HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Lec)
1st Year - 2nd Semester Transcriptions | Prof. Jenina Bullago | NU – MOA

Lesson 1: Human Body Introduction DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY

➔ structural changes that occur in the structures
ANATOMY VS. PHYSIOLOGY throughout the lifespan of an individual
Anatomy
EMBRYOLOGY
➔ to cut a part
➔ refers to the internal and external structures of • changes that occur in the fetus during
the body and their physical relationships pregnancy
➔ Ex. Kidney
Physiology
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
➔ refers to the study of the functions of those
structures Atom → molecules → organelles → cells →
➔ to determine the normal states (e.g., values, tissues → organs → organ system → human
color, size, etc.) being
➔ Ex. The kidney filters the liquid in our body
Chemical Level
1. ATOMS
LEVELS OF STUDY
➔ smallest structures that form molecules
➔ determine the basic structural and functional
Gross Anatomy units of the organism.
➔ large structure
2. MOLECULES
➔ easily available
➔ form organelles first before cells

REGIONAL 3. ORGANELLES
➔ little organs
• region
➔ functional units of the cells
SYSTEMIC
• organ systems
• Ex. The structure of the skin Cellular Level
SURFACE ➔ the smallest unit of an organism that we can
view under the microscope
• study of internal structures as they relate to
the overlying skin
1. CELL
• Ex. The relation of muscle to the skin ➔ the simplest level of organization
➔ made up of molecules.
Microscopic Anatomy • UNICELLULAR
• MULTICELLULAR
➔ very small structures
➔ can only be viewed with a microscope

Tissue Level
CYTOLOGY
➔ Consist of similar types of cells
• study of cells
HISTOLOGY 1. EPITHELIAL
2. CONNECTIVE
• study of tissues 3. MUSCLE
4. NERVOUS

1
 Organ Level Skeletal System
➔ Organs are made up of different types of ➔ Protects and supports body organs.
tissues. ➔ Provides muscle attachment for movement.
➔ composed of two or more tissue types that ➔ site of blood cell formation
work together. ➔ stores minerals

Organ System Level

1. INTEGUMENTARY
2. SKELETAL
3. MUSCULAR
4. NERVOUS
5. ENDOCRINE
6. CARDIOVASCULAR
7. LYMPHATIC
8. RESPIRATORY
9. DIGESTIVE
10. URINARY
Muscular System
11. REPRODUCTIVE
➔ allows locomotion.
➔ maintains posture.
➔ produces heat.
Organismal Level
➔ Human organisms are made up of many
organ systems.

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

Integumentary System
➔ Forms the external body covering.
➔ Protects deeper tissue from injury and drying
out.
Nervous System
➔ Synthesizes Vitamin D
➔ Location of cutaneous nerve receptors ➔ fast-acting control system
➔ responds to internal and external change.
➔ activates muscles and glands.

Endocrine System
➔ made up of glands that make hormones.
➔ Hormones are the body's chemical
messengers. They carry information and
instructions from one set of cells to another.
➔ secretes regulatory hormones for:
• growth
• reproduction
• metabolism
➔ includes glands that stimulate and secrete
hormones.

Respiratory System
➔ keeps blood supplied with oxygen
➔ removes carbon dioxide

Cardiovascular System
➔ transports materials in body via blood pumped
by heart.
• oxygen
• carbon dioxide
• nutrients
• wastes

Digestive System
➔ breaks down food
➔ allows for nutrient absorption into blood
➔ eliminates indigestible material

Lymphatic System
➔ returns fluids to blood vessels
➔ disposes of debris
➔ involved in immunity: destroys bacteria and
tumor cells
 Urinary System Metabolism
➔ eliminates nitrogenous wastes ➔ all chemical reactions within the body
➔ maintains acid-base balance ➔ Ex. Production of energy; making body
➔ regulation of materials structures
• water Excretion
• electrolytes
➔ Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Reproduction
➔ Production of future generation
➔ Provides new cells for growth and repair

