch sphere (Figs. 1 and Z), the center of
which is the common center of mandibular motion. This sphere touches the apices
of the Bonwill triangle.
The Monson theory states that the lower teeth move over the surfaces of
,the upper teeth as over the surface of a sphere with a diameter of 8 inches, with the
(center of the sphere located in the region of the glabella and the surface of the
sphere passing through the condyles or centric with the condyle paths.
Monson Articulator.-Monson believed that all jaw movements take place
around two axes. One axis runs through the “common center” and the other is
located around the condylar axis. His articulator has shafts that correspond to
the respective axes (Fig. 2).
Hagm?z Balanccr.-The Hagman balancer differs from the Monson articulator
in that it has a universal joint mechanism that allows movement from Monson’s
“common center.”

EVAI.UATION OF MONSON’S THEORY

The three-dimensional relationships of the components of the Monson theory

are seen in Fig. 3. Lines joining the condyles and incisor point form an equilateral
(Bonwill) triangle. The Balkwill angle3 is formed between the occlusal plane and
the Ronwill triangle. The Monson theory requires, within close limits, a condylar

This series of articles has been revised from the Dissertation in the Department of Graduate
Prosthetics which was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science (in dentistry) at New York University, College of Dentistry.
*Part I, J. PROS. DEN. 13:622-644, 1963.
**Instructor, Department of Graduate and Postgraduate Prosthodontics.
645
 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
646 July-August, 1963

inclination of 35 degrees and a Balkwill angle of 15.5 degrees.4 These angles do

not coincide with the average values found by Gysi5 and Balkwill of 30 degrees
for the condylar inclination and 26 degrees for the Balkwill angle.

Fig. l.-Mormon believed that the condylar path and occlusal plane formed a curve which
was part of an 8 inch sphere.
Fig. 2.-The two axes of Monson’s articulator correspond with his theory of jaw movements.

Fig. 3.-An equilateral (Bonwill) triangle is formed by lines joining the condyles and the
incisor point. The angle between the occlusal plane and the Bonwill triangle is the Balkwill angle.
Volume 13 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, I’ART II 647
Number 4

The lack. of adjustability in the Mouson theory can be seen in Fig. 4. As the
dental arch widens posteriorly, the position of the teeth must be elevated so that
the occlusal surfaces can remain on the curve of the S inch sphere. The level of
t’he occlusal plane and the resulting l3alk~ill angle cannot deviate and, at the

Fig. 4.-The Monson theory is a nonadjustable system. As the arch widens from A-B to
AI-B, the position of the teeth must be elevated to remain on the curve of the 8 inch sphere. The
level of the occlusal plane and the resulting Balkwill angle cannot deviate and at the same time
remain on the curvature of the sphere.

Fig. 5.-The slot is adjusted to the interocclusal record so that the static or “pssitional”
relationship of the mandible in centric relation, protrusive, and each lateral position is obtained.
(The devices for mounting the casts to the instrument have been omitted to show the posi-
tional controls more clearly.)
648 WEINBERG J.Pros. Den.
July-August. 1963

same time, remain on the curvature of the sphere. The three-dimensional interrela-
tionship of these factors dictates only one set of conditions that will fit the theory.
A spherical theory does not take into consideration individual variations which
always exist. This theory does have some value in establishing a general curve of
the occlusal plane. When opposing teeth are together, mandibular guidance is
related to tooth inclines on a specific occlusal plane. The cuspal inclines allow for
the individual variation from the average. The Monson theory should be limited
to its use to a general guide rather than a complete technique,

POSITIONALARTICULATOR (STANSBERYTRIPOD) CONCEPT

The Stansbery tripod is a “positional” articulator (Fig. 5). The objective of

this concept is to obtain the static, or “positional,” relationships of the mandible
in centric relation, protrusive, and each lateral position.6 Within cuspal distances
it is assumed that a straight path from centric to the eccentric positions is an
acceptable substitute for the actual curved path. The articulator was designed
primarily for denture construction and is provided with a lathe attachment for
“milling in” the occlusion of the completed dentures.

USEOFTHEPOSITIONALARTICULATOR

The Stansbery Dental Orient preceded the Stansbery tripod and did not have
a face-bow mounting attachment. The tripod has an optional device for attaching
a face-bow. The upper member of both instruments has provision for a hinged
vertical raising or lowering of the maxillary cast. The technique devised by Stans-
bery applied to both instruments.
The casts are mounted in an arbitrary position in the instrument without the
use of a face-bow. The centric relation record is obtained in plaster at the vertical
dimension of occlusion maintained by a central bearing point and plate attached to
the occlusion rims. Eccentric relation records are made in plaster at a greater verti-
cal dimension than that of centric relation, and are increased in accordance with
the height of the cusps of the posterior teeth to be used. The condylar slots are
adjusted to the position of the balls at the ends of the tripod of the upper member
of the articulator (while it is supported by the eccentric interocclusal record), and
fixed in position by struts on the turrets of the lower member of the tripod (Fig.
5). Thus, the instrument records the position of centric relation at the vertical
dimension of occlusion and each eccentric position at the vertical dimension of
cusp-to-cusp contact. The slots are adjusted to join the position of centric relation
with one eccentric position by a straight (rectilinear) path. The plaster inter-
occlusal record procedure is repeated for the other two eccentric positions, and
the turrets and slots are adjusted accordingly.
The upper cast is raised 0.5 to 1.0 mm. within the instrument, before the
teeth are set up, to allow for occlusal modification of the teeth after they are
processed. After the dentures are processed, they are replaced on the instrument
before being removed from their original casts. A metal mounting plate is set in the
base of each cast to key it to the mounting plaster. A built-in lathe attachment is
used to mill in the occlusion with abrasive paste, to restore the original vertical
Volume
Number
13
4
BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART II 649

dimension of occlusion, and to develop the final form of the occlusal surfaces of the
teeth. Stanshery did not intend that dentures would be remounted by means of
new interocclusal records made after the insertion of completed dentures in the
mouth.

F:VAI,UATION OF THE POSITIONAL ARTICIYLATOR

Orientarion.-As long as Stansbery’s procedure is followed, and there is no

change in the vertical dimension of occlusion on the articulator, the positional jaw
relation records are of value. However, if the dentures have settled and remounting
by new records is necessary, it would require an im-rcase in the vertical dimension
to permit the centric relation record to he made without tooth contact.
A face-bow mounting is essential to transfer a centric relation record accurately
when an increase in vertical dimension is involved.’ Unless the maxillary cast can
close in a &gc movcn~c~zzt fvo~ the lzingc trxis, the face-bow transfer is useless.
The tripod was then modified to incorporate these two features if the dentist wished
1:o use the instrument for remounting. * A shaft can he inserted in the upper member
of the instrument for a face-bow mounting when it is desired. The maxillary cast
has a hinge closure from this shaft (which acts as a hinge axis) rather than a
vertical drop.
Limitations.-No change in the vertical height of the cusps, or incisal guidance,
can be made during construction of the restorations without making new eccentric
interocclusal records. Furthermore, milling of the teeth removes tooth substance
from the occluding surfaces of both the upper and lower teeth. A deflective occlusal
(contact in lateral excursion can cause a loss of tooth substance from 2~th upper and
‘lower cusps. If this is uncontrolled, it would interfere with centric relation.R-ll Es-
scessive grinding is avoided in the Stansbery tripod hy controlling the milling in
wit11 the slots of the tripod. The vertical dimension of all occlusions can be main-
tained by means of the support provided by the slots controlling the movement of
the upper tripod. The milling device also provides an ellil)tical horizontal freedom
of the occlusion in centric position.
The concept of positional records has a great deal of engineering merit. HOW-
ever, its chief limitation is that the incisal guidance (cusp height) can be planned
but not altered without making new eccentric interocclusal records.

SEMIADJUSTABLE ARTICULATOR (IIANAU MODEL II) CONCEPT

The Hnnau model II is one of the most commonly used semiadjustable articu-
lators. It was primarily designed for complete denture construction. The objective of
the technique is to closely produce mechanical equivalents of mandibular movements
on the instrument. According to Hanau,12 the less “realeff” (“resiliency and like ef-
fect” of the soft tissue) present in the mouth, the closer the instrument will simulate
mandibular movement. A face-bow transfer and a centric relation record orient
the casts on the articulator. Lateral movements are simulated by first obtaining
an individual protrusive interocclusal record for adjusting the vertical condylar

*Boucher, Carl 0.: Personal Communication.

650 WEINBERG

guidance inclination. The Bennett angle (medial inclination) of the balancing con-
dylar mechanism is calculated by formula and then transferred to the instrument
by rotating the condylar posts. The working condylar movement is built into the
machine and varies only in amount, depending upon the angulation of the balancing
condylar movement and the amount of rotation of the balancing condylar posts.

USE OF THE SEMIADJUSTABLE ARTICULATOR

Orientation of the Maxillary Cast.-The hinge axis is located by using an

anatomic average measurement of about 13 mm. (H inch) anterior to the auditory
openings on lines toward the outer corner of the eyes. The selection of the anterior
point of reference can be made directly by use of the orbital pointer (recent models)
or indirectly by lining up the incisal edges of the teeth or upper occlusion rim with
the notch on the incisal pin of the articulator.
Centric Relation Record-Centric relation is the most important of all of the
records. Hanau12 states that the “Gysi Gothic arch” tracing is the most admired
method. Interocclusal wax records or other materials are acceptable.
Protrusive records.-The protrusive record described by Christensen13 is
deemed an essential step (Fig. 6). The condylar inclination of the patient is
recorded by a protrusive interocclusal record. The relative thickness of the record
at the incisor and molar areas is influenced by the degree of downward drop of
the condyle (Fig. 7). To transfer this condylar drop (angulation) to the articu-
lator, the maxillary cast is placed into the protrusive record. The condylar guidance

Fig. 6-A protrusive interocclusal record is used to adjust the vertical condylar guidance in-
clination of the Hanau Model H articulator.
Elzr ‘4” BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART II 651

ARTICULATOR
CONRYLAR A~~ULATtO~,

FIG. 8
CHECK BITE

Fig. 7.-Thl? condylar inclination of the patient is recorded by a protrusive record. The
relative thickner:s of the record at the incisor and molar areas, A-B, is influenced by the degree
of downward drop of the condyle, C.
Fig. &-The maxillary cast is placed into the protrusive record and the condylar slot C
is then rotated until the maxillary cast fits the record exactly, BI-AI.

slot mechanism is then rotated until the maxillary casts fits the record exactly
(Fig. 8).
The condylar angulation on the instrument is said to be a mechanical equiva-
lent of that of the patient. Since it is a positional record, a marked occlusal curve
will not alter the record.
Balancin!g Condylar Motion.-The balancing condylar motion of the patient
is downward, forward, and medially, and is measured by its vertical and medial
angulations. The protrusive condylar inclination is considered accurate enough to
be used for the downward component of the balancing movement. The medial or
Bennett angle, is obtained by the Hanau formula F plus 12, where H is the pro-
trusive angulation of the condylar guidance mechanism. (Fig. 9).
Working Condylar Motion.-The Hanau Model H articulator has no indi-
vidual accommodation, as such, for the working condylar motion (Fig. 10). To
facilitate description, the articulator movement will be described in the same divec-
t&z as that of the patient. (The upper member of the articulator is held firmly
while the lower member is moved.)
The working condylar motion of the Hanau H is mechanically simulated by
combining the balancing condylar motion with the placement of a nonadjustable
fulcrum on the opposite working side. The working condylar ball remains in the
original position (acting as a fulcrum) but the intercondylar pin is free to move
laterally through the ball.
The balancing condylar movement is downward, forward, and medial, which
causesthe intercondylar rod to pass laterally through the working condylar ball.
This produces upward, backward, and lateral working condylar motion. The work-
 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
July-August, 1963

Fig. 9 .-The balancing condylar motion is measured by its vertical and medial angulations.
The medial, or Bennett angle, is obtained by the Hanau formula, T plus 12, where H is the
protrusive angulation.

ing condylar (Bennett) movement is built into the machine ; however, the Bennett
movement varies only in amount rather than in direction. The degree of variation,
with normal operation, depends on the balancing condylar movement.
Border Movenzents of the Instruunent.-The degree of lateral shift depends on
the “Bennett angle,” the greater the “Bennett angle,” the more the lateral shift.
The “Bennett angle” is calculated by formula from the protrusive (vertical) con-
dylar guidance inclinations. However, the angle does not vary a great deal. When
the protrusive reading is 0 degrees the Bennett angle is 12 degrees (+ plus 12).
Increasing the protrusive angulation to 50 degrees only increases the Bennett angle
from 12 to 18 degrees.

