Digital System design project

SENSORS APPLICATIONS: MOTION

DETECTION VIA IR SENSOR

Prepared by:
1. Salem Abdullah Alhabshe
2. Yousef Ahmad Ba hussein

Supervisor:
Dr. Maged Aldhaeebi

Summer2022

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Table of Contents
Table of Figures .................................................................................................... 2
Abstract ................................................................................................................. 3
1. Introduction..................................................................................................... 4
2. Simulation Study ............................................................................................ 6
3. Results and discussion .................................................................................... 8
Advantages...................................................................................................... 8
Disadvantages ................................................................................................. 8
Summary ............................................................................................................... 9

Table of Figures
FIGURE 1 INFRARED DETECTION ............................................................................. 5
FIGURE 2 MOTION DETECTION SYSTEM ................................................................... 7

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Abstract:
IR sensor is an electronic device, that emits the light in order to sense some object of
the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the
motion. Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal
radiation. These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, but infrared sensor can
detect these radiations.

IR sensor works on by using a select- light sensors to detect a selected light

wavelength in the infra-red (IR) spectrum. At present we are surrounding by
electronics and communication devices such as infrared sensor uses in many
applications. Infra-red sensor just gets any of the mobile with infrared sensor blaster
feature use in all electronics devices and these devices connected with just one device
i.e. your phone. In this paper an infrared sensor used to detect a movement and will
give a sign that show its detection of the object.

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1. Introduction
An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument which is used to sense certain characteristics of its
surroundings by either emitting and or the detecting infrared radiation. This sensor is analogous to
human’s visionary senses which can be used to detect obstacles and these type of sensors
measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting that is called as a passive IR sensor. usually
in the infrared spectrum. s. The emitter is simply an IR LED (light emitting diode) and the
detectors is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that
emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode. The resistance and these output
voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

In general, infrared detectors are used to object, detect, image and measure patterns of the thermal
heat radiation which all object emit. The development of thermocouple and bolometer started in
the 19th century. There early devices consisted of single detector elements that relied on a change
in the temperature of the detector.

First generation detector arrays Photon detectors were developed to improve sensitivity and
response time. These detectors have been extensively developed since 1940’s lead sulfide was the
1st practical IR detector. The 1970’s witness a mushrooming of IR applications combined with
the start of high-volume production sensors system using liner arrays.

There are many simulations applications that can be used to perform our circuit design. Mindi and
LTSPICE are circuit simulators offered by semiconductor manufacturers (Microchip and Linear
Tech) to support the usage of their components. Multisim, however, offers a comprehensive
library of components from ALL semiconductor manufacturers that is validated by NI R&D. You
can think of Multisim as the complete development platform for electronic circuits where you can
enter schematics, simulate designs, and prototype PC Boards. Other than the large manufacturer
library of components Multisim offers many advantages for example, a powerful SPICE solver,
20 simulation analyses, and 22 virtual instruments. Integration with a productive PCB prototyping
environment, NI Ultiboard. Intuitive environment optimized for usability with a lot of graphical
features. Global support and phone support through NI engineers, as well as free self-paced online
training. However, because of that our system have been done via Multisim to do our task on. The
circuit of this system was designed on a Multisim application.

There are key elements of Infrared Detection System are:

IR Transmitter

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IR Transmitter acts as source for IR radiation. According to Plank’s Radiation Law, every object
is a source of IR radiation at temp T above 0 Kelvin. In most cases black body radiators, tungsten
lamps, silicon carbide, infrared lasers, LEDs of infrared wavelength are used as sources.

Transmission Medium

As the name suggests, Transmission Medium provides passage for the radiation to reach from IR
Transmitter to IR Receiver. Vacuum, atmosphere and optical fibers are used as medium.

IR receiver

Generally, IR receivers are photo diode and photo transistors. They are capable of detecting
infrared radiation. Hence IR receiver is also called as IR detector. Variety of receivers are
available based on wavelength, voltage and package.

IR Transmitter and Receivers are selected with matching parameters. Some of deciding
specifications of receivers are photosensitivity or responsivity, noise equivalent power and
detectivity.