Growth
➔ Increasing of cell size and number

Reproductive System SURVIVAL NEEDS

➔ production of offspring
Nutrients
➔ Chemicals for energy and cell building
➔ Includes:
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Vitamins
• Minerals

Oxygen
➔ required for chemical reactions

Water
➔ 60-80% of body weight
➔ Provides for metabolic reaction

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

Stable Body Temperature
Maintain Boundaries
Atmospheric Pressure Must Be Appropriate
➔ keeps the body’s internal environment distinct
from the external environment—the skin and
membranes.
HOMEOSTASIS
Movement ➔ Maintenance of a stable internal
environment
➔ locomotion and movement of substances
• A dynamic state of equilibrium
➔ Must be maintained for normal body
Responsiveness functioning and to sustain life
➔ ability to sense changes and react. ➔ HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
• Disturbance in homeostasis resulting
in disease.
Digestion
➔ break down and delivery of nutrients
 Maintaining Homeostasis
➔ The body communicates through neural and
hormonal control systems
➔ Stable operating conditions in the internal
environment

Three components interact:

RECEPTOR
➔ Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
➔ Ends information to control center

Positive Feedback
CONTROL CENTER
➔ Increases the original stimulus to push the
➔ Determines set point, analyzes information,
variable farther.
and determines appropriate response
➔ In the body, this only occurs in blood clotting
and birth of a baby.
EFFECTOR
➔ Provides a means for response to stimulus

FEEDBACK MECHANISM

Negative Feedback
ANATOMICAL TERMS
➔ Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms. The Language of Anatomy
➔ Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its
intensity. ➔ Special terminology is used to prevent
➔ Works like a household thermostat misunderstanding.
➔ Exact terms are used for:
→ Position
→ Direction
→ Regions
→ Structures
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Lec)
1st Year - 2nd Semester Transcriptions | Prof. Jenina Bullago | NU – MOA

ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Terms Definition Illustration Example

Superior
Toward the head end or upper part of a The forehead is
(cranial or
structure of the body; above superior to the nose.
cephalic)

The navel is inferior

to the breastbone.
Inferior Away from the head end or the lower part
(caudal) of a structure or the body; below (Vowel-vowel;
consonant-
consonant)

Toward or at the front if the body; in front

Anterior of The breastbone is
(ventral) anterior to the spine.
Towards the front of the body

Toward or at the backside of the body;

Posterior behind The heart is posterior
(dorsal) to the breastbone.
Towards the back of the body

Toward or at the midline of the body; on

the inner side of
The heart is medial
Medial
Towards the median to the arm.

Median: Midline of the body

6
 Away from the midline of the body; on
the outer side of The arms are lateral
Lateral
to the chest.
Away from the median

The collarbone is
intermediate
Between a more medial and a more
Intermediate between the
lateral structure.
breastbone and the
shoulder.

The elbow is
proximal to the wrist
Close to the origin of the body part or the
(meaning that the
point of attachment of a limb to the body
elbow is closer to the
Proximal trunk.
shoulder or
attachment point of
Towards the trunk
the arm than the
wrist is).

Farther from the origin of the body part

or the point of attachment of a limb to the
The knee is distal to
Distal body trunk.
the thigh.
Away from the trunk

Toward or at the body surface The skin is

Superficial
superficial to the
(external)
Towards the top of the head. skeleton

Away from the body surface; more

Deep internal The lungs are deep
(internal) to the rib cage.
Towards the feet
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Lec)
1st Year - 2nd Semester Transcriptions | Prof. Jenina Bullago | NU – MOA

BODY PLANES
BODY LANDMARKS
Midsagittal/Median Plane – midline to 2 equal
Anterior parts.

Sagittal – parallel to the median, separating left

and right.

Frontal/Coronal – divides the anterior and

posterior.

Posterior

Transverse – divides the superior and inferior.

