SENSATI

ONANDPERCEPTI
ON

Se
nsa
tion:
Thea
cti
vat
ionoft
hese
nseor
gansbyasou
rceofp
hysi
cale
ner
gy.

Pe
rce
pti
on:Thesor
tingou
t,i
nte
rpr
eta
tion,a
nal
ysi
s,a
ndi
nte
gra
tionofst
imu
liby
t
hese
nseor
gansa
ndbr
ain.

St
imu
lus:
Ene
rgyt
hatp
rod
uce
sar
esp
onsei
nase
nseor
gan.

Psyc
hop
hysi
cs:
Thest
udyoft
her
ela
tionshi
pbe
twe
ent
hep
hysi
cala
spe
ctsofst
imu
li
a
ndou
rpsyc
hol
ogi
cale
xpe
rie
nceoft
hem.

Absol
utet
hre
shol
d:Thesma
lle
sti
nte
nsi
tyofast
imu
lust
hatmu
stbep
rese
ntf
ort
he
st
imu
lust
obed
ete
cte
d.

 Ana
bsol
utet
hre
shol
dist
hest
imu
lusi
nte
nsi
tyt
hati
sde
tec
ted50
%oft
het
ime
.
Fore
xamp
le,t
hese
nseoft
ouc
hissose
nsi
tivet
hatwec
anf
eelabe
e’swi
ng
f
all
ingonou
rche
ekswhe
niti
sdr
opp
edf
romad
ist
anc
eof1c
ent
ime
tre
.

Di
ffe
renc
ethr
eshol
d(j
ustnot
ice
abl
edi
ffe
renc
e):Thesma
lle
stl
eve
lofa
dde
dor
r
edu
cedst
imu
lat
ionr
equ
ire
dtose
nset
hatac
hangei
nst
imu
lat
ionha
soc
cur
red
.

We
ber
’sl
aw:
Aba
sicl
awofp
syc
hop
hysi
csst
ati
ngt
hataj
ustnot
ice
abl
edi
ffe
renc
eis
ac
onst
antp
rop
ort
iont
othei
nte
nsi
tyofa
nini
tia
lst
imu
lus(
rat
hert
hanac
onst
ant
a
mou
nt)

Ad
apt
ati
on:An a
dju
stme
nt i
n se
nsor
yca
pac
itya
fte
rpr
olonge
dexp
osu
ret
o
u
ncha
ngi
ngst
imu
li.

 Ad
apt
ati
onoc
cur
sasp
eop
lebe
comea
ccu
stome
dtoast
imu
lusa
ndc
hanget
hei
r
f
rameofr
efe
renc
e.I
nase
nse
,ou
rbr
ainme
nta
llyt
urnsd
ownt
hevol
umeof
t
hest
imu
lat
iont
hati
t’
sexp
eri
enc
ing
.

 Onee
xamp
leofa
dap
tat
ioni
sthed
ecr
easei
nse
nsi
tivi
tyt
hatoc
cur
saf
ter
r
epe
ate
dexp
osu
ret
oast
rongst
imu
lus.

 I
fyouwe
ret
ohe
aral
oudt
oneove
randove
raga
in,
eve
ntu
all
yitwou
ldbe
gin
t
o sou
ndsof
ter
.Si
mil
arl
y,a
lthou
gh j
ump
ing i
nto ac
oldl
akema
y be
t
emp
ora
ril
yunp
lea
sant
,eve
ntu
all
y you p
roba
bly wi
llge
tuse
dtot
he
 t
emp
era
tur
e.

 Thi
sap
par
entd
ecl
inei
nse
nsi
tivi
tyt
ose
nsor
yst
imu
lii
sdu
etot
hei
nabi
lit
y
oft
hese
nsor
yne
rver
ece
ptor
stof
ireof
fme
ssa
gest
othebr
aini
nde
fini
tel
y.
Be
cau
set
heser
ece
ptorc
ell
sar
emostr
esp
onsi
vet
ocha
nge
sinst
imu
lat
ion,
c
onst
antst
imu
lat
ioni
snote
ffe
cti
vei
npr
odu
cingasu
sta
ine
dre
act
ion.

