C++ Programming:

From Problem Analysis

to Program Design, Fourth Edition
Chapter 1: An Overview of Computers
and Programming Languages
www.cs.just.edu.jo/People/Faculty/salhieh/CS_
101_Web_Page/CS_101_page.htm
Objectives

In this chapter, you will:

• Learn about different types of computers
• Explore the hardware and software
components of a computer system
• Learn about the language of a computer
• Learn about the evolution of programming
languages
• Examine high-level programming languages
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 3
Objectives (continued)
• Discover what a compiler is and what it does
• Examine a C++ program
• Explore how a C++ program is processed
• Learn what an algorithm is and explore
problem-solving techniques
• Become aware of structured design and
object-oriented design programming
methodologies
• Become aware of Standard C++ and
ANSI/ISO Standard C++
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 4
Introduction

• Without software, the computer is useless

• Software developed with programming
languages
− C++ is a programming language
• C++ suited for a wide variety of programming
tasks
• Before programming, it is useful to
understand terminology and computer
components
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 5
A Brief Overview of the History
of Computers
• Early calculation devices
− Abacus, Pascaline
− Leibniz device
− Babbage machines: difference and analytic
engines
− Hollerith machine

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 6

A Brief Overview of the History
of Computers (continued)
• Early computer-like machines
− Mark I
− ENIAC
− Von Neumann architecture
− Univac
− Transistors and microprocessors

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 7

Categories of Computers

• Mainframe computers
• Midsize computers
• Micro computers (personal computers)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 8

Elements of a Computer System

• Hardware
• CPU
• Main memory
• Secondary storage
• Input/Output devices
• Software

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 9

Hardware

• CPU
• Main memory: RAM
• Input/output devices
• Secondary storage

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 10

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• CU (Control Unit):
− Fetches and decodes instructions
− Controls flow of information in and out of MM
− Controls operation of internal CPU
components
• PC (program counter): points to next
instruction to be executed

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 11

CPU (Central Processing Unit)
(continued)
• IR (instruction register): holds instruction
currently being executed
• ALU (arithmetic logic unit): carries out all
arithmetic and logical operations

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 12

Main Memory

• Directly connected to the CPU

• All programs must be loaded into main
memory before they can be executed
• All data must be brought into main memory
before it can be manipulated
• When computer power is turned off,
everything in main memory is lost

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 14

Secondary Storage

• Secondary storage: device that stores

information permanently
• Examples of secondary storage:
− Hard disks
− Flash drives
− Floppy disks
− Zip disks
− CD-ROMs
− Tapes
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 16
Input/Output Devices

• Input devices feed data and programs into

computers; they include:
− Keyboard
− Mouse
− Secondary storage
• Output devices display results; they include:
− Monitor
− Printer
− Secondary storage
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 17
Software

• Software: programs that do specific tasks

• System programs take control of the
computer, such as an operating system
• Application programs perform a specific task
− Word processors
− Spreadsheets
− Games

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 18

The Language of a Computer

• Digital signals are sequences of 0s and 1s

• Machine language: language of a computer
• Binary digit (bit):
− The digit 0 or 1
• Binary code:
− A sequence of 0s and 1s
• Byte:
− A sequence of eight bits

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 19

Coding Schemes

• ASCII (American Standard Code for

Information Interchange)
− 128 characters
− A is encoded as 1000001 (66th character)
− 3 is encoded as 0110011

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 21

Coding Schemes (continued)

• EBCDIC
− Used by IBM
− 256 characters
• Unicode
− 65536 characters
− Two bytes are needed to store a character

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 22

The Evolution of Programming
Languages
• Early computers were programmed in
machine language
• To calculate wages = rates * hours in
machine language:
100100 010001 //Load
100110 010010 //Multiply
100010 010011 //Store

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 23

Assembly Language
• Assembly language instructions are mnemonic
• Assembler: translates a program written in
assembly language into machine language