8
 • Abdominal
• Pelvic

ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS

BODY CAVITIES

DORSAL
Contains the back of the body

➔ Cranial Cavity
➔ Spinal Cavity

VENTRAL
Contains the front of the body

➔ Thoracic Cavity
• Pleural (lungs part)
• Mediastinum (midline or above the
abdominum)
• Pericardial (near the heart)

➔ Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Lesson 2: Chemical Basis of Life ATOMIC STRUCTURE
➔ Inside the nucleus: Protons (p+) and Neutrons
MATTER (n0).
➔ Outside the nucleus: Electrons (e-)
➔ Anything that occupies space and has mass
(weight)
➔ Ex. Solids, Liquids, Gases
Identifying Elements
Atomic Number
ENERGY
➔ Equal to the number of protons that the atom
➔ The ability to do work
contain.
➔ Ex.
➔ Also equal to the number of electrons (in a
• Kinetic – when energy is actually doing neutral atom)
work
• Potential – when energy is inactive or Atomic Mass Number
stored ➔ Sum of protons and neutrons
Isotopes
➔ Have the same number of protons and electron
Forms of Energy so it has the same atomic number.
➔ It varies in the number of neutrons, so there are
Chemical different atomic masses.
➔ Stored in the bonds of chemical substances. Atomic Weight
Electrical ➔ Close to mass number of most abundant
➔ Results from the movement of charged isotope.
particles – ions. ➔ Reflects natural isotope variation.
Mechanical
➔ Directly involved in moving matter such as Molecules and Compounds
muscles. Molecule
Radiant ➔ Two or more atoms combined chemically.
➔ Travels in waves Compound
➔ The electromagnetic spectrum – including X-
rays, infrared, light, radio, and UV rays. ➔ Two or more different atoms combined
chemically.
➔ Compounds have properties that are different
NOTE! form those of what the atoms are made of.
It can easily be converted from one form to
another, but it is not 100% efficient – some are lost
in the form of heat. CHEMICAL REACTIONS
➔ Chemical reactions occur when atoms
combine or dissociate from other atoms.
COMPOSITION OF MATTER
• Atoms are united by chemical bonds.
• Atoms dissociate from other atoms
Elements
when chemical bonds are broken.
➔ Fundamental units of matter – cannot be
broken down into smaller units.
➔ 96% of the body is made of four elements:
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
• Carbon (C)
• Oxygen (O) Synthesis Reaction
• Hydrogen (H)
• Nitrogen (N) ➔ Atoms or molecules combine.
➔ Energy is absorbed for bond formation.
➔ Anabolic activities – constructive activities.
Atoms • (A + B -> AB)
➔ Building block of elements.
Decomposition Reaction
➔ Molecule is broken down.
➔ Chemical energy is released when bonds are
broken.
➔ Catabolic processes – decomposition
activities.
• (AB -> A + B)

Exchange Reaction
➔ Involves both synthesis and decomposition
reactions.
➔ Switch is made between molecule parts, and
different molecules are made.

ELECTRONS AND BONDING

➔ Electrons occupy energy levels called electron
levels or shells. Polarity
➔ Electrons closest to the nucleus are most ➔ Covalent bonded molecules.
strongly attracted.
➔ Each shell has distinct properties.
• Number of electrons has an upper limit. Non-Polar
• Shells closest to the nucleus usually fill
first. • Electronically neutral as a molecule
➔ Bonding involves interactions between Polar
electrons in the outer shell (valence shell).
• Have a positive and negative side.
• Orient themselves toward other polar or
charged particles.

Ionic Bonds
➔ form when electrons are completely
transferred from one atom to another. Hydrogen Bonds
➔ Ions – charged particles that either donate or ➔ Weak chemical bonds.
accept electrons. ➔ Hydrogen is attached to negative portion of
• Anions – negatively charged since it polar molecule.
accepted an electron. ➔ Provides attraction between molecules.
• Cations – positively charged since it • Surface Tension – bonds between water
donated an electron. molecules.
• Intermolecular Bonds – binding of
Covalent Bonds different parts of the same molecule to form
a 3D shape such as proteins.
➔ Atoms become stable through shared
electrons.
• Single covalent bonds share one
electron.
• Double covalent bonds share two
electrons.
 ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC INORGANIC