 Ju
dgme
ntsofse
nsor
yst
imu
lia
rea
lsoa
ffe
cte
dbyt
hec
ont
exti
nwhi
cht
he
j
udgme
ntsa
rema
de.Thi
sist
hec
asebe
cau
sej
udgme
ntsa
rema
denoti
n
i
sol
ati
onf
romot
herst
imu
libu
tint
ermsofp
rec
edi
ngse
nsor
yexp
eri
enc
e.

Ge
sta
ltl
awsofor
gani
zat
ion:Ase
rie
sofp
rinc
ipl
est
hatd
esc
ribehowweor
gani
ze
bi
tsa
ndp
iec
esofi
nfor
mat
ioni
ntome
ani
ngf
ulwhol
es.

 LAWOFSI
MILARI
TY

Thel
aw ofsi
mil
ari
tysu
gge
stst
hatsi
mil
art
hingst
endt
oap
pea
rgr
oup
ed
t
oge
the
r.Gr
oup
ingc
anoc
curi
nbot
hvi
sua
landa
udi
tor
yst
imu
li.
Fore
xamp
le,
gr
oup
ingsofc
irc
lesa
srowsr
athe
rtha
nju
stac
oll
ect
ionofd
otsort
ria
ngl
e.
 LAWOFPROXI
MITY

Ac
cor
dingt
othel
awofp
roxi
mit
y,t
hingst
hata
rene
are
achot
herse
emt
obe
gr
oup
edt
oge
the
r.Thec
irc
lesont
hel
efta
ppe
art
obep
artofonegr
oup
ing
whi
let
hoseont
her
ighta
ppe
art
obep
artofa
not
her
.Be
cau
set
heobj
ect
sar
e
c
loset
oea
chot
her
,wegr
oupt
hemt
oge
the
r.

 LAWOFCLOSURE

Ac
cor
dingt
othel
aw ofc
losu
re,t
hingsa
regr
oup
edt
oge
the
rift
heyse
emt
o
c
omp
let
esomee
nti
ty.
Ourbr
ainsof
teni
gnor
econt
rad
ict
oryi
nfor
mat
iona
nd
f
illi
nga
psi
ninf
orma
tion.Thesha
pesofac
irc
lea
ndr
ect
angl
ear
est
ill

f
orme
dbe
cau
seyou
rbr
ainf
ill
sint
hemi
ssi
ngga
psi
nor
dert
ocr
eat
ea
me
ani
ngf
uli
mage
.

 LAWOFSI
MPLI
CITY
 Whe
nweobse
rveap
att
ern,wep
erc
eivei
tint
hemostba
sic
,st
rai
ght
for
war
d
ma
nne
rtha
twec
an.Fore
xamp
le,mostofu
sse
easqu
arewi
thl
ine
sont
wo
si
des,r
athe
rtha
nast
hebl
ockl
ett
erW ont
opoft
hel
ett
erM .
Ifweha
vea

c
hoi
ceofi
nte
rpr
eta
tions,
wege
ner
all
yop
tfort
hesi
mpl
erone
.

Top
-down Pr
oce
ssi
ng:Pe
rce
pti
on t
hati
s gu
ide
d by hi
ghe
r-l
eve
l knowl
edge
,
e
xpe
rie
nce
,exp
ect
ati
ons
,andmot
iva
tions
.

 Top
-downa
ndbot
tom-
upp
roc
essi
ngoc
cursi
mul
tane
ousl
y,a
ndi
nte
rac
twi
th
e
achot
her
,inou
rpe
rce
pti
onoft
hewor
lda
rou
ndu
s.

 TopDownPr
oce
ssi
ng-St
art
satyou
rse
nsor
yre
cep
tor
sandwor
ksu
pto
hi
ghe
rle
velorp
roc
essi
ng(
Sensa
tion)

Bot
tom–UpPr
oce
ssi
ng:
Per
cep
tiont
hatc
onsi
stsoft
hep
rogr
essi
onofr
ecogni
zing
a
ndp
roc
essi
ngi
nfor
mat
ionf
romi
ndi
vid
ualc
omp
one
ntsofast
imu
lia
ndmovi
ngt
o
t
hep
erc
ept
ionoft
hewhol
e.

