COMMUNICATION • Is the process of expressing and

exchanging information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings. • According to Wood

(20004), communication is a systematic process in which individuals interact
with and through symbols to create and interpret meaning. • Communication
is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one
person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures
(McCornack, 2014).

12. COMMUNICATION Contexts/ Situations face-to-face interaction, a phone

conversation, a group discussion, a meeting or interview, a letter
correspondence, a class recitation, and many others.

13. NATURE of COMMUNICATION

14. •Communication is a process •Communication is systematic

•Communication is symbolic •Communication involves meaning

15. DIFFERENT LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION

16. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

17. COMPONENTS • Speaker • Message • Encoding • Channel • Decoding •

Receiver • Feedback • Context • Barrier

18. COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN AND NOISE• Breakdowns occur in the

communication process from time to time, Occurs when the message or the
feedback is not sent or received properly- at least in the way that sender
intends- or is not received by the concerned party altogether. • Noise is a
technical term used to refer to all the possible barriers to effective
communication.

19. KINDS OF NOISE •Physical Noise •Psychological Noise •Physiological

Noise •Semantic Noise

20. Process of Communication •The speaker generates an idea. •The speaker

encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or actions. •The speaker
transmits or sends out a message. •The receiver gets the message. •The
receiver decodes or interprets the based on the context. •The receiver sends
or provides feedback.

21. Example • Daphne loves Rico, her suitor, as a friend. • She thinks of how
to tell him using their native language. • She tells him, “Rico, mahal kita
bilang kaibigan.” • Rico hears what Daphne says. • He tries to analyze what
she means based on the content and their relationship, and he is
heartbroken. • He frowns and does not say something, because he in pain.

22. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

23. LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL •Shows a straight path of relaying

information. •One directional •Proposed by Aristotle

24. INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL •Two way process •Interaction

25. TRANSACTION MODEL •Developed by Dean Barnlund •Shows

communication as occurring continuously and simultaneously between or
among people. •The Transaction Model is a two-way process with the
inclusion of feedback as

26. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL •Known as the mother of all communication

models, •Shannon-Weaver model (1949) depicts communication as a linear or
one-way process consisting of five elements •This model, however, has been
criticized for missing one essential element in the communication process:
feedback.

Definition of Communication
A. Etymological meaning of communication

The word communication is derived from two Latin words “

Communis ” (noun) and communicare - verb which means

commonality and to make common respectively. From the viewpoint of
etymological depth, communication refers to sharing of something.

B. Other meanings of communication

Communication is the process of expressing and exchanging

information, thoughts, ideas and feelings. According to Wood (2004),
communication is a systematic process in which individuals interact with
and through symbols to create and interpret meaning.

Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or

information from one person to another within and across channels,

contexts, media, and cultures (Mc Comack, 2014).

Communication is a structured two-way process essential in

transmitting information and expressing ideas among individuals. This
two-way process may come in two forms: verbal with the use of
words or utterances, speeches, presentations and announcements
among others and nonverbal communication with the use of gestures,
body movements, facial expressions, posture, and eye contact. Human
beings communicate in two types of settings: informal and formal.

Informal communication is the casual and unofficial form of communication

wherein the information is exchanged spontaneously between two or more
persons without conforming the prescribed official rules, processes, system,
formalities and chain of command. Formal communication refers to
interchange of information officially. The

flow of communication is controlled. An example of this formal

communication are the following: meetings within an organization, memos,
reports, legal documents and publications.

Elements of Communication
Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand its

mechanics or process. These elements are the following:

1. Speaker- the source of information or message

2. Message- the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in

words or in actions

3. Encoding- the process of converting the message into words,

actions, or other forms that the speaker understands

4. Channel- the medium or the means, such as personal or non-

personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed or
transmitted.

5. Decoding- the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker

by the receiver

6. Receiver- the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes

the message

7. Feedback- the reactions, responses, or information provided by the

receiver

8. Context- the environment where communication takes place

9. Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of communication

Process of Communication
Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from

one person to another. The communication process involves six basic

elements:

sender (encoder), message, channel, receiver (decoder), noise/barrier and

feedback.

Sometimes we fail to communicate effectively which leads to

misunderstanding or confusion. Why do you think this happen? How can we
avoid this scenario?

We are sometimes misunderstood because of the way we speak, the tone of

our voice, the manner of our speech, the non-verbal actions that we use in a
face-to- face conversation. We are also misinterpreted when we send texts
or chat messages because of the brief messages that we send which are
devoid of emotions

Learn by heart the process of communication for you to become a

good communicator and to avoid misunderstandings or miscommunications.

Study the illustration below:

Process

Example

1. The speaker generates an idea.

Daphne loves Rico, her suitor, as a

friend.

2. The speaker encodes an idea or

converts the idea into words or actions.

She thinks of how to tell him using their

native language.
3. The speaker transmits or sends out a

message.

She tells him,

“Rico, mahal kita bilang

kaibigan.”

4. The receiver gets the message.

Rico hears what Daphne says.

5. The receiver decodes or interprets the

message based on the context.