• Contain carbon • Lack carbon

• Most are • Tend to be simpler
covalently bonded compounds

Example: Example:
C6H12O6 - glucose H2O - water

Important Inorganic Compounds

Water
➔ Most abundant inorganic compound.
➔ Vital properties:
• High heat capacity
• Polarity / Solvent properties (Solute,
Solvent, Mixture, Solution, Suspension,
Colloid)
• Chemical reactivity (hydrolysis)
➔ Cushioning

Salts
➔ Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of
polar water molecules.
➔ Vital to many body functions.
➔ Include electrolytes, which conduct electrical
currents in solution.

Acids – H+
➔ Can release detectable hydrogen ions.
➔ Sour taste can burn.
➔ Proton donors

Bases – OH-
➔ Bitter taste
➔ Proton acceptors

pH
➔ Measures relative concentration of hydrogen
ions.
 Lesson 3: CELLS AND TISSUES
SPECIALIZATIONS
➔ carry out all chemical activities needed to
sustain life
Microvilli
➔ building blocks of living things
➔ finger-like projections that increase surface
area for absorption
CELLS
➔ are bathed in dilute salt water called
Membrane Junctions
interstitial fluid derived from the blood
• CYTOLOGY - the study of cells ➔ tight junctions - impermeable, leakproof
sheets
➔ desmosomes - anchoring that prevent cells
TISSUES
from being separated
→ are groups of cells that are similar in structure
and function → organs → organ systems →
organism
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

HISTOLOGY STRUCTURE
→ the study of tissues
Lipid Bilayer
➔ two back-to-back layers made up of three
Major Components of All Cells types of lipid molecules
➔ AMPIPHATIC
• contains hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Cell Membrane parts
➔ a.k.a. plasma membrane → HYDROPHILIC - water-loving
➔ flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and head
contains the cytoplasm of a cell → HYDROPHOBIC - water-hating
➔ regulate the flow of materials going and out of tail
a cell ➔ ECF
• Extracellular Fluid
• Fluid outside of the cell
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY ➔ ICF
→ allows chosen materials to go in and out • Intracellular Fluid
→ THREE GRADIENTS: allows the cell • Fluid inside of the cell
membrane to perform selective permeability ➔ WATER
• main solvent in the body
1. Concentration Gradient • contains several solutes
o maintains sodium concentration → Sodium - major extracellular
2. Electrical Gradient cation
o difference in electrical charges in → Potassium - major intracellular
the inside and outside of the cell cation
3. Electrochemical Gradient o Sodium should
o being used by the cell membrane be more
when concentration and electrical present in the
membrane bloodstream
than the
Potassium
➔ FUNCTIONS → LYSIS: breaking down
2. Acts as a barrier separating the inside and of cells
outside of the cell → COMPOSED OF
3. Controls the flow of substances into and → phospholipids
out of the cell o 75%
4. Helps identify the cell to other cells o lipid that
5. Participates in intercellular signaling contains
phosphorus
HEMOLYSIS → cholesterol
the result of wrong blood transfusion o 20%
 o steroid with a o integral and peripheral
hydroxyl group protein
→ glycolipids 5. Linker
o 5% o anchor proteins in the
o lipid with plasma membranes of
carbohydrate neighboring cells to one
groups another or to protein
1. Integral filaments inside and outside
o transmembrane the cell
o amphipathic in 6. Cell Identity Marker
nature o recognize other cells of the
2. Peripheral same kind during tissue
formation
➔ GLYCOCALYX = glycolipid + glycoprotein o recognize and respond to
• sugary coat potentially dangerous
• coating of lipid bilayer foreign cells
• not all cells have glycocalyx o Ex. blood type (ABO
• molecular signature markers)
• PURPOSES Cytoplasm
→ provides a molecular signature
for cells to recognize one ➔ consists of all the cellular contents between
another the plasma membrane and the nucleus
→ using it for adherence ➔ intracellular activities except nuclear activities
b. Membrane Proteins ➔ COMPONENTS
→ FUNCTIONS ➔ 1.. CYTOSOL
1. Ion Channels
o where specific ions can • fluid portion of the cytoplasm that
flow through to get into or surrounds the organelles
out of the cell • 55% of cell volume
o integral protein ➔ CYTOSKELETON
2. Carrier → network of protein filaments that extends
o Transporter throughout the cytosol
o Integral Protein → serves as a scaffold (pillar/foundation)
o selectively moving a polar ➔ FILAMENT TYPES
substance or ion from one a. Microfilaments
side of the membrane to ▪ thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton
the other ▪ located at the edge of the cell
3. Receptor ▪ composed of the actin and myosin
o serve as cellular ▪ involved in muscle contraction, cell
recognition sites division, and cell locomotion
o integral protein ▪ FUNCTIONS
o LIGAND • generates movement
▪ specific molecule • provides mechanical support to
that binds to a microvilli
receptor b. Intermediate Filaments
o ANTIDIURETIC ▪ FUNCTIONS
HORMONE (ADH) • helps stabilize the position of
▪ Ex. Coffee and beer your organelles
are diuretic • helps attach cells to one
▪ DIAERESIS - another
maintain water c. Microtubules
balance in the body ▪ largest of the cytoskeletal components
4. Enzyme ▪ composed of tubulin
o catalyze specific chemical ▪ FUNCTIONS
reactions at the inside or • to determine cell shape
outside surface of the cell • for movement of organelles
o will only function with a 6. Organelles
specific substrate • insert definition
o substrate should have the a. CENTROSOME
same shape as the enzyme → microtubule organizing center
 → located near the nucleus
→ consists of a pair of
********************centrioles
(********************cylindrical in
structure) and the
***********************************
*******pericentriolar matrix
(***********************************
*******surrounds the
centrosome; important for the
growth of mitotic spindle)
b. CILIA AND FLAGELLA
→ mobile projections of the cell
surface
→ consists of microtubules
→ FUNCTIONS
→ CILIA moves fluids
along a cell’s surface
→ FLAGELLUM moves an
entire cell—
 Lesson 4: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ➔ Dermcidin and Defensins
Human Organ System • Dermcidin: kills bacteria
➔ 16% of total body weight • Defensins: punches a hole in the
➔ first line of defense bacteria
• Cathelicidins: secreted by the body if
Nosocomial Infections the person has wounds to prevent
➔ infections you get in a healthcare facility infection