 Bot
tom-
upp
roc
essi
ngp
ermi
tsu
stop
roc
esst
hef
und
ame
nta
lcha
rac
ter
ist
ics
ofst
imu
li,
whe
rea
stop
-downp
roc
essi
nga
llowsu
stobr
ingou
rexp
eri
enc
eto
be
aronp
erc
ept
ion.

 Bot
tom UpPr
oce
ssi
ng-Const
ruc
tsp
erc
ept
ion f
rom t
hese
nsor
yinp
utby
c
ombi
ngt
hati
npu
twi
the
xpe
rie
nce
sande
xpe
cta
tion(
Per
cep
tion)

Fe
atu
reAna
lysi
s:Wer
ecogni
zeobj
ect
sbya
sse
mbl
ingt
hei
r"f
eat
ure
s"t
ode
ter
mine
wha
ttheobj
ecti
s.

Fore
xamp
le,
weknowt
hatac
hai
rtyp
ica
llyha
save
rti
calba
ck,
ahor
izont
alse
at,
and
ve
rti
call
egs.
Whe
nwes
eeac
hai
r,wer
ecogni
zei
tforwha
titi
sbe
cau
sei
tsa
tisf
ies
t
heser
ule
sforwha
tac
hai
ris.

De
pthp
erc
ept
ion:
Thea
bil
ityt
ovi
ewt
hewor
ldi
nthr
eed
ime
nsi
onsa
ndt
ope
rce
ive
d
ist
anc
e.

Thebr
aini
nte
gra
test
het
woi
mage
sint
oonevi
ew,bu
tita
lsor
ecogni
zest
he
d
iff
ere
ncei
nima
gesa
ndu
sest
hisd
iff
ere
ncet
oest
ima
tet
hed
ist
anc
eofa
nobj
ect
f
romu
s.

Bi
noc
ula
rDi
spa
rit
y:Thed
iff
ere
ncei
nthei
mage
sse
enbyt
hel
efte
yea
ndt
her
ight
e
yei
sknowna
sbi
noc
ula
rdi
spa
rit
y.

Monoc
ula
rCu
e:Ce
rta
inc
uesp
ermi
tust
oobt
ainase
nseofd
ept
handd
ist
anc
ewi
th
j
ustonee
ye.
The
sec
uesa
reknowna
smonoc
ula
rcu
es.

Mot
ionPa
ral
lax—i
sthec
hangei
nposi
tionofa
nobj
ectont
her
eti
nac
ause
dby
move
mentofyou
rbod
yre
lat
ivet
otheobj
ect
.

 Fore
xamp
le,su
pposeyoua
reap
asse
nge
rinamovi
ngc
ar,a
ndyouf
ocu
syou
r
e
yeonast
abl
eobj
ectsu
cha
sat
ree
.Obj
ect
stha
tar
ecl
ose
rtha
nthet
reewi
ll
a
ppe
art
omoveba
ckwa
rd,
andt
hene
are
rtheobj
ecti
s,t
hemor
equ
ickl
yitwi
ll
a
ppe
art
omove
.

 I
ncont
rast
,obj
ect
sbe
yondt
het
reewi
llse
emt
omovea
tasl
owe
rsp
eed
,bu
t
i
nthesa
med
ire
cti
ona
syoua
re.You
rbr
aini
sabl
etou
set
hesec
uest
o
c
alc
ula
tet
her
ela
tived
ist
anc
esoft
het
reea
ndot
herobj
ect
s.

Pe
rce
ptu
alc
onst
anc
y:Thep
henome
noni
nwhi
chp
hysi
calobj
ect
sar
epe
rce
ive
das
u
nva
ryi
nga
ndc
onsi
ste
ntd
esp
itec
hange
sint
hei
rap
pea
ranc
eori
nthep
hysi
cal
e
nvi
ronme
nt.

 Pe
rce
ptu
alc
onst
anc
yle
adsu
stovi
ew obj
ect
sasha
vinga
nunva
ryi
ngsi
ze,
sha
pe,
col
our
,andbr
ight
ness,
eve
nift
hei
mageonou
rre
tinava
rie
s.

 For e
xamp
le,d
esp
itet
he va
ryi
ng i
mage
s on t
he r
eti
na a
sana
irp
lane
a
ppr
oac
hes
,fl
iesove
rhe
ad,a
ndd
isa
ppe
ars
,wed
onotp
erc
eivet
hea
irp
lanea
s
c
hangi
ngsha
pe.
Pe
rce
ptu
alI
llu
sion

Vi
sua
lil
lusi
ons:
Physi
calst
imu
lit
hatc
onsi
ste
ntl
ypr
odu
cee
rror
sinp
erc
ept
ion.