Fig. 10-The instrument has no individual accommodation, as such, for the working con-
dylar motion.
 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART II 653

Fig. Il.-The angle that is formed in the needlepoint tracing by the lateral border move-
ments of the incisal guidance pin is approximately 135 degrees.

The “Gothic arch tracing” that is formed at the incisal pin is a measure of the
border movement of the articulator. According to Bergstrom4 the angle between
the lateral border movements of the incisal guidance pin is approximately 13.5
degrees (Fig. 11).

RA’TIONALE FOR MATHEMATICAL STUDY

The error in occlusion that is produced by various articulators should be calcu-

latlzd mathematically to indicate the feasibility of clinical experiments. These errors
ma.y be so small that they would be completely absorbed in the biologic variations
discussed previously. In that instance, clinical experiments which lead to a com-
pa,rison between articulators would not be valid.
There are two main problems to be considered in this regard. First, what is
the theoretical standard and is it justified ? Second, does the information gained
apply only to the one set of conditions ?
The geometry of the hypothetical patient is based on averages of skull measure-
ments. Preliminary work by the author7 when compared to the results obtained
by Brotman14 has shown that reasonable variations in the geometry of the system
produce results that vary in the magnitude of .hundreths of a millimeter. On this
basis, the hypothetical patient of average measurements can be used as an arbitrary
standard for comparison.
The conditions of this evaluation are such that the occlusal errors produced
by the clinical procedure identified with each articulator are cumulative rather than
self-correcting An HVOY can be defined as “deviation from the truth,” and truth
as “agreement with reality.“15 When applied to the study of articulators, an error
produced in the occlusion will be considered as deviation from the known hypo-
thetical patient from whom all measurements have been made, as prescribed by
the particular technique. The second molar cusp height has been selected for the
 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
July-August, 1963

calculations because variations in condylar movement have a greater effect on the

posterior teeth than on the anterior teeth.

MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF THE HANATJ MODEL H

Average Anatomic Location of the Hinge A.&.---When the average anatomic

location of the hinge axis is utilized, we must assume a maximum error of plus or
minus 5 mm. (Fig. 12). This does not mean that there is always that much error,

Fig. 12.-The average anatomic location of the hinge axis introduces an error of -C 5 mm.
in its location.
Fig. 13.-A small occlusal error is produced when the interocclusal record of centric rela-
tion is removed, because of the average anatomic location of the hinge axis.

Fig. Il.-The anterior point of orientation of the face-bow and the hinge axis establishes
the horizontal plane of reference.
Volume 13 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART II 65.5
Nur her ‘I

but we should be prepared to deal with this maximum amount and its resultant
effect on the occlusion. If the relation of the jaws to the hinge axis of the patient
differs from the relation of the casts to the hinge axis of the instrument, when a
3 mm. wax centric record is removed and the articulator is closed, an anteroposte-
rior error of approximately 0.2 mm. wouId be produced (Fig. 13) .14,1’
Arbitrary Location of the Anterior Point of Orientation.-The anterior point
of orientation of the face-bow and the hinge axis establishes the horizontal plane
of reference. However, there is a definite three-dimensional relationship between
the maxillary dental arch and the axes of rotation of the mandible (Fig. 14). The
relationship of the maxillary arch to the vertical and sagittal axes of the patient
will not be the same as that on the instrument with arbitrary location of the hori-
zontal plane of reference (Fig. 15).
The incisa.1 edges of the teeth, or occlusion rim, can be made level with the
notch on the incisal pin. In later models, the Hanau articulator is supplied with
an axis orbital pointer. An elevation of the anterior part of the face-bow decreases
the protrusive condylar reading and, conversely, a lowering of the face-bow in-
creases the condylar reading.16 Any of the co1nmonly used arbitrary anterior points
of orientation can change the verkcal height of the face-bow mounting not more
than plus or minus 16 mm.
The hypothetical patient has a 40 degree condylar inclination to the horizontal
plane of the head when the patient is in the upright position (Fig. 16). When the
face-bow mounting is oriented too high, there is a reduction in the condylar reading
(Fig. 17) .16 This inclination is measured from the horizontal plane of the instru-
ment which is parallel to its base.

Fig. 15.-The relationship of the maxillary arch to the vertical and sagittal axes of the
patient will not be the same on the instrument with an arbitrary location of the horizontal
plane of reference.
656 WEINBERG

Fig. 16.-The hypothetical patient has a 40 degree condylar inclination to the horizontal
plane of the head when the patient is in the upright position.
Fig. 17.-When the face-bow mounting is oriented 16 mm. too high, there is a reduction
of Q degrees in the condylar reading to 31 degrees, as measured from the base of the instrument.

THE EFFECT OF THE CHANGE IN CONDYLAR INCLINATION ON OCCLUSION

Protrusive Cusp Inclines.-The protrusive mesiodistal cusp inclines are not

affected by changes in condylar inclination resulting from the alteration of the
height of the face-bow. An increase in the anteroposterior inclination of the occlusal
plane compensates for the decrease in condylar inclination.
Working Cusp Inclines.-The working condylar motion of the Hanau Model
H is built into the machine and is dependent on the balancing condylar motion. A
difference of 10 degrees in the vertical condylar inclination produces approximately
a 1.3 degree change in the Bennett angle. The effect of this change is practically
immeasurable at the working condyle and half again as much at the second molar
working cusp inclines.
Balancing Cusp Inclines.-The hypothetical patient has 40 degree balancing
cusp inclines (Fig. 18). The 9 degree reduction in the protrusive reading, due to
the elevation of the face-bow, decreases the second molar balancing cusp inclina-
 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART II 657

Fig. M.-The hypothetical patient has 40 degrees balancing cusp inclines.

Fig. lg.-The second molar balancing cusp inclination is reduced to 35.5 degrees by the
reduction in the protrusive reading.

tion to 35.5 degrees (Fig. 19). This error is in the magnitude of 0.2 mm. for a
3 mm. cusp.16
Straight Condylar Path.-The average condylar path follows a curvature of
apl3roximately a $$ inch radius .* The smallest curvature found in a Gnathologic
study of 72 condylar readings was a 0.5 inch radius.17 However, the Hanau articu-
latsor uses a straight condylar slot rather than a curved path (Fig. 20). When
dynamic extraoral tracings are used, the starting point (centric relation), indi-
vidual curved path, and eccentric position are recorded (Fig. 21).
With static records, only the centric relation and eccentric positions are re-

*Granger, E.: Personal communication.

658 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
July-August, 1963

Fig. 20.-The Hanau articulator has a straight condylar slot rather than a curved path.

corded, The midpoint of the excursion produces the maximum error with a straight
condylar slot (Fig. 21) . The maximum difference between a straight condylar path
and one that has a vz inch radius is 0.4 mm. A maximum condylar error of 0.4 mm.
produces a 0.2 mm. error at the second molar (Fig. 22). This calculation is based
on a 3 mm. cusp height and a constant incisal guidance.
Fischer Angle.-The vertical inclination of the protrusive and balancing con-
dylar paths are usually not identical. The balancing condylar path is often up to 5
degrees steeper. This difference, when it exists, is called the Fischer angle (Fig.
23).18 The Hanau Model H makes no allowance for the Fischer angle. The vertical
angulation of the protrusive and balancing paths are considered identical. If the hy-
pothetical patient has a 5 degree steeper balancing condylar path, it will not be re-
corded as such on the Hanau articulator. Therefore, the balancing condylar error
on the articulator would be 5 degrees. With the same incisal guidance, the balanc-
ing cusp incline error at the second molar (midpoint) is 2.5 degrees. The error
produced at the cusp height with a 3 mm. cusp is approximately 0.1 mm. (Fig. 24).
Working Condylar Movement.-The effective working condylar movement
as it is built into the Hanau Model H articulator is upward, backward, and lateral.
The working condylar movement on this articulator varies only slightly in degree,
depending on the Bennett angle and vertical inclination of the balancing condylar
motion. The patient may have a different working condylar motion as compared
to the articulator.
The working condylar path, working cusp inclines, and the incisal guidance
may be considered to be approximately in a straight line. If the hypothetical patient
has a rotating working condyie with no lateral Bennett movement, the working
cusp inclines will generally reflect the incisal guidance. For example, when the
incisal guidance is 30 degrees, the working cusp inclines will be approximately 30
degrees (Fig. 25).
The working condylar motion on the articulator contains a lateral Bennett
shift of approximately 0 degrees. The working cusp inclines at the second molar
(midpoint) would be the average between the extreme guidances, namely, 15
Volume 13 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART II 659
Number 4

de,grees (Fig. 26). Therefore, the articulator would produce working cusp inclines
at the second molar of 15 degrees while the patient would require 30 degrees (Fig.
27). When these restorations are placed in the mouth, a 1.5 degree differences pro-
duces an opening (negative error) of approximately 0.8 mm. at the working cusp
height.
A composite of the amounts of the errors possible on the Hanau Model I-I
articulator is seen in Table I.