Dermatology Epidermis
➔ branch of science that deals with structures, ➔ most superficial layer
functions, and disorders of the skin ➔ can be seen by the naked eye
Cutaneous Membrane I. Cells of Epidermis
➔ largest organ of the body A. Keratinocytes
➔ also known as skin ➔ a tough fibrous protein that also forms the
➔ weighs 4 to 5 kilograms (comprises 7% of the structural component of hairs and nails
total body weight) ➔ forms keratin in the stratum basale
Integument ➔ undergoes continuous cell division that results
in cell division every 25-45 days
➔ covering ➔ Epidermal Thickening / Callus
Functions of the Skin • areas of the body that are frequently
subjected to friction
Functions of the Skin • Ex. soles of the feet, palms of the
Protection hand, tips of the fingers
➔ against invading pathogens B. Melanocytes
Excretion ➔ spider-shaped cells
➔ synthesizes or produces melanin
➔ salts, water, and inorganic wastes
• a yellow-red or brown-black pigment
Production that influences the skin color
➔ different proteins (melanin, keratin) • helps in the absorption of the UV light

Synthesis C. Dendritic Cells

➔ Vitamin D3 ➔ also known as Langerhans Cells /

• produced by the body Intraepidermal Macrophages
➔ star-shaped cells
• not activated unless exposed to
➔ came from the bone marrow that migrates to
sunlight
the epidermis
Storage
D. Tactile Cells
➔ temporary storage of fats
➔ also known as Merkel Cells
➔ Adipose Tissues
➔ sensory receptor for touch
Sensation
II. Types
➔ detections of touch, pressure, pain, etc.
A. Thin Skin
Chemical Barrier
➔ contains 4 layers of keratinocytes
➔ because of glands that secrete substances
B. Thick Skin
that are acidic by nature
➔ pH of the secretions is acidic because it helps ➔ contains 5 layers (found in palms and soles)
slow down bacteria
III. Layers
➔ bacteria may still live on the skin
➔ Normal Flora Epithelium found in the skin
• normal microorganisms that live in the ➔ keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
body ➔ layer of dead cells
• helps in the protection ➔ keratin travels upward as they age and die
• Ex. Lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal
tract A. Stratum corneum
• Bacteria will not live in the territory of ➔ also known as Horny Layer
other bacteria ➔ exposed surfaced of both thick and thin skin
➔ 15 to 30 layers of keratinocytes ➔ Dermal ridges
➔ outermost layer that serves as an overcoat • thick skin type
➔ area of dead keratinocytes • form the epidermal ridges
B. Stratum lucidum → transforms to friction ridges
→ enhance the gripping
➔ thick skin of the palm and soles ability of finger and feet
➔ “clear layer” → form the fingerprints
C. Stratum granulosum B. Reticular Layer
➔ 3 to 5 layers derived from stratum spinosum ➔ consists of dense irregular connective tissue
➔ “granular layer” that contains both collagen and elastic fiber
➔ where keratinization occurs ➔ attached to the subcutaneous layer
• Keratohyalin granules - help in • Collagen Fiber - strong and resist
keratinization stretching
• Lamellar Granules - help slow down • Elastic Fiber - permits stretching
water loss **** ➔ Cutaneous Flexus