He tries to analyze what she means

based on the content and their

relationship, and he is heartbroken.

6. The receiver sends or provides

feedback.

He frowns and does not say anything,

because he is in pain.

Source: Oral Communication in Context for Senior High School (Sipacio,

P.J.F., & Balgos, A. R. G.

(2016).

As seen in the illustration, communication begins when the speaker or

source generates an idea then encodes or convert that idea into words or
actions. Once the idea is converted into words or actions, the speaker sends
or transmits the message through a particular channel or means of
communication. The receiver on the other

Barriers to Communication
Miscommunication and misunderstanding occur at times because of certain

barriers. To become an effective communicator, you should familiarize

yourselves with these barriers that hinder the communication process.
Recognizing these barriers will enable you to control the situation, reset
conditions and start anew.

Functions, Nature and Process of

Communication
Webster defines communication as a process by which information is
exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs
or behavior.

Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or

information from one person to another using different means, medium,
context, media, and cultures.

There are different ways and terms in which communication can be

manifested. It can be through face-to-face, a phone conversation, a group
discussion, a meeting or interview, a letter correspondence, a class
recitation, and many others. In other words, the basic functions of
communication are to achieve understanding or shared meaning and to
persuade, inform, entertain and manage relationships

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand its

mechanics or process. These

elements are the following:

1. Speaker – the source of information or message

2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in

words or in actions

3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions, or

other forms that the speaker understands

4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal,

verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed

5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the

speaker by the receiver

6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the

message
7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the
receiver

8. Context – the environment where communication takes place

9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Basically, there are five functions of communication. These are control,
social interaction, motivation,

emotional expression, and information dissemination.

1. Control – Communication functions to control behavior.

2. Social Interaction – Communication allows individuals to interact with

others.

3. Motivation – Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.

4. Emotional expression – Communication facilitates people’s expression of

their feelings and emotions.

5. Information dissemination – Communication functions to convey

information

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication is a process. Communication as a process means it is a
step by step activity and it is essentially

a two-way process that involves the active participation of both the sender
and receiver. It is the act or process of

using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information

or to express your ideas, thoughts,

feelings, etc., to someone else.

2. Communication is much more of an ART than a science. There is no right

or wrong way to communicate – no set of absolute rules to be followed but
there are underlying principles to guide us into an effective communication.
3. Communication has a sender and receiver. Communication occurs
between two or more people acting as the speaker or the receiver of the
message.

4. Communication is verbal or non-verbal. Communication can be expressed

through written or spoken words (verbal) or actions (non-verbal) of both
spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time. It does involve ideas
and emotions that are expressed through signs, symbols and gestures.

5. Communication is inevitable. Inevitability means communication is taking

place even when someone does not want or intend to communicate. This
“does not want to communicate” feeling of someone actually does
communicate something. You cannot avoid communicating even when you
do not want to communicate, you are communicating.

You are sending a message by the way you smile, or frown, sit or move or by
the way you walk or dress up yourself and by your actions. And even when
you are sleeping in class, you are communicating that you are either bored or
sick or whatever your reasons be!

6. Communication is irreversible. This means that what you have said can
never be unsaid. Irreversibility happens the very minute you click the “OK”
button for a comment or post on your social media and that it would be too
late to take it back when a lot of people have already reacted, and
commented to it. The same thing when you perhaps throw a hurting or
offensive word to your enemy because of your anger so we must be careful
and choose the appropriate words to say before saying them.

7. Communication is Unrepeatable. Unrepeatability means that an act of

communication can never be duplicated.

We may say the same thing over and over again but the effect of what you
said the second or third or fourth time will not be the same as the first time
you said it.

Purpose of Oral Communication

Why Communication breakdowns?

A communication breakdown occurs when communication is incomprehensible to one party or
entirely absent between two people. For example, communication breakdown
occurs when a couple fights and then refuses to speak to each other,
according to Psychology Today.

Otherwise known as “the silent treatment,” refusing to communicate is one of

the most common forms of communication breakdown. It usually occurs
when two parties disagree or when someone says something offensive or
hurtful. There are several ways to help fix or avoid communication breakdown.
In instances where one party is simply having difficulty understanding, slowing
down verbal communication or attempting to explain problem areas are two
ways to ensure communication breakdown doesn’t occur. When two parties
are fighting or disagreeing, sometimes an apology or admittance of
wrongdoing can fix a communication breakdown, according to Daniel L.
Shapiro. When one person tends to takeover or control a conversation,
communication breakdown can occur because the second party doesn’t
actually have the chance to communicate. Be sure to ask the other person
how he is doing, what he has been up to or what’s new with him. If someone
else is controlling the conversation, try letting him know that he is dominating
the conversation.

What Is Stage Fright: Everything You Need To

Know About It
16/05/2019 by Janek Tuttar
Believe it or not, but I get asked about stage fright almost every single day. Fear of
public speaking is something that holds back a lot of speakers with great potential.
This is a widespread phobia that many people I’ve talked to have struggled with.
Fortunately, I’ve decided to put together a full guide for my readers who are
struggling with this issue.