TABLE I. SIJMMARY OF MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF THE HANAU MODEL H ARTICULATOR

APPROXIMATEERRORAT APPROXIMATE ERROR AT

THE SECONDMOLAR THE SECONDMOLAR
RALANCINGCUSP j WORKINGCUSP
HEIGHT (MM.) / HEIGHT (MM.)
I

1. Average anatomic location of the hinge

axis 0.2 0.2
2. .\rhitrary location of the anterior point
of orientation 0.2 No error
3. Straight condylar path 0.2 0.2
4. No Fischer angle 0.1 No error
5. No individual working condylar motion No error 0.8
-
Maximum total error 0.7 1.2

Fig. 21.-The starting point (centric relation), individual curved path, and eccentric posi-
tions are recorded with dynamic extraoral tracings. Only the centric relation and eccentric
positions are recorded with static records. A protrusive excursion of 6 mm. results in a maxi-
mum difference between a straight condylar path and one with a % inch radius of 0.4 mm.
 J. Pros. Den.
660 WEINBERG July-August, 1963

EVALUATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE HANAU MODEL H ARTICULATOR

The Hanau Model H articulator was primarily designed for complete denture
construction. Therefore, it should be evaluated on that basis. The total maximum
error calculated for the working and balancing second molar cusp heights needs
interpretation. These are relative numbers that will be calculated in the same
manner for each articulator examined. On this basis, a quantitative comparison
between articulators can be made. The total error calculated need not necessarily
be expected with the clinical use of the instrument. The errors were purposely
made maximum and additive. However, in a practical situation, many of the errors
produced may tend to cancel out each other.
However, the most significant error is that produced by the lack of individual
working condylar motion. When the working condylar motion of the patient is

Fig. 22.-The maximum error produced by a straight condylar path is 0.4 mm. which de-
velops a 0.2 mm. error at the second molar (midpoint).

Fig. 23.-The difference, when it exists, between the balancing and protrusive condylar
paths is called the Fischer angle.
y&ol;lle; ‘d
II BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART II 661

similar to the articular movement, the occlusion produced may harmonize closely
with his biologic movements.

CLINICAL EVALUATION

Complete Dentures VWSUSFixEd Prostkcsrs.-Because of the relative mobil-

ity of denture bases,the Hanau Model H articulator and others of this type are
adequate. However, fixed restorations require a higher degree of accuracy ill lateral
excursions than complete dentures.
The most significant handicap of the instrument is its lack of individual work-

Fig. 24.-A balancing condylar path that is 5 degrees steeper on the patient than the
artjculator creates an error on a 3 mm. second molar cusp of approximately 0.1 mm.

Fig. Z5.-With an incisal guidance of 30 degrees and no lateral Bennett movement, the
working cusp inclines will be approximately 30 degrees.
Fig. a&--The working condylar motion on the Hanau Model H articulator contains a lateral
Bennett shift of approximately 0 degrees. The working cusp inclines at the second molar
(midpoint) are the average between the extreme guidances, i.e., 15 degrees.
662 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
July-August, 1963

Fig. 27.-The Hanau articulator produces second molar working cusp inclines of 15 degrees.
The hypothetical patient requires 30 degrees of cusp angulation. With a 3 mm. cusp, the error
produced at the cusp height is 0.8 mm.

ing condylar guidance. The error produced is often negative and causes flatter poste-
rior cusp inclines on the articulator than are necessary in the mouth. This error
cannot be corrected by occlusal grinding. Corrective grinding on the bicuspid and
canine cusp inclines can result in deflective contacts on the arterior teeth and the
opposite balancing side. The anterior working cusp inclines (canines and bicuspids)
are more influenced by the incisal guidance than the condylar guidance. Therefore,
errors in the working condylar guidance of the machine are more critical poste-
riorly in the dental arch than they are anteriorly. The instrument was not designed
to accept lateral records. The character of the patient’s working condylar move-
ment cannot be accurately determined.
If the Hanau Model H articulator is used for fixed restorations, it is possible
to compensate for this negative posterior error. The posterior working cusp inclines
can be increased in two ways. First, the incisal guidance for lateral excursions may
be increased. However, this increases the working cusp inclinations proportionately
where the correction is least needed. The second method, which seems more advan-
tageous, is to decrease arbitrarily the Bennett angle of the opposite balancing con-
dylar guidance. This decrease produces more rotation and less lateral shift of the
working condyle in question and, therefore, increases the posterior working cusp
inclines (Figs. 25 and 26).
Use of the Hanau For%&.-The question is, when do we use the instrument
as designed (with the Hanau formula for the Bennett angle), and when do we
arbitrarily decrease the lateral Bennett shift? An accentuated transverse curve of
occlusion is associated with lateral Bennett shift of the working condyles. In this
case the articulator is used, as designed, with the lateral Bennett shift. When the
pattern of occlusion shows very little transverse curve or is mutilated, it is ad-
visable arbitrarily to eliminate the Bennett angle of the balancing condylar motion
to produce a rotating working condyle with little lateral Bennett shift. The pos-
terior working cusp inclinations will be increased as a result. In any case, occlusal
corrections will be necessary.
Vdume 13
Number 4 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART II 663

SlJMMARY

Suggestings have been made for adapting the Hanau Model H articulator
for fixed restorative prosthesis. However, the shortcomings of the instrument
must be understood. A more adjustable instrument would seem to be indicated
in order to reduce the degree of occlusal correction necessary to harmonize biologic
movement with the occlusion produced on the articulator. On the basis of the
mathematical study, the instrument is of practical value and within the accuracy
of the records used for complete denture prosthesis.

REFERENCES

1. Monson, G. S.: Applied Mechanics to the Theory of Mandibular Movements, D. Cosmos.

74:1039-1053, 1932.
2. Bonwill, W.: Scientific Articulation of the Human Teeth as Founded on Geometrical,
Mathematical, and Mechanical Laws, D. Items Interest 21:617-636; 873-880, 1899.
3. Balkwill, F. : The Best Form and Arrangement of Artificial Teeth for Mastication, Britt.
J. D. Surg. 9:278-282, Disc. 282-285, 1866.
4. Bergstrom, G.: On the Reproduction of Dental Articulation by Means of Articulators, A
Kinematic Investigation, Orebro, Sweden, 195$ Littoren Ryden.
5 Gysi, A. : Practical Application of Research Results m Denture Construction (Mandibular
Movements), George Wood Clapp, Collaborator, J.A.D.A. 16:199-223, 1929.
6 Stansbery, C. J. : Functional Position Checkbite Technique, J.A.D.A. 16:421-440, 1929.
7. Weinberg, L. A. : The Transverse Hinge Axis : Real or Imaginary, J. PROS. DEN. 9:775-
787, 1959.
8. Sorrin, S.: Traumatic Occlusion: Its Detection and Correction, D. Digest 40:170-173;
202-208, 1934.
9. Miller, S. C.: Textbook of Periodontia, ed. 3, Philadelphia, 19.50, The Blakiston Company,
pp. 343-384.
10. Schuyler, C.: The Correction of Occlusal Disharmony of the Natural Dentition, New
York D. J. 13:445-462,‘1947.
11. Weinb;;F2 1~. A.: A Vrsuahzed Technique of Occlusal Equilibration, J. D. Med. 7:9-26,
12. Hanau, R.‘L.: Full Denture Prosthesis, ed. 4, Buffalo, 1930, Hanau Engineering Com-
pany, p. 15.
Christensen, C. : A Rational Articulator, Ash’s Quarterly, pp. 409-420, 1901.
fi. Brotman, D. N. : Hinge Axes, J. PROS. DEN. 10:436-440; 631-636; 873-877, 1960.
15: Funk and Wagnalls New Standard Dictionary of the English Language, New York, 19.52,
Funk and Wagnalls, p. 848.
16. Weinb;;;Fl I.. A.: An Evaluation of the Face-Bow Mounting, J. PROS. DEN. 11:32-42,
17. Isaacson, D.: A Clinical Study of the Bennett Movement, J. PROS. DEN. 8:641-649, 1958.
18. Fischer, R.: Beziehungen Zwischen den Kieferbewegungen und der Kauflachenform der
Zahn, Schweiz, Monatschr. Zahnh. 36.
57 w. 57TH ST.
NEW YORK 17, N. Y.
AN EVALUATION OF BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS
Part III. Fully Adjustable Articulators*

LAWRENCEA. WEINBERG,D.D.S., M.S.“”

l\l’ew York University, College of Dentistry, New York, N. Y.

in this series have considered the arbitrary, positional, and

I- semiadjustable
) REVIOUS ARTICLES
articulators. The concept involved with each instrument was
discussed and the accuracy of the occlusion produced with each of them was com-
p.ared. This article will consider two fully adjustable instruments.

HANAU KINOSCOPE CONCEPT

The Hanau Kinescope was designed to accept lateral interocclusal records.

The objective of this technique is the production of mechanical equivalents of in-
dividual mandibular motion. The technique is based on the assumption, as are all
interocclusal record techniques, that if the starting and end positions of mandibular
motions are captured, the movement of the articulator in between these positions
will be an acceptable mechanical equivalent of the actual physiologic motion
(Fig. 1).
A kinematic face-bow is used to locate the transverse hinge axis on the patient
and an orbital pointer can be used to complete the face-bow transfer. Simulation of
the lateral mandibular movements of the patient is based on a concept which is
sin&ar to that of the Hanau Model H articulator, except that the controls for
la.teral movement are individually adjustable. Specific balancing condylar positions
are recorded with lateral interocclusal records. Working condylar positions are
simulated by an adjustable fulcrum on the opposite working side. Not all lateral
records, however, are accepted by the articulator.

M ETIIOD

Orientation of the MaxiUary Cast.-A kinematic face-bow locates the trans-

verse hinge axis on the patient, and an infraorbital pointer is most often used for the
arbitrary selection of the anterior point of orientation. The axis-orbital plane thus
formed is the horizontal plane of reference on the articulator to which all measure-
ments are referred.

This series of articles has been revised from the Dissertation in the Department of Graduate
Prosthetics submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of
Science (in denl.istry) at New York University, College of Dentistry. This is the third in a series
of articles on this subject.
*Part I, J. Pros. Den. 13:6X2-644, 1963; Part II, J. Pros. Den. 13:645-663, 1963.
**Instructor, Department of Graduate and Postgraduate Prosthodontics.
873
 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
874 Sept:Oct., 1963

Centric Relation Record.-The Gysi Gothic arch (needlepoint tracing) method

is recommended to indicate centric relation, although direct interocclusal wax
records or other materials are acceptable.
Protrusive Records.-The condylar inclination of the patient is recorded by a
protrusive interocclusal record (6 mm. forward excursion). The inclination of the
inner condylar slots (vertical condylar guidances) of the articulator (Fig. 2) is
adjusted in the same manner as on the Hanau Model H articulator. The protrusive
inclination is recorded in degrees from the horizontal plane of the instrument which
coincides with the axis-orbital plane of the patient. When a different horizontal
plane of reference is selected, the condylar inclination is measured from that plane.
Lateral Interocclusal Records.-Lateral interocclusal records are made in the
left and right mandibular border positions (6 mm. of lateral excursion).
Balancing Condylar Motion.-The balancing condylar motion of the patient
is downward, forward, and medial. The vertical angulation of this movement is
considered identical to the protrusive inclination ; the Fischer angle is not repro-
duced. The medial component, or Bennett angle, is individually recorded by adjust-
ing the slope of the cone contained in the outer post of the instrument (Fig. 2)) by
placing the maxillary cast into the lateral interocclusal record. The intercondylar rod
will move laterally corresponding to the degree of Bennett angulation. The variable
slope of the cone in the outer post of the instrument is adjusted until it touches the
intercondylar pin (Fig. 3). The inclination of this slope reproduces the individual
Bennett angle.
Working Condylar Motion.-The maxillary cast is placed into the lateral inter-
occlusal record. The adjustable fulcrum on the working side is moved back and
forth (sideways) until the cast is firmly seated in the record. This fixes the position
of the adjustable fulcrum (Fig. 3). When this adjustment is repeated for the op-

Fig. l.-The objective of the Hanau Kinescope is to simulate mandibular movements in all
dimensions. The instrument is adjusted by means of interocclusal records.
 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND TIIEIR CONCEPTS, PART III 87.5

Fig. 2.-The condylar elements of the Hanau Kinescope are adjusted with protrusive an(l
left and right lateral interocclusal records. The inner posts provide an adjustable “intercondylar
distance” and the condylar inclination for protrusive movement. The outer posts have an nd-
jllstahle slope for the specific Bennett angle.

posite lateral interocclusal record, the individual “intercondylar” distance is cs-

tablished. This term is a misnomer as the inner posts of the articulator do not ac-
tually represent the condyles at all, but are adjustable fulcrums which produce
mechanical equivalents. The “interfulcrum distance,” or the “vertical axes separa-
tion,” would be more appropriate terms.
The simulated working condylar movement is obtained by the combination of
the placement of the adjustable fulcrum and the opposite balancing condylar motion.
F‘or example, a lateral (Bennett) shift of the working condyle is simulated by the
combination of the adjustable fulcrum with a large Bennett angle on the opposite
balancing side (Fig. 3). On the other hand, a rotating working condyle is simulated
by the combination of the adjustable fulcrum with very little Bennett angle on the
opposite balancing side (Fig. 4).

MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF THE HAiVAU KINOSCOPE

Kinematic Location of the Hinge A.ris.-The hinge axis of the Hanau Kin-
ojcope can be made to coincide with that of the patient. Therefore, removing a cen-
tric reIation record and closing the articulator produces no error in the occlusion.
Clinically, the thickness of the centric relation record should be minimal.
Arbitrar:\r Locatios of tlze Anterior P&t 01 Ovi~rztatio~~.--The hypothetical
patient by definition has a 40 degree condylar inclination to the horizontal plane of
the head when the patient is in the upright position. Arbitrary selection of the infra-
orbital notch, or any other landmark, raises or lowers the level of the face-bow as
discussed in relation to the Hanau Model H articulator. The maximum decrease or
 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
876 Sept.-Oct., 1963

increase, respectively, in the protrusive condylar reading is approximately 9

degrees1
The Occlusal Effect Due to the Change in Condylar Inclination.-Only the
balancing cusp inclines are affected by a change in the condylar inclination because
of the height of the cast in the articulator. The hypothetical patient has 40 degree
balancing cusp inclines. 2 The 9 degree reduction in the protrusive reading, due to
the elevation of the face-bow, decreases the second molar balancing cusp inclination
from 40 degrees to 35.5 degrees. The error’produced is 0.2 mm. for a 3 mm. cusp.l
Straight Condylar Path.-The average condylar path follows a curvature of
approximately a 3/b inch radius. In a recent gnathologic study of 72 condylar read-
ings, the smallest curvature found was a I/Z inch radius.3 However, the Hanau
Kinescope articulator contains a straight condylar slot rather than a curved path.
The maximum difference between a 6 mm. straight condylar path and one
which has a vz inch radius is 0.4 mm. A maximum condylar error of 0.4 mm. pro-

Fig. 3.-Working condylar motion is determined by lateral interocclusal records. The ad-
justable fulcrum on the working side is moved back and forth (sideways) until the cast has a
Arm seat in the record. When this adjustment is repeated for the opposite lateral record, the
individual intercondylar distance will be established. The lateral shift of the working condyle
is obtained by the combination of the placement of the adjustable fulcrum and the opposite
balancing condylar motion.
Fig. 4.-A rotating working condyle is simulated by the combination of the adjustable ful-
crum with little Bennett angle on the opposite balancing side.
;;;lmlgr ;3 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART III 877

TABLE I. MATHEMATICAL STUDYOF THE HANAU KINOSCOPE

-4
APPROXIMATE ERROR APPROXIMATE ERROR
AT THE SECOND AT THE SECOND
MOLAR BALANCING MOLAR WORKING
CUSP HEIGHT (MM.) CUSP HEIGHT (MM.)

11. Kinematic location of the hinge axis No error No error

:!. Arbitrary location of the anterior point of
orientation 0.2 No error
:I. Straight condylar path 0.2 0.2
4. No Fischer angle 0.1 No error
!i. Simulation of certain types of working
condylar motion No error No error
(Articulator will not accept all types of working
condylar motion)
Maximum total error 0.5 0.2

duces a 0.2 mm. error at the second molar (midpoint) with the assumption that a
.3 mm. cusp and a constant incisal guidance were used.
Balancing Condylar Moveuttent.-The individual Bennett angle of the patient
is recorded effectively with the lateral interocclusal record. However, the vertical
angulation of the balancing condyle is assumed to be the same as the protrusive
inclination.
Fischer Angle.-The Kinescope makes no allowance for the Fischer angle when
it occurs. The maximum balancing condylar error on the articulator is 5 degrees.
With the same incisal guidance, the balancing cusp incline error at the second
molar (midpoint) is 2.5 degrees. For a 3 mm. cusp, the error produced at the cusp
height is approximately 0.1 mm.
Workin,g Condylar Movemepzf.-Only certain types of working condylar
movement can be simulated on the instrument without error. When the working
condylar movement of the patient differs from these, the instrument will not accept
the record. The summary of the mathematical study of the Hanau Kinescope is
seen in Table I.

EVAI.UATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE KINOSCOPE

The concept of simulating working condylar movement by the use of an ad-

justable fulcrum and the opposite balancing condylar motion should be evaluated.
Different types of individual working condylar motion will be compared to their
simulation on the kinescope (Figs. 5 to 12). To facilitate description, the articulator
rnovement will be illustrated in the same direction as that of the patient.
Rotating Working Condyle.-When the working condyle of the patient rotates
with practically no lateral shift, the Bennett angle of the opposite balancing con-
dylar motion is very slight (Fig. 5). Lateral interocclusal records permit a repro-
duction of the Bennett angle on the balancing side when the slope of the outer post
is adjusted (Fig. 6). The rotation of the opposite working condylar motion is
 WEINBERG

simulated by adjusting the fulcrum to an equivalent “intercondylar” distance as

existed in the patient.
Working Condyle: Backward, Upward, and Lateral.-The Bennett angle of
the balancing condyle is increased to accommodate for the lateral shift of the work-
ing condyle when it moves backward, upward, and laterally (Fig. 7). This increase
in Bennett angle is recorded by the slope of the cone in the outer post of the in-
strument. The lateral interocclusal record places the adjustable fulcrum more
medially than the actual location of the working condyle of the patient (Fig. 8).
The downward, forward, and medial movement of the balancing condylar mechan-

Fig. B.-The Bennett angle is small when the working condyle rotates with little lateral
shift.
Fig. 6.-The outer post of the Hanau Kinescope is adjusted to conform to lateral inter-
occlusal records to reproduce the Bennett angle on the balancing side. The working condylar
motion is determined by adjusting the fulcrum to simulate the intercondylar distance of the
patient.

Fig. 7.-The Bennett angle is increased when the working condyle moves backward, upward,
and outward.
Fig. S.-The increase in the Bennett angle is recorded by the slope of the outer post of the
instrument. The adjustable fulcrum is placed more medially on the Hanau Kinescope by the
lateral interocclusal record than it is on the patient.
 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, P.4RT III 879

ism causes the intercondylar rod to go laterally through the opposite condylar ball
(fulcrum). The medial location of the fulcrum simulates backward, upward, and
lateral working condylar movement (Fig. 8). It is for this reason that the “inter-
condylar” distance on the machine is not the same as the actual intercondylar dis-
tance of the patient. The descriptive terms, “interfulcrum distance” or “vertical
axes separation,” have been suggested.
Working Condylr: Forward, Downward, and Lateral.-The Bennett angle
formed by the pathway of the balancing condyle accommodates for the lateral
component of the working condyle as it moves forward, downward, and laterally

Fig. 9.-The balancing condyle accommodates to the lateral movement of the working con-
d,yle as it moves forward, downward, and laterally.
Fig. lO.-The adjustable fulcrum is placed further laterally on the Hanau Kinescope by the
lateral interocclusal record than it is on the patient.

Fig. Il.-The working condyle has moved laterally along the hinge axis line. This type of
motion cannot be imitated with the adjustable fulcrum principle of the Hanau Kinescope.
Fig. Z-The working condyle has moved downward, backward, and laterally. The adjust-
able fulcrum cannot simulate this movement.
 J. Pros. Den.
880 WEINBFXG Sept.-Oct., 1963

(Fig. 9). The individual Bennett angle is recorded by the slope of the outer condylar
post. However, the lateral interocclusal record places the adjustable fulcrum more
laterally than the actual location of the working condyle of the patient (Fig. 10).
The downward, forward, and medial movement of the balancing condylar mechan-
ism causes the intercondylar rod to go laterally through the opposite condylar ball
(fulcrum) as before. However, the lateral placement of this fulcrum simulates for-
ward, downward, and lateral movements of the working side condyle (Fig. 10).
Working Condyle: Lateral Shift Along Hinge Axis Line.-The working con-
dyle of the patient may shift laterally along the original hinge axis line (Fig. 11) .
This type of motion with the adjustable fulcrum principle cannot be imitated. The
fulcrum can only be placed in three possible positions, medial, on, or lateral to
the actual condylar position. In each instance, the type of working condylar move-
ment is specifically relative to the adjustable fulcrum position (Figs. 6, 8, and 10).
Working Condyle: Downward, Backward, and Lateral.-The adjustable ful-
crum cannot simulate the downward, backward, and lateral movement of the work-
ing condyle (Fig. 12).
Limitations.-Only three basic types of working condylar motion can be simu-
lated with the use of an adjustable fulcrum and the opposite balancing condylar
motion (Figs. 5 to 10). When the working condylar motion of the patient differs
from these three types of motion, the instrument will not accept the record (Figs.
11 and 12). The working condylar motion on the instrument is not really an indi-
vidual condylar guidance but an artificial contrivance to simulate certain movements.
Reproduction, of three-dimensional motion can be obtained by recording the
starting position, the path, and the end position of three separate fixed points. The
Kinescope has only the two individual guidances of the balancing condylar guidance
and the incisal guidance. The third guidance, namely, the working condylar guid-
ance, is not an individual guidance but is mechanically devised. The Kinescope is

Fig. 13.-The Gysi Trubyte articulator has an individual adjustment for the Bennett Angle
in the midline of the instrument. The control of the Fischer Angle is omitted.
Volume 13 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART III 881
Number 5

Fig. 14.-Rumple’s incisal guiding edges permit the simulation of the patient’s vertical axis
to be located nutside the confines of the instrument.

classified as “fully” adjustable, but in the strict sense of the word it is not “three
dimensional.”

CLINICAL EVALIJATION OF THE HAIiAU KINOSCOPE

The Hanau Kinescope is of value in fixed as well as complete denture pros-

thesis. It is somewhat similar in basic concept to the Hanau Model H, except that
its individual adjustability permits lateral interocclusal records to be incorporated
into the technique. With the Kinescope, the maximum error at the second molar
balancing cusp height is decreased only 0.2 mm. (from 0.7 mm. on the Hanau
Model H to 0.5 mm.). The significant improvement is found at the second molar
working cusp height. Here the error is decreased 1.0 mm. (from 1.2 mm. on the
Hanau H to 0.2 mm.) In fixed prosthesis, balancing interceptive contacts are the
,most destructive to the periodontal support .4 Mathematical analysis supports this
,view.”