D. Stratum spinosum • supplies nutrition to the reticular layer
➔ Cleavage / Tension Lines
➔ 8 to 10 layers • less-dense region of the collagen fiber
➔ “spiny layers” that contains dendritic cells • DIRECTION: longitudinal
➔ “prickly layer”
• where incisions are made
E. Stratum basale (Germinativum) • prevents scarring
➔ Flexure Line
➔ deepest layer
➔ forms the epidermal ridges • secures the dermis
➔ single row of stencils • functions for extensibility and elasticity
➔ layer of youngest keratinocytes → EXTENSIBILITY - ability to
stretch
Dermis → ELASTICITY - ability to return
➔ lies between the epidermis and the to its original position
subcutaneous layer • aging affects the extensibility and
➔ contains the accessory structure elasticity of the skin, develops fine
• Hair follicles lines
• oil and sweat glands • Stretch Marks / Striae
➔ also contains a network of blood vessels and → silvery white scars as a result
nerve fibers of stretching
➔ strong, flexible connective tissue → moisturize body to prevent
➔ Avascular striae
• no blood supply but innervated (nerves • Blisters
are present) → first degree burns
→ filled with fluid
I. Layers
A. Papillary Layer Accessory Structures
➔ consists of areolar connective tissue Hair / Pili
• FIBERS: ➔ keratinous filament growing out of the
→ Collagen Fibers epidermis
→ Elastic Fibers ➔ flexible strand produced by hair follicle
➔ contains the capillaries, lymphatic vessels, ➔ composed of hard keratin
and sensory nerve fibers that supply the ➔ composed of dead keratinized cells
surface of the skin ➔ strands of hair originate in an epidermal
➔ loose arrangement of connective tissue penetration of the dermis called hair follicle
• PHAGOCYTES - travel and serve as ➔ hair texture (straight, curly) is determined by
protection the shape and structure of the cortex and the
➔ DERMAL PAPILLAE medulla
• peg-like or nipple-like projections 7. Shaft
• free nerve endings • kinky - flat and ribbon-like
→ pain receptors •
→ sensation (e.g. tickling, etc.) → oval wavy
➔ Meissner Corpuscle •
• cell → coarse and round
 8. Root
• visible until hair follicle
9. Medulla
• central core
• only part of the hair that contains soft
keratin
• not present in fine hair, thus fine hair
have hard keratin
10. Cortes
• surrounds the medulla
• contains flattened cells
11. Cuticle
• Outermost layer of the hair
• keeps the inner layer compact
12. Split Ends
• constant abrasion and friction causes
the cuticle to wear off causing split
ends
• PHEOMELANIN
→ red pigment found in natural
red hair
→ Melanin production decreases
as you age, resulting in white
or gray hair
13. ARRECTOR PILI
• smooth muscle that is only found in
the hair follicle
• contracts to remove the sebum on the
skin
• reason behind goosebumps
Hirsutism
➔ clinical condition wherein females manifest
excessive hair
➔ females produce minimal androgens
/testosterone
Alopecia
➔ thinning of the hair or baldness
Long Quiz:
Question Answer
A single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an
Simple Diffusion
area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space
Which of the following is NOT a part of an amino acid? Nitrogen Base