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 24

Assembly Language (continued)

• Using assembly language instructions, wages

= rates • hours can be written as:

LOAD rate
MULT hour
STOR wages

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 25

High-Level Languages

• High-level languages include Basic,

FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, C, C++, C#, and
Java
• Compiler: translates a program written in a
high-level language machine language
• The equation wages = rate • hours can
be written in C++ as:
wages = rate * hours;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 26

A C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "My first C++ program." << endl;
cout << "The sum of 2 and 3 = " << 5 << endl;
cout << "7 + 8 = " << 7 + 8 << endl;
return 0;
}

Sample Run:
My first C++ program.
The sum of 2 and 3 = 5
7 + 8 = 15

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 27

Processing a Program

• To execute a C++ program:

− Use an editor to create a source program in
C++
− Preprocessor directives begin with # and are
processed by a the preprocessor
− Use the compiler to:
• Check that the program obeys the rules
• Translate into machine language (object program)
− Software Development Kit (SDK) may be used
to create a program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 28

Processing a Program (continued)

• To execute a C++ program (continued):

− Linker:
• Combines object program with other programs
provided by the SDK to create executable code
− Loader:
• Loads executable program into main memory
− The last step is to execute the program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 29

Programming with the Problem
Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle
• Programming is a process of problem solving
• One problem-solving technique:
− Analyze the problem
− Outline the problem requirements
− Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem
• Algorithm:
− Step-by-step problem-solving process
− Solution achieved in finite amount of time

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 31

Programming with the Problem
Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle
• Step 1 - Analyze the problem
− Outline the problem and its requirements
− Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem
• Step 2 - Implement the algorithm
− Implement the algorithm in code
− Verify that the algorithm works
• Step 3 - Maintenance
− Use and modify the program if the problem
domain changes
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 32
Analyze the Problem

• Thoroughly understand the problem

• Understand problem requirements
− Does program require user interaction?
− Does program manipulate data?
− What is the output?
• If the problem is complex, divide it into
subproblems
− Analyze each subproblem as above

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 34

Design an Algorithm

• If problem was broken into subproblems

− Design algorithms for each subproblem
• Check the correctness of algorithm
− Can test using sample data
− Some mathematical analysis might be
required

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 35

Write the Code

• Once the algorithm is designed and

correctness verified
− Write the equivalent code in high-level
language
• Enter the program using text editor

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 36

Compiling and Linking

• Run code through compiler

• If compiler generates errors
− Look at code and remove errors
− Run code again through compiler
• If there are no syntax errors
− Compiler generates equivalent machine code
• Linker links machine code with system
resources

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 37

The Loader and Executing

• Once compiled and linked, loader can place

program into main memory for execution
• The final step is to execute the program
• Compiler guarantees that the program follows
the rules of the language
− Does not guarantee that the program will run
correctly

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 38

Example 1-1

• Design an algorithm to find the perimeter and

area of a rectangle
• The perimeter and area of the rectangle are
given by the following formulas:

perimeter = 2 * (length + width)

area = length * width

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 39

Example 1-1 (continued)

• Algorithm:
− Get length of the rectangle
− Get width of the rectangle
− Find the perimeter using the following
equation:
perimeter = 2 * (length + width)
− Find the area using the following equation:
area = length * width

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 40

Example 1-3

• Every salesperson has a base salary

• Salesperson receives $10 bonus at the end
of the month for each year worked if he or
she has been with the store for five or less
years
• The bonus is $20 for each year that he or she
has worked there if over 5 years

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 41

Example 1-3 (continued)

• Additional bonuses are as follows:

− If total sales for the month are $5,000-
$10,000, he or she receives a 3% commission
on the sale
− If total sales for the month are at least
$10,000, he or she receives a 6% commission
on the sale

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 42

Example 1-3 (continued)

• Get baseSalary
• Get noOfServiceYears
• Calculate bonus using the following formula:
if (noOfServiceYears is less than or equal to
five)
bonus = 10 * noOfServiceYears
otherwise
bonus = 20 * noOfServiceYears