:SUM MARY

Many dentists eliminate tooth contacts on the balancing side in fixed restorative
,work. In view of this, a true perspective of the value of the instrument can be seen.
‘The maximum total error at the second molar cusp height on the working side is
Ionly 0.2 mm. Therefore, the instrument has real practical value for fixed restorative
dentistry on the condition that it accepts the lateral interocclusal records. The per-
centage of records that the instrument will accept has not been determined.

GYSI TRUBYTE CONCEPT

Gysi recorded the condyle paths in relation to the occlusal plane with a lower
-iaw face-bow that was equipped with two pins fixed near the condyles. These paths
were recorded in protrusive excursion. Three separate intraoral Gothic arch (needle-
point) tracings allowed him to locate the vertical axis. The basis of his theory was
the assumption that all movements were rotational around stationary axes.
 J. Pros. Den.
882 WEINBERG Sept.-Oct., 1963

Gysi showed that variations from the average 15 degree Bennett angle did not
appreciably change the paths of motion of the teeth. Although there is an individual
adjustment for the Bennett angle on the articulator (Fig. 13), he felt that it was
not necessary to determine the angle clinically. A mean value of 15 degrees was
appropriate. Gysi believed that the Fischer angle was present but that its effect on
the occlusal surfaces of the teeth was negligible. Therefore, it could be omitted from
the articulator.
Variation in the symphyseal angle (Gothic arch) has a slightly greater influ-
ence in the paths of movement of the teeth than changes in the Bennett or Fischer
angles. Here, too, Gysi felt that the mean value of 120 degrees was sufficient, be-
cause, in ordinary movements of the mandible, Bennett and symphyseal angIes
greater than the mean values are not used.
All of Gysi’s articulators have an incisal guide table that he originated. In later
designs he followed Rumple’s suggestion and provided an adjustable guidance for
the incisal pin (Fig. 13) which provided a method of adjusting the articulator to
the individual symphyseal angle of the patient. Rumple’s incisal guiding edges per-
mitted simulation of the vertical axis of the patient outside the confines of the in-
strument when necessary (Fig. 14). Special pivots for the articulator shaft were
installed to allow for retrusive movement of the working condyle.

USE OF THE GYSI TRUBYTE ARTICULATOR AS A SEMIADJUSTABLE INSTRUMENT

The instrument can be used as a semiadjustable articulator in a similar manner

as the Hanau Model H articulator. The mean values for the settings (15 degree
Bennett angle, 120 degree symphyseal angle) are used. Only one protrusive condylar
recording is necessary.

USE OF THE GYSI TRUBYTE ARTICULATOR AS A FULLY ADJUSTABLE INSTRUMENT

Individual working condylar movement is simulated by the location of the ver-

tical axis and the opposite balancing condylar motion. The vertical angulation of
the balancing condylar movement is obtained from protrusive tracings as suggested
by Gysi or from protrusive interocclusal records. The individual Bennett angle is
set by an adjustable guide in the midline of the instrument (Fig. 13). This setting
is obtained by means of lateral interocclusal records made at the lateral border
positions as indicated by the Gothic arch (needlepoint) tracing. The symphyseal
(Gothic arch) angle is transferred to the instrument with Rumple’s incisal guiding
edges.
The location of the vertical axis on the working side acts as a fulcrum to
simulate working condylar movement artificially. The location of the vertical axes
outside the confines of the instrument, when necessary, permits a degree of flexibility
equal to the “adjustable intercondylar distance” of the Hanau Kinescope.

METHODS

Orientation of the Maxillary C&.-The mandibular hinge axis is located by

anatomic average measurements that lie about 10 mm. anterior to the central point
Volume
~umher5
13 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART III 883

of the posterior curvature of the tragus on a line toward the lateral corner of the
eye. The occlusion rim is made parallel to the “Gysi horizontal plane” that touches
the lower margins of the external auditory meatus and the ala of the nose. This
plane is used to orient the cast on the instrument.
Centric Relation Record.-An extraoral Gothic arch (needlepoint) tracing is
used with an intraoral central bearing point. The centric relation record is made,
usually with plaster, when the stylus is at the apex of the needlepoint tracing.
Protrusi’ve Tracing.-The condylar writing styli of the mandibular face-bow
are adjusted to the anatomic location of the mandibular hinge axis. A card is held
a.gainst the face so that the lower border of the card is parallel to the “Gysi hori-
zontal plane.” The protrusive path is then traced on the card. The condylar inclina-
tion is transferred to the articulator by drawing a tangent to the curve obtained on
the card and lining up the edge of the card with the same horizontal landmark. The
condylar mechanism of the articulator is then adjusted to the inclination of the lines.
Setting the Rumple Incisal Guiding Edges.-The Rumple incisal guiding
edges are adjusted to correspond to the Gothic arch (needlepoint) tracing. This pro-
cedure effectively transfers the lateral border movements of the patient’s mandible
to the articulator.
Balancirbg Condylar Motion.-When the instrument is to be individually ad-
justed, lateral interocclusal plaster records are made in conjunction with the lateral
border positions of the needlepoint tracing. Both Gysi and Hanau felt that the pro-
trusive condylar inclination is accurate enough to be used for the downward com-
ponent of the balancing condylar movement. The individual medial, or Bennett,
angle is obtained by adjusting the Bennett guide in the midline of the instrument to
the lateral records (Figs. 13 and 14).
Working Condylar Motion.-The simulated working condylar motion is ob-
tained by the combination of the vertical axis with the opposite balancing condylar
motion.

MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF THE GYSI TRUBYTE ARTICULATOR

.4vzrage Anatomic Location of the H&ye AA%.-When the average anatomic

location of the hinge axis is utilized, a maximum error of plus or minus 5 mm. should
be assumed. ‘The hinge axis of the patient may differ from the hinge axis of the in-
strument. When a 3 mm. wax interocclusal centric relation record is removed from
the rims and the articulator is closed, an anteroposterior error of approximately 0.2
mm. is produced.
Orientation of the Plane of Occlusion.-Theoretically there is no error in trans-
ferring the protrusive record to the articulator because of the plane of orientation.
It is true that the occlusal plane is made parallel to an arbitrary (Gysi) horizontal
plane. However, the protrusive inclination is traced on a card which is oriented the
same way on the patient as on the articulator.
Straight Condylar Path.-Because of the straight condylar path, the maximum
error produced at the second molar cusp height is 0.2 mm.2 For a discussion see
the Hanau Model H articulator.
Babzcing Condylar Movement.-The individual Bennett angle of the patient
is recorded effectively with lateral interocclusal records. However, the vertical angu-
 WEINBBEG

TABLE II. MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF THE GYSI TRUFJYTE ARTICULATOR

APPROXIMATE ERROR APPROXIMATE ERROR

AT THE SECOND AT THE SECOND
MOLAR BALANCING MOLAR WORKING
CUSP HEIGHT (MM.) CUSP HEIGHT (MM.)

1. Average anatomic location of the hinge axis 0.2 0.2

2. Orientation of the occlusal plane with
“Gysi horizontal” No error No error
3. Straight condylar path 0.2
4. No Fischer angle Z:? No error
5. Simulation of certain types of working
condylar motion No error No error
(Articulator will not accept all types of working
condylar motion)

Maximum total error 0.5 0.4

lation of the balancing condyle is assumed to be the same as the protrusive in-
clination.
Fischer Angle.-Gysi felt, as did Hanau, that the Fischer angle produced such
insignificant occlusal change that it could be ignored on the articulator. As discussed
under both Hanau articulators, the error is produced only at the balancing cusp
inclines. With a 3 mm. cusp, the maximum error is approximately 0.1 mm. at the
second molar balancing cusp height.

Fig. 15.-The working condyle has rotated with practically no lateral shift; the Bennett angle
of the opposite balancing condylar motion is very slight.
Fig. 16.-The Bennett guide is located at the midline of the Gysl Trubyte articulator. The
Rumple in&al guiding edges reproduce the Gothic arch (needlepoint) tracing made by the
patient on the articulator. Rotating working condylar motion is simulated on the instrument.
‘,‘olume 13 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART III 885
I\lumlKT 5

Fig. 17.-The Bennett angle of the balancing condyle increases to accommodate for the
lateral shift of the working condyle when it moves backward, upward, and laterally.
Fig. lg.-The Bennett angle is recorded by the Bennett guide at the midline of the instru-
ment. The vertical axis is located medially on the Gpsi Trubyte articulator in comparison to
its position on the patient.

Working Condylar MovenzePzt.-Only specific types of working condylar move-

ment can be simulated on the instrument without error. When the working con-
dylar movement of the patient differs, the instrument will not accept the record.
The summary of the mathematical study of the Gysi Trubyte articulator is
seen in Table II.

EVALUATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE GYSI TRUBYTE ARTICULATOR

Figs. 1S to 20 compare the individual lateral mandibular movements of the

patient with its simulation on the articulator. The articulator movement has been
illustrated in the same direction as that of the patient.
Rot&q Working CondyZe.-The working condyle of the patient can rotate
with practically no lateral shift ; the Bennett angle of the opposite balancing condylar
motion is very slight (Fig. 1.5). Lateral interocclusal records are used to reproduce
the Bennett angle on the balancing side by adjusting the Bennett guide located in
the midline of the instrument (Fig. 16). This Bennett guide consists of an adjust-
a.ble guide plate which rides on a ball bearing. The Rumple incisal guiding edges on
the incisal table reproduce the “Gothic arch” tracing on the instrument. A perpen-
dicular bisection of this guide plane as it intersects with the condylar hinge axis sim-
ulates the location of the vertical axis. The rotation of the working condyle is simu-
lated by the combination of the location of the vertical axis with the opposite
balancing condylar motion (Fig. 16). In this case the vertical axis is in the same
relative posit ion as the condyle of the patient.
Workin! Condyle: Backward, Upward, md Lateral.-The Bennett angle of
t’he balancing condyle increases to accommodate for the lateral shift of the working
886 WEINBERG 3. Pros. Den.
Sept.-Oct., 1963

Fig. lg.-The direction of the working condylar motion is downward, forward, and lateral.
Fig. PO.-The vertical axis is located laterally on the Gysi Trubyte articulator in relation
to its position on the patient, simulating the downward, forward, and lateral movement of the
working condyle.