TheMü
lle
r-Lye
ril
lusi
on:

Anop
tic
ali
llu
sioni
nwhi
cht
her
ear
etwol
ine
sofsa
mel
engt
h,t
heonewi
tht
he
a
rrowt
ipsp
oint
ingou
twa
rd,a
wayf
romt
heve
rti
call
inea
ppe
arst
obeshor
tert
han
t
heonewi
tht
hea
rrowt
ipsp
oint
ingi
nwa
rd.

 Eyemove
ment
sar
egr
eat
erwhe
nthea
rrow t
ipsp
ointi
nwa
rd,ma
kingu
s
p
erc
eivet
hel
inea
slonge
rtha
niti
swhe
nthea
rrowt
ipsf
aceou
twa
rd.

 Weu
nconsc
iou
slya
ttr
ibu
tep
art
icu
larsi
gni
fic
anc
etoe
ach oft
hel
ine
s.
Be
cau
sep
revi
ouse
xpe
rie
ncel
ead
sust
oas
sumet
hesei
nva
ria
ntl
engt
hs.

 Cr
oss-
cul
tur
alst
udi
esshow t
hatp
eop
ler
aise
dina
rea
swhe
ret
her
ear
efe
w
r
ighta
ngl
es—su
cha
stheZu
lui
nAf
ric
a—a
remu
chl
esssu
sce
pti
blet
othe
i
llu
siont
hana
rep
eop
lewhogr
ow u
pwhe
remostst
ruc
tur
esa
rebu
iltu
sing
r
ighta
ngl
esa
ndr
ect
angl
es.

 Va
ria
tionsi
nle
arni
nga
nde
xpe
rie
ncep
rod
ucec
ross
-cu
ltu
rald
iff
ere
nce
sin
p
erc
ept
ion,
andt
heu
nde
rlyi
ngp
syc
hol
ogi
calp
roc
esse
sinvol
vedi
npe
rce
pti
on
a
resi
mil
ar.

 The
rei
saba
sicc
onne
cti
onbe
twe
enou
rpr
iorknowl
edge
,ne
eds
,mot
iva
tions
,
a
nde
xpe
cta
tionsa
bou
thowt
hewor
ldi
spu
ttoge
the
randt
hewa
ywep
erc
eive
i
t.Ou
rvi
ew oft
hewor
ldi
sve
rymu
cha
nou
tcome
,the
n,off
und
ame
nta
l
p
syc
hol
ogi
calf
act
ors.Fu
rthe
rmor
e,e
achp
ersonp
erc
eive
sthee
nvi
ronme
nt
i
nawa
ytha
tisu
niqu
eandsp
eci
al.

Ve
rti
cal
–hor
izont
ali
llu
sion
Theve
rti
cal
–hor
izont
ali
llu
sioni
sthet
end
enc
yforobse
rve
rst
oove
rest
ima
tet
he
l
engt
hofave
rti
call
iner
ela
tivet
oahor
izont
all
ineoft
hesa
mel
engt
h.Thi
s

i
nvol
vesabi
sec
tingc
omp
one
ntt
hatc
ause
sthebi
sec
tingl
inet
oap
pea
rlonge
rtha
n
t
hel
inet
hati
sbi
sec
ted
.

Phip
henome
non

Thep
hip
henome
noni
stheop
tic
ali
llu
sionofp
erc
eivi
ngase
rie
sofst
illi
mage
s,

whe
nvi
ewe
dinr
api
dsu
cce
ssi
on,
asc
ont
inu
ousmot
ion.

Au
to-
kine
ticI
llu
sion:
Thea
uto-
kine
tice
ffe
ct(
alsor
efe
rre
dtoa
sau
to-
kine
sis
)isap
henome
nonofvi
sua
l
p
erc
ept
ioni
nwhi
chast
ati
ona
ry,sma
llp
ointofl
ighti
nanot
her
wised
arkor

f
eat
ure
lesse
nvi
ronme
nta
ppe
arst
omove
.