Bases are _______ Proton Acceptors

Which of the following skin layers is NOT seen in thin skin? Stratum Lucidum
Which of the following is formed when similar cells group together? Tissues
Layer of the skin that is attached to the subcutaneous layer Reticular Layer

Organ system that is the site of blood formation Skeletal System

Layer of the skin composed mainly of dendritic cells Stratum Spinosum
The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the
Osmosis
concentration gradient of water across the membrane
Organ system that maintains posture Muscular System
Type of hair when hair’s cross section appears oval Wavy
Refers to the fluid filled pocket that separates the epidermal and dermal layers
Blister
due to short term but acute trauma (burn)
What is the measure of the relative concentration of hydrogen ions Ph

Organ system that’s involved in the immune response of the body Lymphatic system
Protein factories if the cell Ribosomes
Network of protein filaments that helps determine the shape of the cell Cytoskeleton
Term that refers to long branching chains of linked simple sugar Polysaccharide
The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the
Osmosis
concentration gradient of water across the membrane
Process wherein worn out cells are digested Autolysis
Cellular part that produces fats and steroids Smooth er
Layer of the skin composed mainly of dendritic cells Stratum spinosum
Organ system that secretes regulatory hormones Endocrine system
Organ system that is the site of blood formation Skeletal system
Outermost layer of the hair Cuticle
Refers to the dermal folds that occur at or near joints, where the dermis is
Flexure lines
tightly secured to deeper structures
Condition that refers to excessive hair growth in females Hirsutism
Organ system that maintains posture
Layer of the skin that is made up of areolar tissue Papillary layer
Type of hair when the hair's cross section appears flat and ribbon like Kinky
This refers to the cellular fluid containing nutrients dissolved in water that
Cytosol
suspends the organelles
Which of the following substances provide the blueprint of life? Nucleic acid
Organ system that responds to internal and external changes in the
Nervous system
environment
Type of Keratin that makes up the hair Hard keratin
SUBSTANCE THAT REGULATES ph Buffer
Term that refers to substances with carbon content Organic compound
Packaging center of the cell Golgi complex
A single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an
Simple diffusion
area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space
Scientific study of cells Cytology
 Integumentary
Organ system that forms the external covering of the body
system
Cell eating Phagocytosis
Structure of the skin that tells surgeons where to make the incision line Tension lines
Layer of the skin composed of dead keratinocytes Stratum corneum
True or false: a flagellum moves fluid along the cell' surface. False
Refers to the finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption of
Microvilli
the cell
Microtubule organizing center Centrosome
Pigment found in red hair Pheomelanin
Receptor mediated
Type of endocytosis that uses specific ligands
endocytosis
Peg like projections in the that houses the free nerve endings and touch
Dermal papillae
receptors
True or false: interphase is the stage when cell replicates its DNA. True
Which of the following skin layers does keratinization begins? Stratum granulosum
Which of the following cellular part forms the selective barrier? Plasma membrane
Digestive compartments of the cell Lysosome
Material moves across the plasma membrane with the assistance of
transmembrane proteins down a concentration gradient without the Facilitated diffusion
expenditure of cellular energy.