condyle when the working condyle moves backward, upward, and laterally (Fig.
17). This increase in the Bennett angle is recorded by the Bennett guide in the
midline of the instrument (Fig. 18). The Rumple incisal guiding edge places the
vertical axis more medial than the relative position of the working condyle of the
patient. The backward, upward, and lateral working condylar movement is simu-
lated on the articulator by the combination of the medial location of the vertical
axis with the opposite balancing condylar motion (Fig. 18).
Working Condyle: Forward, Downward, and Lateral.-The working condylar
motion may be forward, downward, and lateral (Fig. 19). The individual Bennett
angle of the balancing condyle is recorded by adjusting the Bennett guide which is
located at the midline of the instrument. The Rumple incisal guiding edge places the
vertical axis lateral to the relative position of the working condyle of the patient. The
downward, forward, and lateral movement of the working condyle is simulated by
the combination of the lateral placement of the vertical axis with the opposite bal-
ancing condylar motion (Fig. 20).
Working Condyle: Lateral Shift Along the Original Hinge Axis Line.-The
working condyle of the patient may shift laterally along the original hinge axis line
(Fig. 11) . Gysi’s concept is based on the principle of nonmoving (nontranslating)
axes of rotation. Therefore, this type of motion cannot be simulated. The placement
of the vertical axis of rotation that is medial to, on, or lateral to the actual working
condylar position of the patient only permits three specific working condylar move-
ments (Figs. 16, 18, and 20).
 S’olume 13
3Iumlter 5
BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART III 887

Worlzinq Condylc: Downward, Backward, and Lateral.-Another working

c:ondylar motion that a nontranslating vertical axis cannot simulate is the downward,
backward, and lateral movement (Fig. 12).
Linzitations.-Only three basic types of working condylar motion can be simu-
lated by the combination of the location of the vertical axis with the opposite bal-
ancing condylar motion (Figs. 1.5 to 20). When the working condylar motion of
the patient differs from these three motions, the instrument will not accept the
record.
The Gysi Trubyte articulator has similar shortcomings to those of the Kin-
oscope. The working conclylar motion on the Kinescope is not really an individual
conclylar guidance but is an artificial contrivance to simulate certain movements.
The same criticism applies to the Gysi Trubyte articulator. This instrument has
only two individual guidances, the balancing condylar guidance and the incisal guid-
ance, rather than the required three. The third guidance, the working condylar
guidance, is not an individual adjustment but is mechanically devised. Finally, the
similarity extends to the conclusion that the Gysi Trubyte articulator may be classi-
fied as a “fully” adjustable articulator, but, in fact, it is not “three dimensional.”

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE GYSI TRUBYTE ARTICULATOR

The Gysi Trubyte articulator can be utilized for fixed as well as complete den-
ture prosthesis. The Gysi Trubyte articulator differs in concept from the Hanau
Kinescope, although the results produced by both instruments are similar. The
total maximum error produced at the second molar balancing cusp height is the
same in both instruments. There is only a 0.2 mm. increase in error found at the
second molar working cusp height (from 0.2 mm. to 0.4 mm.) on the Gysi Trubyte
articulator. Improvement in the accuracy of the instrument could be obtained by
locating the hinge axis kinetically, although it is not specified in the usual use of
the instrument.
The Gysi Trubyte articulator has one advantage over the Kinescope in that
t’he Rumple incisal guiding edges allow a duplication on the instrument of the
border mandibular movements of the patient. At the same time, the incisal table
ieself cannot be adjusted for lateral incisal inclinations. Furthermore, once the
Rumple incisal guiding edges are set, new records must be made if there is a change
in the vertical dimension of occlusion. The incisal table of the Hanau Kinescope is
adjustable for both protrusive and lateral inclinations and can be changed during
treattnent without the necessity for making new records.
The incisal table is not necessary for imitating the working condylar motion
with the Kinescope. An adjustable fulcrum is located on the working side by the
lateral interocclusal record. However, the incisal table is necessary to locate the
vertical axis with the Gysi Trubyte articulator.

CONCLUSION

Although the Kinescope and the Gysi Trubyte articulator are comparable in
accuracy, the Kinescope seems to be the instrument of choice between the two.
 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
888 Sept.-Oct., 1963

REFERENCES

1. Weinberg, L. A. : An Evaluation of the Face-Bow Mounting, J. PROS.DEN. 11:32-42, 1961.

2. Weinberg, L. A. : An Evaluation of Basic Articulators and Their Concepts, Part I., J. PROS.
DEN. 13:622-644, 1963.
3. Isaacson, D.: A Clinical Study of the Bennett Movement, J. PROS. DEN. 8&l-649, 1958.
4. SchuylelrG6~.. H. : Factors Contributing to Traumatic Occlusion, J. PROS. DEN. 11:708-715,

5. Weinberg, J. A.: Force Distribution in Mastication, Clenching, and Bruxism, D. Digest

63:58-61; 116-120, 1957.
57 w. 57 ST.
NEW YORK, 17, N. Y.
AN EVALUATION OF BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS
Part IV. Fully Adjustable Articulators*

LAWRENCEA. WEINBERG,D.D.S., M.S.**

New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, N. Y.

are based on the original work of Mc-

S EVERAL GNATHOLOGIC INSTRUMENTS
Col1um.l The principles discussed here apply to all of these instruments with
a small degree of individual variation. Gnathology is a three-dimensional extension
of the early work done on graphic methods of recording condylar movements.2

CONCEPT

McColluml showed that the hinge axis of mandibular movement could be found.
He felt that as the mandible moved the hinge axis moved with it. An opening takes
place about the hinge axis during protrusive or lateral movements. The basic jaw
motions to be recorded are at the most retruded hinge axis position and the most
retruded lateral positions (border movements). The contention of gnathology is that
when these border relationships are reproduced all chewing motions can be re-
produced.
Investigation of the Bennett movement indicated that some patients have no
Bennett movement while others have it only on one side. The character of the
Bennett movement also varies as to degree and curvature.3 McCollum stated that
the direction of the Bennett movement has as much and probably more influence
upon the articulating surfaces of the teeth than any other component of jaw move-
1nent.l Mathematical investigation supports this view.4
Gnathologic procedures record the posterior hinge axis position of the mandible,
the protrusive, right, and left lateral border positions, and the intermediate three-
dimensional border paths of motion. Gnathology accomplishes its objectives by first
locating the hinge axis kinematically. The axis-orbital plane of reference is used for
orientation. Six extraoral writing plates and styli are fixed to the maxillae and
mandible by upper and lower face-bows and clutches that are cemented to the teeth.
Two writing plates are positioned in each condylar area and two are located in the
symphyseal area. As the mandible moves, pantographs are traced on the writing

This series of articles has been revised from the Dissertation in the Department of Graduate
Prosthetics which was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science (in dentistry) at New York University, College of Dentistry.
*Part I, J. PROS. DEN. 13:6X2-644; Part II, J. PROS. DEN. 13:645,G63; Part III, J. PROS. DEN.
13:8’73-888, 1963.
**Instructor, Department of Graduate and Postgraduate Prosthodontics. Address: 515 Ocean
Ave., Brooklyn 26, N.Y.
1038
Volume 13
iYuml1er 6 BASIC ARTICELATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART IV 1039

plates. The three-dimeIlsiona1 positions of these pantographs to the maxillae and

mandible are then fixed by attaching the upper face-bow to the lower face-bow.
The entire assembly is transferred to the articulator in the same relationship as had
existed in the mouth of the patient. The articulator can be adjusted to follow the
simultaneous movement of the styli on all six tracings. The gnathologic instrunlent
is three dimensional and will accept practically all nonpathologic mandibular panto-
,graphs.

Fig. l.-The character of the pantograph depends on its location and the type of mandibular
movement. A rotating working condyle with no Bennett lateral shift produces a gentle curve on
the pantograph.
Fig. 2.-Three-dimensional movement progresses on a pathway from 1 to 2. At each point
along this path a line is projected in the three planes of space until it meets the writing tables
A, B, and C. Lines joining all of these points on the writing tables produce a pantograph on each
table.

PANTOGRAPH

According to a nondental definition, a pantograph is an instrument that copies

drawings on an enlarged or reduced scale. In dental terminology, a pantograph is
a misnomer that should be called a “pantogram,” while the instrument that does the
writing is a pantograph. In dentistry, however, the tracing itself is commonly known
as a “pantograph.” The pantograph is an enlarged tracing of mandibular movement
obtained by fix.ing a writing plate to one jaw and a stylus to the other jaw.
The character of the pantograph may be misleading as its form depends on its
 WEINBERG

location and the type of mandibular movement. A rotating working condyle with no
lateral Bennett shift is shown in Fig. 1. Since the writing plate is located lateral to
the rotating condyle, the tracing itself is a gentle curve. At first glance, the panto-
graph might be erroneously interpreted to indicate that the working condyle had
translated. This point must be recognized when interpreting the pantographs associ-
ated with gnathologic recordings.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL PANTOGRAPHS

A basic concept in gnathology is that three-dimensional motion can be repro-

duced if simultaneous pantographs are obtained containing the three planes of space.
To reproduce the original motion, the pantographs must be in the same relationship
to each other and to the styli on the instrument as they were on the patient. The
simultaneous tracing of these pantographs on the instrument effectively recreates
the motion (Fig. 2).

Fig. 3.-Six tracings with the mandible in the retruded hinge axis position. (Both face-bows
have been omitted for illustrative clarity). Each writing table contains the tracings of the three
border movements starting from the terminal hinge position. One writing table on each side (A
and D) is slanted in relation to the horizontal plane and is in a position roughly similar to that of the
condylar inclination. Two other writing tables (B and C) in the sagittal plane are against the
skin near each condyle; the symphyseal tables (E and F) are located in the horizontal plane.
The arcs or writings, P, P,, are made in protrusive movement; W, WI are made when the condyle
on that side is the working side condyle; B,B, are made when the movement is to the opposite
side.

Each pantograph is the graphic result of separating three-dimensional motion

into its component parts in the three planes of space. Simultaneous reproduction
of these three pantographs reproduces the original motion. It is not necessary for
the pantographs to be exactly oriented in each of the three planes of space. How-
ever, t.heir arrangement must contain the three planes of space and remain constant
during the recording and during the reproduction of the motion.
~~olume 13 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART IV 1041
Number 6

GNATHOLOGIC TRACINGS

Typical gnathologic tracings and their basic use in relation to the instrument
are seen in Figs. 3 and 4. Only the six tracings and the mandible in the retruded
hinge axis position have been shown in Fig. 3.
Contents of Each Tracing.-Each writing table contains the tracings of the
three border movements starting from the terminal hinge position. These move-
ments are represented characteristically on all six pantographs.
Symphyseal Pantograph.-The typical Gothic arch (needlepoint) tracing is
produced. The use of each pantograph will be described in relation to the instrument.
Sag&al Pantograph.-The saggital pantograph (Fig.’ 3) records the vertical
components of condylar motion. During eccentric condylar movements it traces the
protrusive path P, the balancing path B, and forms the Fischer angle in between
the two paths. The short curved line W, resembling a “backlash,” is the tracing of
the vertical component of the working condylar movement.

Fig. 4.-The gnathologic instrument is an Arcon type of articulator with an adjustable inter-
condylar distance. The Bennett guides consist of variable planes that can be individually ground
if necessary to At against a ball bearing. The rod supporting the condylar sphere is completely
ad justable. H.A., the hinge axis line.

Inclined Horizontal Pantographs.-The inclined horizontal pantographs in the

condylar area record the horizontal components of condylar motion. The Bennett
angle is recorded by the angle between the protrusive P and the balancing B con-
dylar tracings. The lateral component of working condylar motion is again repre-
sented by a short curved “backlash” tracing W (Fig. 3).