So, what exactly is stage fright? Stage fright is an incredibly common

communication-based anxiety disorder, which usually occurs when you have
to speak in front of a group of people. Studies estimate that between 40–80%
of people may suffer from it. 
Performance anxiety can seriously affect your confidence when it comes to
addressing a group of people in public. And today, we’re going to dive head-first
into learning everything there is to know about this problem, and what you can do
to make it better.
Stage fright is often thought of as communication-based anxiety resulting
in a person experiencing physiological excitement, negative feelings, or
certain behavioral responses to the actual or expected act of public
speaking. Also, the fear of public speaking is primarily a fear of speaking
in front of an audience.
People who have this phobia typically feel vulnerable or at risk during the time
they are speaking in front of an audience. Or the anticipation leading up to the
presentation may create rising levels of anxiety that may trigger a fight or flight
response. You may feel like you have a hard time concentrating. You might even
want to avoid giving your presentation at all.
At some point, every speaker has been a victim of some level of speech anxiety but
with the right technique and regular practice, most people are able to conquer this
particular fear.

Is Stage Fright A Form Of Anxiety?

Yes, it is. In fact, stage fear is considered to be one type of social anxiety disorder.
Also, the fear of public speaking is considered to be the most widespread form of
social anxiety disorder.
If you compare the symptoms of the stage fear described below with the symptoms
of social anxiety disorder you’ll see a number of similarities. For example:

 feeling stress or panic in front of the large groups

 the incapability of coping with the increasing stress during the
presentation
 fear of crowds
 rapid heartbeat
 accelerating breathing or holding one’s breath
 The Fight Or Flight Response
 When you have a fear of public speaking, you may experience a range of
physiological and psychological symptoms that can be very distracting.
Unfortunately, these symptoms tend to feed into each other. That means
that your physical symptoms can make your mental symptoms worse, and
vice versa.
 The fight or flight response means that our physiological system prepares us
for fighting (i.e., presentation) or fleeing (e.g., rushing from the stage or
rushing one’s scheduled presentation).
Physical indications of fight or flight response
 dilated pupils
 tensed muscles
 sweating
 tunnel vision
 pale or flushed skin
 rapid heartbeat
 rapid breathing
 trembling
Read also: How to overcome the fear of public speaking – less commonly used methods
How Serious Is Stage Fright As A Health Disorder?
Generally, stage fright is not hazardous for your health. However, it can be
damaging to your career goals, especially if you work in a position where you are
required to speak in front of others. It may become more hazardous to your health
if it causes you to have full-blown panic attacks.

Here is a list of other names that you may know stage fright by:

Glossophobia
The medical term for stage fright is “glossophobia.” This is the term that you may be
professionally diagnosed with if you have gone to a doctor or therapist.

Fear Of Public Speaking

This phobia is often referred to as “fear of public speaking,” which is a term that is
very accurate of this problem.

Public Speaking Anxiety

“Public speaking anxiety” is another very accurate term to describe the stage
phobia.

Performance Jitters
“Performance jitters” is one common way to describe the type of stage fright that
musicians and comedians suffer from. “Speech jitters” is a similar term.

Aphonia
Since Aphonia is defined as the inability to produce voiced sound some people may
also use this term to refer to stage fright.
Speech Anxiety
“Speech anxiety” is a good term to describe the type of condition that a public
speaker may be experiencing before or during a presentation.

Stage Fear
Quite often you will see that “stage fear” is a term that is used to describe your
nervous condition on the stage.

Agoraphobia
One of the more common forms of phobia is agoraphobia, i.e., fear of crowded
places and places difficult to escape from (e.g., planes, queues, etc.)
As you can see, there are many ways that people use to refer to one common
disorder. And no matter what name you use to refer to it by, stage fright can be an
incredibly debilitating and uncomfortable problem. 
Some Other Synonyms
 Stage phobia
 Speaking anxiety
 Presentation anxiety

So, how to overcome stage fright? 7

effective and proven tips you should use
are:
 Acknowledge that stage fear is a very common phenomenon
 Remember that the audience wouldn’t understand you’re
nervous
 Proper preparation with proper practice
 Change your attitude to the audience
 Don’t try to impress the audience
 You don’t have to feel the urge to talk all the time
 Keep in mind that everything is in your hands
As the fear of public speaking is a big problem for most people, I’ll share some
ideas on how to overcome stage fright.

We use oral communication for various purposes. The common purpose of oral communication
include:

1. To Teach/Educate
2. To Instruct
 3. To Brainstorm
4. To Build Social/Emotional Bonds
5. To Persuade
6. To Collaborate
7. To Seek and Provide Feedback
8. To Seek Help
9. To Entertain
10. To Reprimand
11. To caution
12. To Pass down the socio-cultural history of the community

Barriers to Communication

Miscommunication and misunderstanding occur at times because of certain

barriers. To become an effective communicator, you should familiarize
yourselves with these barriers that hinder the communication process.
Recognizing these barriers will enable you to control the situation, reset conditions
and start anew.