How Infrared Sensor Works

• An Infrared Sensor works in the following sequence:

• IR source (transmitter) is used to emit radiation of required wavelength.
• This radiation reaches the object and is reflected back.
• The reflected radiation is detected by the IR receiver.
• The IR Receiver detected radiation is then further processed based on its intensity.
Generally, IR Receiver output is small and amplifiers are used to amplify the detected
signal.

Figure 1 Infrared detection

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In this paper, we focused on one of the IR sensor Applications. We have applied the IR sensor to
detect a motion of an object and send a signal that indicate the detection of the obstacle. When the
motion sensed by the IR a LED (Light Emitted Diode) will light up to show that an object is
nearby. This application can be implemented in various of systems such as the anti-theft system,
cars park safety and etc.

2. Simulation Study
In this project as we mentioned earlier, the Multisim Application were used to perform our testing
for the system. The components that used in this system are:

• 9V power source (Battery 9V).

• IR Transmitter (Photo Diode).
• IR Receiver (Photo Transistor).
• Resistors 120 ohms, 10K ohms and 220 ohms.
• Light Emitted Diode (LED).
• Variable Resistor (Potentiometer)
• OP-AMP Integrated Circuit (LM35NG)

The connection for the system was as follow:

Power Source 9V is used to feed the system, then a Photo Diode (Transmitter) connected with a
resistor 120 ohms in series. Then the Photo Diode and the 120 ohms connected in Parallel with
the Photo transistor (Receiver) and 10k ohms. Then the output was connected to the OPAMP IC
in the Positive input, for the negative input a variable resistor was connected. The output of the
OP-AMP IC was connected with a LED to show the signal detected by the IR sensor. As shown
in Figure 2.

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PHOTO_TRANSISTOR_RATED U1A

PHOTO_DIODE_RATED U3
LM358NG
U2
V1
9V
R3 R4
220Ω

R1 65 %
120Ω
10kΩ 10kΩ LED2
Key=A R2

Figure 2 motion detection system

The Variable Resistor was used to help with the IR sensing accuracy. Therefore, when the
Variable Resistor at 0% the sensor will not detect any objects. However, if the Variable resistor at
100% the sensitivity of the Infrared sensor will be at max. This will indicate the distance of the
obstacle. Therefore, the Variable resistor can assist to determine how far the object is.

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3. Results and discussion

In this project, the transmitter section includes an IR sensor, which transmits continuous IR rays to
be received by an IR receiver module. An IR output terminal of the receiver varies depending upon
its receiving of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be analyzed as such, therefore this output can
be fed to a comparator circuit. Here an operational amplifier (op-amp) of LM35NG is used as a
comparator circuit.

When the IR receiver does not receive a signal, the potential at the inverting input goes higher than
that non-inverting input of the comparator IC (LM35NG). Thus, the output of the comparator goes
low, but the LED does not glow. When the IR receiver module receives a signal to the potential at
the inverting input goes low. Thus, the output of the comparator (LM35NG) goes high and the LED
starts glowing.

Resistor R1 (120), R2 (10k), and R3 (220) are used to ensure that a minimum of 10 mA current
passes through the IR LED Devices like Photodiode and normal LEDs respectively. Resistor VR2
(preset=5k) is used to adjust the output terminals. Resistor VR1 (preset=10k) is used to set the
sensitivity of the circuit Diagram. Read more about IR sensors.

Advantages

The advantages of IR sensor include the following:

• It uses less power
• The detection of motion is possible in the presence or absence of light approximately with
equal reliability.
• They do not need contact with the object for detection
• There is no data leakage because of the ray direction
• These sensors are not affected by oxidation & corrosion
• Noise immunity is very strong

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of IR sensor include the following:

• Line of sight is required
• Range is limited
• These can be affected by fog, rain, dust, etc
• Less data transmission rate

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Summary
The project was prepared successfully accurate results were acquired. We faced some
difficulties in testing each component separately. Moreover, it was hard to find the specific
item for the project.

Doing this project was very helpful to gain more knowledge and strengthen my study. We got
familiar with Electrical components and we applied what we have learned in our classes.