INSTRUMENT I’EATURES

The gnathologic instrument is an Arcon” type of articulator with an adjust-

able intercondylar distance (Fig. 4). Bennett guides are situated in the midline
of the instrument and consist of variable planes that can be individually ground.
 3. Pros. Den.
1042 WEINBERG
Nov..Dec., 1963

These guides act by contacting a ball bearing. This arrangement is sowewhat simi-
lar in principle to the Gysi Trubyte articulator. Some gnathologic instruments have
the ball bearing on the upper member of the articulator and others have it on the’
lower member.
The outstanding feature of the instrument is the complete adjustability of the
rod supporting the condylar ball. It can be adjusted for a vertical and/or a horizontal
angulation to the hinge axis. This provides complete three-dimensional adjustability
(Fig. 4).

METHOD

The gnathologic system of duplicating motion has three essential requirements.

The first is to maintain the same relationship of the pantographs to the styli as the
transfer is made from the patient to the instrument. Second, the instrument must
be three-dimensionally adjustable to accept the records. Third, the final casts must
be mounted in exactly the same relationship to the motion recorded as it occurred
in the patient. The tattooing of the exact location of the hinge axis and an infra-
orbital point on the skin of the patient permits the transfer of records from the
patient to the articulator without changes in orientation.
Kinematic Hinge Axis Determination.-The transverse hinge axis is located
by the kinematic face-bow. The points on the skin through which the axis passes are
tattooed.
Maxillary and Mandibular Face-Bow Assembly.-Aluminum clutches (fabri-
cated trays) are cemented to the upper and lower teeth. A central bearing point
prevents interference between the upper and lower clutches. The maxillary and
mandibular face-bows are designed to hold six writing plates and styli in position.
The border movements of the patient are simultaneously recorded on the six writing
plates.
Fixing the Face-Bow Assemblies.-The upper and lower face-bows are fixed
to each other by quick-setting artificial stone when the mandible of the patient is
in the terminal hinge position.
Anterior Point of Orientation.-The infraorbital point is most often selected
as the anterior point of orientation. The point is transferred to the nose and tattooed
in this relatively unnoticeable position. The anterior point, together with the hinge
axis, forms the axis-orbital plane of orientation on the instrument. An orbital pointer
fixes this position in relation to the two face-bows and all the tracings. The as-
sembly is then removed from the patient’s head.
Transfer of the Records to the Instrument.-The entire fixed assembly is trans-
ferred to the instrument, oriented according to the axis-orbital plane from the pa-
tient, and the casts are mounted.

INSTRUMENT SETTINGS

Protrusive ZncZinafion.-The individual curved path, and protrusive angulation

that is recorded on the sagittal pantograph (Fig. 5) is transferred to the instrument.
Condylar slots of the appropriate radius are placed on the condylar ball and the
~~lvw~,e, ‘8; BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART IV 1043

inclination is adjusted so that the styli trace the same protrusive path on the instru-
ment as has been recorded on the patient (Fig. 6).
lntercondy!ar Distance.-The symphyseal pantographs capture the vertical
axis of each working condyle as first described by Gysi (Fig. 7).‘j The condylar
mechanism is adjusted sideways until the styli trace the lateral border movement
along both symphyseal pantographs (Fig. 8). When this procedure has been re-
peated for the opposite side, the intercondylar distance has been established on the
instrument.
Balancing condylar motim: The balancing condylar motion is adjusted by com-
‘bining the individual condylar path curvature, vertical angulation, and Bennett angle
obtained from the pantographs. The condylar ball is mounted on a completely ad-
justable rod which allows for movement of the ball along any desired angulation and
plane. These adjustments allow for the complete duplication of the pantographs.
Once obtained, the articulator adjustments are recorded and can be reset.

Fig. 5.-Tht? protrusive tracing is recorded in the sagittal plane.

Fig. B.-Individual condylar slots are selected to correspond with the protrusive path de-
veloped by the patient.

Working condylar motion: The individual working condylar motion in three

dimensions can be reproduced. The Bennett shift, if any, is recorded by the hori-
zontal pantographs and transferred to the Bennett guide in the midline of the in-
strument. The Bennett guide can be shaped by grinding if necessary. The condylar
rod can be adjusted to any angulation in all three planes permitting individual
working condylar motion away from the original hinge axis line to its eccentric
position.
 J. Pros. Den.
1044 WEINBERG Nov.-Dec.. 1963

Face-bow Mounting of the Final Maxillary Cast.-The eccentric records have

been transferred to the articular before the final casts have been mounted. A maxil-
lary face-bow is adjusted precisely to the hinge axis and infraorbital tattoos. The
maxillary cast is then attached to the upper member of the articulator. The hinge
axis and infraorbital tattoos allow the casts to be remounted at any future time
without repeating the procedure, unless specifically desired.
Centric Relation Record.-The centric relation record is obtained, usually in
wax, with the mandible in the most retruded hinge position.

Fig. ‘I.-The vertical axis of the working condyle is located by means of the symphyseal
pantographs.
Fig. 8.- The adjustable intercondylar mechanism is positioned so that the styli follow the
tracing along both symphyseal pantographs.

MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF THE GNATHOLOGIC INSTRUMENT

Kinenzatic Location of the Hinge A&.-The hinge axis of the instrument

coincides with that of the patient. Therefore, removing a centric relation record
and closing the art&ulator produce no error.
Arbitrary Location of the Anterior Point of Orientation.-The anterior point
of orientation can be completely arbitrary without producing error only in a three-
dimensional system of recording. Once this point has been established by a landmark,
such as a tattoo mark on the skin over the infra orbital notch, it must be accurately
“N”l;wnir ‘6”
” BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART IV 1045

and consistently used for orientation. In the articulators discussed previously, the
condylar mechanisms are adjusted with the use of eccentric interocclusal records.
The arbitrary orientation of the occlusal plane affects the readings and the resultant
occlusion.7
With three dimensional pantographs, the condylar readings are not obtained
fro~l~ the instrument but are recorded in the tracings and brought to the instrument.
If a different plane of occlusion is selected and kept constant, the three-dimensional
motion produced will be identical in relation to that plane of occlusion, In other
words, three-dimensional motion, as recorded in the pantographs, is fixed in relation
to the two jaws and transferred in tofal to the instrument. No error is produced by
the arbitrary orientation of the plane of occlusion.

CURVED CONDYLAR
02+
b2
=
PATH
c2
x2= + (312

X = 12,341mm.
(12.7)2

z= Y-X

FIG.9 Z = 12.7- 12.341

2 = 0.359mm.
(APPROX. 0.4mm.J

FISCHER ANGLE : ERROR PRODUCED AT

2nd MOLAR CUSP HEIGHT

SIN I” 15’ = +

X = 0.065444 mm.
3
2X= 0.130888 mm.
(A~PROX. 0. I mm.)

Fig. 9.-Mathematical solution for the maximum difference between a straight condylar path
and a $ inch radius curve.
Fig. IO.-Mathematical solution for the error produced at the cusp height due to a 2%
degree change in cuspal inclination produced by not recording the Fischer angle.

Curved Condylar Path.-The curved condylar path and inclination are recorded
and transferred to the instrument. The 0.4 mm. condylar error associated with a
straight condylar mechanism is eliminated (Fig. 9).
Balancing Condylar Movement.-The Bennett angle and curvature of the bal-
ancing condylar motion on each side of the mouth of the patient are reproduced
effectively. The Fischer angle is recorded in the pantographs and used for the ad-
justment of the instrument. This eliminates the 0.1 mm. error produced at the
second molar cusp height when the protrusive inclination is used for the balancing
inclination (Fig. 10).
1046 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
Nov.-Dec.. 1963

Fig. Il.-The Bennett angle of the balancing condyle is reduced when the working condyle
rotates without any lateral movement. A, the horizontal pantograph on- the balancing side; B,
the sagittal pantograph on the balancing side; C, the sagittal pantograph on the working side; D,
the horizontal pantograph on the working side; and E and F, the symphyseal pantographs.

Working Condylar Movenzents.-Three dimensional reproduction of the move-

ments of the working condyle can be obtained.
On a theoretical basis, no mathematical error is produced at the cusp level.

EVALUATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE GNATHOLOGIC INSTRUMENT

Gnathologic concepts can be evaluated by comparing different types of man-

dibular motion with their reproduction on the instrument. To facilitate description,
the articulator movements are illustrated in the same direction as those of the patient.

Fig. Il.-The movement of the balancing condyle is controlled primarily by the adjustment
of the condylar slot. The Bennett guide must be positioned at approximately 90 degrees to the
hinge axis line H.A. in order to reproduce rotation with no lateral movement on the working side.
volun~e
Number
13
6
BASIC ARTICULATORS AIGD THEIR CONCEPTS, PART IV 1047

Rotating Working Colzdyle.-Since the mandible is a solid object, the idi-

vidual balancing and working condylar movements and their respective pantographs
are interrelated. When the working condyle only rotates, there is a corresponding
reduction in the Bennett angle of the balancing condyle. This is reflected in the
horizontal pantograph on the balancing side (A, Fig. 11). The vertical component
of the balancing condylar path is traced on the sagittal pantograph (B, Fig. 11) .
The sagittal pantograph on the working side shows a slight upward and back-
ward “backlash” tracing (C, Fig. 11). This movement occurs despite the fact that
the working condyle is only rotating. It is produced by the relatively steeper down-
ward and forward movement of the balancing condyle together with the fact that
the tracing is a projection of the axis beyond the condyle. Similarly, the tracing on
the horizontal pantograph of the working side curves backward and slightly laterally
(D, Fig. 11). This movement also is due to the distance of the working stylus be-
yond the rotating working condyle, and the medial and forward movement of the
balancing condyle.
lnstruwwnt Mot&.-The vertical inclination and curved path of the balancing
condyle are set by the condylar slot. The Bennett angle is controlled mostly by the
medial angulation of the condylar slot (Fig. 12). The adjustable intercondylar dis-
tance locates the nontranslating vertical axis. The coordinated effect of the Bennett
guide and the inclination of the working condylar rod controls the working condylar
movement.
The Bennett guide is practically at right angles to the original hinge axis line
in order to reproduce pure working side rotation (Fig. 12).
Working Condyle: Backward, Upward, and Laterally-The Bennett angle of
the balancing condyle is increased to accommodate for the lateral shift of the work-
ing condyle when it moves backward, upward, and laterally. This increase in the
medial component of the balancing condylar movement is traced on the horizontal
pantograph on that side (A, Fig. 13). The vertical component of the balancing
condylar motion is traced on the sagittal pantograph as usual (Z?, Fig. 13).
The vertical component of the working condyle produces the “blacklash”
1:racing on the sagittal pantograph of that side (C, Fig. 13). The upward and back-
ward character of the tracing is exaggerated because of the distance of the stylus
beyond the working condyle and the relatively steeper downward and forward
movement of the opposite balancing condyle.
The lateral component of the working condyle is traced on the horizontal panto-
!Traph on that side (D, Fig. 13). Its character is also exaggerated because of its
iiistance from the working condyle and the relatively greater movement of the
lsalancing condyle.
Instr~~enf Motiopl.--The balancing condylar motion is similar enough in
character in each instance to make its repetitive description unnecessary.
The adjustable intercondylar distance locates the vertical axis. To reproduce
backward, upward, and lateral working condylar movement, the Bennett guide
inclination is increased to produce the lateral shift, The upward and backward
components of the working condyle are influenced directly by the inclination of the
condylar rod on which the condylar sphere slides (Fig. 14). The balancing condylar
1048 WEINBERG