• Get totalSales

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 43

Example 1-3 (continued)

• Calculate additionalBonus as follows:

if (totalSale is less than 5000)
additionalBonus = 0
otherwise
if (totalSale is greater than or equal to
5000 and totalSale is less than 10000)
additionalBonus = totalSale · (0.03)
otherwise
additionalBonus = totalSale · (0.06)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 44

Example 1-3 (continued)

• Calculate payCheck using the equation

payCheck = baseSalary + bonus
+ additionalBonus

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 45

Example 1-5

• 10 students in a class
• Each student has taken five tests and each
test is worth 100 points
• Design an algorithm to calculate the grade for
each student as well as the class average
− Design an algorithm to find the average test score
− Design an algorithm to determine the grade
• Data consists of students’ names and their
test scores

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 46

Example 1-5 (continued)

• Algorithm to determine the average test score:

− Get the five test scores
− Add the five test scores
• Suppose sum stands for the sum of the test
scores
− Suppose average stands for the average test
score:
• average = sum / 5;

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 47

Example 1-5 (continued)

• Algorithm to determine the grade:

if average is greater than or equal to 90
grade = A
otherwise
if average is greater than or equal to 80 and less than 90
grade = B
otherwise
if average is greater than or equal to 70 and less than 80
grade = C
otherwise
if average is greater than or equal to 60 and less than 70
grade = D
otherwise
grade = F

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 48

Example 1-5 (continued)

• Main algorithm is as follows:

− totalAverage = 0;
− Repeat the following for each student:
• Get student’s name
• Use the algorithm to find the average test score
• Use the algorithm to find the grade
• Update totalAverage by adding current
student’s average test score
− Determine the class average as follows:
• classAverage = totalAverage / 10
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 49
Programming Methodologies

• Two popular approaches to programming

design
− Structured
− Object-oriented

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 50

Structured Programming

• Structured design:
− Dividing a problem into smaller subproblems
• Structured programming:
− Implementing a structured design
• The structured design approach is also
called:
− Top-down (or bottom-up) design
− Stepwise refinement
− Modular programming
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 51
Object-Oriented Programming

• Identify components called objects

• Specify relevant data and possible operations
to be performed on that data
• Each object consists of data and operations
on that data
• An object combines data and operations on
the data into a single unit

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 52

Object-Oriented Programming
(continued)
• A programming language that implements
OOD is called an object-oriented
programming (OOP) language
• Learn how to represent data in computer
memory, how to manipulate data, and how to
implement operations
• Write algorithms and implement them in a
programming language

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 53

Object-Oriented Programming
(continued)
• Learn how to combine data and operations
on the data into a single unit called an object
• C++ was designed to implement OOD
• OOD is used with structured design

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 54

ANSI/ISO Standard C++

• C++ evolved from C

• C++ designed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell
Laboratories in early 1980s
• C++ programs were not always portable from
one compiler to another
• In mid-1998, ANSI/ISO C++ language
standards were approved

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 55

Summary

• Computer: electronic device that can perform

arithmetic and logical operations
• Computer system has hardware and software
• Central processing unit (CPU): brain
• Primary storage (MM) is volatile; secondary
storage (e.g., disk) is permanent
• Operating system monitors the overall activity
of the computer and provides services

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 56

Summary (continued)

• Various kinds of languages, such as machine

language, assembly, high-level
• Algorithm: step-by-step problem-solving
process; solution in finite amount of time
• Problem-solving process has three steps:
− Analyze problem and design an algorithm
− Implement the algorithm in code
− Maintain the program

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 57

Summary (continued)

• Structured design:
− Problem is divided into smaller subproblems
− Each subproblem is solved
− Combine solutions to all subproblems
• Object-oriented design (OOD): a program is a
collection of interacting objects
− Object: data and operations on those data

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 58