Fig. 13.-When the working condyle moves upward, backward, and laterally, the Bennett
angle of the balancing condyle is increased. A, the horizontal pantograph and B, the sagittal panto-
graph of the balancing condyle; C, the sagittal pantograph and D, the horizontal pantograph of
the working condyle; and E and F, the symphyseal pantographs.

path also has some influence to a lesser degree. Reproduction of three-dimensional

motion is possible by the coordination of all of these adjustable factors.
Working Condyle: Downward, Forward, Laterally.-The pantographs asso-
ciated with the downward, forward, and lateral working condylar motion are shown

Fig. 14.-The instrument is adjusted for backward, upward, and lateral condyle motion. The
adjustable intercondylar distance is positioned to locate the vertical axis. To reproduce back-
ward, upward, and lateral working condylar movement, the Bennett guide inclination is in-
creased to produce the lateral shift. The upward and backward components of the working con-
dyle are influenced directly by the inclination of the condylar rod on which the condylar sphere
slides. The balancing condylar path also has some influence but to a lesser degree. H.A, the
hinge axis shifts to a new position.
Volume 13 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART IV 1049
h’umber 6

Fig. l&-The working condyle has moved downward, forward, and laterally. A, the hori-
zontal pantograph and B, the sagittal pantographs on the balancing side; D, the horizontal panto-
graph and C, the sagittal pantograph on the working side: and E and F, the symphyseal
pantographs.

in Fig. 15. Changes in the character of the tracings are observed mostly on the
working side. The upward “back-lash” tracing on the sagittal working side panto-
graph (C, Fig. 15) is influenced by the opposite balancing condylar motion. Even
though the working condyle may move slightly downward, the relatively greater

Fig. l&-The instrument is adjusted for downward, forward, and lateral condyle motion.
The adjustable intercondylar distance and the balancing condylar settings are first adjusted. The
lateral component of the movement is controlled mainly by the Bennett guide. The downward
and forward components of the movements of the working condyle are influenced directly by the
downward and forward inclination of the condylar rod. The balancing condylar path influences
this motion to a lesser degree. H.A., the hinge axis.
 J. Pros. Den.
1050 WEINBERG Nov..Dec., 1963

Fig. 17.-The working condyle has moved laterally along the original hinge axis line. A, the
horizontal pantograph and B, the sagittal pantograph on the, balancing side; C, the sagittal panto-
graph and D, the horizontal pantograph on the working side; E and F are symphyseal tracings.

vertical drop of the balancing condyle results in an upward component on the

tracing (C, Fig. 15).
The lateral component of the working condylar movement is traced on the
horizontal pantograph on that side (D, Fig. 15).

Fig. 18.-The instrument is adjusted for a lateral shift of the working condyle along the
original hinge axis line. The adjustable intercondylar distance and the balancing condylar set-
tings are adjusted as usual. The increased lateral component of the working condyle is repro-
duced by adjusting the Bennett guide. The working condylar rod is slightly inclined and rotated
so that the working condylar sphere can remain on the original hinge axis line (H.A.) during
lateral movements. By the coordinated control of the Bennett guide, the working condyle pin
inclination, and, to a lesser degree, the balancing condylar movement, the three dimensional
working condylar movement is reproduced.
 BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART IV 1051

Fig. lg.-The working condyle has moved downward, backward, and laterally. A, the hori-
zonl.al pantograph and B, the sagittal pantograph for the balancing condyle; C, the sagittal panto-
graph and D, the horizontal pantograph for the working condyle; and E and F, the symphyseal
pantographs.

Instrwnent Motion.--The adjustable intercondylar distance and the balancing

condylar settings are adjusted according to the pantograph. The lateral component
is controlled mainly by the Bennett guide. The downward and forward components
of the working condyle are influenced directly by the downward and forward in-
clination of the condylar rod (Fig. 16). The balancing condylar path influences this
mol:ion to a lesser degree.

Fig. 20.-The instrument is adjusted to accommodate a working condylar motion downward,

backward, and laterally. The adjustable intercondylar distance and the balancing condylar set-
ting,s are adjusted as usual. The working condyle rod is rotated and inclined to allow the con-
dylar sphere to move downward and backward. while the Bennett guide controls the degree of
lateral shift.
1052 WEINBERG J. Pros. Den.
Nov..Dec.. 1963

Working Condyle: Lateral Shift Along the Original Hinge Axis Line.-Work-
ing condylar motion containing a lateral shift along the hinge axis line is illustrated
in Fig. 15. An increase in the Bennett angle is seen on the horizontal pantograph of
the balancing side (A, Fig. 17). A corresponding increase in the lateral component
is seen on the horizontal pantograph of the working side (D, Fig. 17).
Although the working condyle does not change its vertical level, the relatively
steep downward drop of the balancing condyle results in an upward component on
the sagittal tracing on the working side (C, Fig. 17).
. Instruwzent Motion.-The adjustable intercondylar distance and the balancing
condylar settings are adjusted as usual. The increased lateral component of the
working condyle is reproduced by adjusting the Bennett guide. The working con-
dylar rod is slightly inclined and rotated so that the working condylar sphere can
remain on the original hinge axis line during lateral movements (Fig. 18). The
three-dimensional working condylar movement is reproduced by the coordinated
control of the Bennett guide, the working condylar rod inclination, and to a lesser
degree the balancing condylar movement.
Worlzing Condylar Movement: Downwa.rd, Backward, and Laterally.-The
working side pantographs are more directly affected when the working condyle
moves downward, backward, and laterally. Even though the working condyle is
moving downward, the relatively steep downward drop of the balancing condyle
produces a slightly upward component on the sagittal tracing on the working side
(C, Fig. 19). The lateral component of the working condylar movement is traced
on the horizontal pantograph on that side (D, Fig. 19).
Instrument Motion.-The adjustable intercondylar distance and balancing con-
dylar settings are adjusted as usual. The working condylar rod is rotated and in-
clined to allow the condylar sphere to move downward and backward, while the
Bennett guide controls the degree of lateral shift (Fig. 20).

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE GNATHOLOGIC INSTRUMENT

On a conceptual basis, three-dimensional pantographs and the gnathologic

instrument produce no occlusal error. There are many factors that should be kept
in mind in relation to the above conclusion. Muscles have a degree of tonus varying
from day to day. To accommodate for this, the condyle is supposed to be in a
“bracing” position when the recordings are made. This condylar position is ac-
complished by mild pressure on the central bearing point. The condylar panto-
graphs are said to be obtained under functional conditions.
The shape of the central bearing plate is not in question as it does not affect
the condylar inclinations.8 However, pressure on the central bearing point may
cause a “rocking effect” of the mandible itself. Uneven unilateral muscular force
also can contribute to mandibular deviations.s
The weight and bulk of the instruments attached to the jaws are factors that
should also be kept in mind in evaluation of the records. Head position and respira-
tion have a definite relation to mandibular positioning.* These latter factors are

*Sidney Silverman, Personal communication.

;~l;;e; ‘6” BASIC ARTICULATORS AND THEIR CONCEPTS, PART IV 1053

common to all articulators as are the inaccuracies associated with the materials used
for record making, fabrication, and cementation.
I do not accept the principle that, if the border movements are recorded, all
of the possible movements in between them are automatically reproducible. The
patient would tend to choose the most harmonious path of motion by neuromuscular
reflex, provided it was within his physiologic tolerance.

SUMMARY

A gnathologic instrument in which three-dimensional pantographs are used

is extremely accurate in duplicating three-dimensional motion. Theoretically, no
occlzsal error is produced. However, the many variable factors discussed modify an
absolute clinical application of this conclusion.
This system is not applicable to the needs of simple fixed partial dentures. How-
ever, the instrument can be used with eccentric interocclusal records. When this is
done, the gnathologic instrument is more accurate than the Hanau Kinescope be-
cause it uses a curved condylar path and it is adjustable to all nonpathologic working
condylar motions.

CONCLUSIONS

Arbitrary concepts and their associated articulators are not adaptable for in-
dividual variation. The semiadjustable articulators, typified by the Hanau Model H,
are clinically adequate for complete denture construction. This type of instrument
is based on clinical averages. Therefore, when it is used for extensive fixed restora-
tion.; the way it was designed, the most serious error than can develop is a space
between the posterior teeth during lateral working side excursions. This is pro-
duced by the difference in the lateral mandibular movements of the patient when
compared with the articulator. The instrument settings can be modified to prevent
this negative error, effectively transforming the articulator into a practical laboratory
aid.
In order to reduce the amount of intraoral correction, the use of a fully ad-
just.able instrument that will accept lateral records may be desired. The Hanau
Kinjoscope and the Gysi Trubyte articulators are comparable in accuracy for this
purpose. Although they have different concepts for the reproduction of working
condylar motion, they both have a common fallacy. The working condylar motion is
not a three-dimensional guidance on the articulator. It is a mechanical contrivance
based on the ba.lancing condylar motion. For this reason they will not accept all
records.
Of the instruments examined, only the gnathologic type reproduces three-
dimensional guidance of the working condyle. Therefore, the gnathologic instrument
will accept all (nonpathologic) records and is the instrument of choice among the
fully adjustable articulators. This articulator can be adjusted to the accurate three-
dimensional pantographs or to eccentric interocclusal records.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Sidney I. Silverman and Dr. Edward Kauf-
man, and to the fa.culty of New York University for their thoughtful suggestions in the prep-
aration of this study.
 J. Pros. Den.
1054 WEINBERG
Nov..Dec.. 1963

REFERENCES

1. McCollum, B. B.: Fundamentals Involved in Prescribing Restorative Remedies, D. Items

Interest, 61:522-535 ; 641-648; 724-736 ; 852-863 ; 942-950, 1939.
2. Walker, W.: Movements of the Mandibular Condyles and Dental Articulation, D. Cosmos
38:573-582,1896.
Isaacson, D.: A Clinical Study of the Bennett Movement, J. PROS. DEN. 8:641-649, 1958.
:: Weinberg, L. A. : Incisal and Condylar Guidance in Relation to Cuspal Inclination in Lateral
Excursions. 1. PROS. DEN. 9:851-862. 1959.
5. Weinberg, L. A.: ‘Arcon Principle in the Condylar Mechanism of Adjustable Articulators,
J. PROS. DEN. 13:263-268, 1963.
6. Gysi, A. : Practical Application of Research Results in Denture Construction (Mandibular
Movements), George Wood Clapp, collaborator, J.A.D.A. 16: 199-223, 1929.
Weinberg, L. A. : .4n Evaluation of the Face-Bow Mounting, J. PROS. DEN. 11:32-42, 1961.
2 Cohen, R.: The Relationship of Anterior Guidance to Condylar Guidance in Mandibular
Movements, J. PROS. DEN. 61758-767, 1956.
9. Schuyle;;)6t. H.: Factors Contrrbutmg to Traumatic Occlusion, J. PROS. DEN. 11:708-715,

57 WEST 57 ST.
NEW YORK 17, N.Y.