G Review Problems

This section contains a set of Review Problems for each chapter. The problems for any chapter
can be obtained by clicking on the desired chapter number below. In the problem statements,
the phrases within parentheses refer to the main topics to be used in solving the problems. The
answer to each problem accompanies the problem statement. Complete detailed solutions to
the review problems can be found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Fun-
damentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.).
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12

Review Problems for Chapter 1

Complete detailed solutions to the review problems can be (ANS: 3.43 ⴛ 102 ft ⴢ lbⲐ s; 67.9 ft ⴢ lb; 11.2 lbⲐ ft2;
found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Funda- 3.03 ⴛ 10 ⴚ6 ft3; 2.46 slugs Ⲑ ft2)
mentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John
1.4R (Units) A person weighs 165 lb at the earth’s surface.
Wiley and Sons, Inc.).
Determine the person’s mass in slugs, kilograms, and pounds
1.1R (Dimensions) During a study of a certain flow system mass.
the following equation relating the pressures p1 and p2 at two (ANS: 5.12 slugs; 74.8 kg; 165 lbm)
points was developed:
1.5R (Specific gravity) Make use of Fig. 1.1 to determine the
f/V specific gravity of water at 22 and 89 °C. What is the specific
p2 ⫽ p1 ⫹ volume of water at these two temperatures?
Dg
(ANS: 0.998; 0.966; 1.002 ⴛ 10 ⴚ3 m3 Ⲑkg;
In this equation V is a velocity, / the distance between the two 1.035 ⴛ 10 ⴚ3 m3Ⲑ kg2
points, D a diameter, g the acceleration of gravity, and f a di-
mensionless coefficient. Is the equation dimensionally consistent? 1.6R (Specific weight) A 1-ft-diameter cylindrical tank that is
5 ft long weighs 125 lb and is filled with a liquid having a spe-
(ANS: No) cific weight of 69.6 lb Ⲑ ft3. Determine the vertical force required
1.2R (Dimensions) If V is a velocity, / a length, w a weight, to give the tank an upward acceleration of 9 ftⲐs2.
and m a fluid property having dimensions of FL⫺2T, determine (ANS: 509 lb up)
the dimensions of: (a) V/wⲐm, (b) wm/, (c) VmⲐ/, and
(d) V/2mⲐ w. 1.7R (Ideal gas law) Calculate the density and specific weight
(ANS: L4 T ⴚ2; F 2 L ⴚ1T; FL ⴚ2; L2
of air at a gage pressure of 100 psi and a temperature of 100 °F.
Assume standard atmospheric pressure.
1.3R (Units) Make use of Table 1.4 to express the following (ANS: 1.72 ⴛ 10 ⴚ2 slugsⲐft3; 0.554 lb Ⲑ ft3)
quantities in BG units: (a) 465 W, (b) 92.1 J, (c) 536 NⲐ m2,
(d) 85.9 mm3, (e) 386 kgⲐ m2.
R-1
R-2 Appendix G ■ Review Problems

1.8R (Ideal gas law) A large dirigible having a volume of Fixed plate
90,000 m3 contains helium under standard atmospheric condi-
tions 3 pressure ⫽ 101 kPa 1abs2 and temperature ⫽ 15 °C4.
6 mm μ = 0.02 N • s/m2
4 m/s
Determine the density and total weight of the helium.
3 mm μ = 0.01 N s/m 2
(ANS: 0.169 kgⲐ m3; 1.49 ⴛ 105 N)
•
Fixed plate
1.9R (Viscosity) A Newtonian fluid having a specific gravity ■ Figure P1.10R
of 0.92 and a kinematic viscosity of 4 ⫻ 10⫺4 m2 Ⲑs flows past
a fixed surface. The velocity profile near the surface is shown
in Fig. P1.9R. Determine the magnitude and direction of the 1.11R (Viscosity) Determine the torque required to rotate a
shearing stress developed on the plate. Express your answer in 50-mm-diameter vertical cylinder at a constant angular veloc-
terms of U and d, with U and d expressed in units of meters ity of 30 rad Ⲑs inside a fixed outer cylinder that has a diameter
per second and meters, respectively. of 50.2 mm. The gap between the cylinders is filled with SAE
10 oil at 20 °C. The length of the inner cylinder is 200 mm.
(ANS: 0.578 UⲐ D NⲐ m2 acting to right on plate) Neglect bottom effects and assume the velocity distribution in
y
the gap is linear. If the temperature of the oil increases to 80 °C,
U what will be the percentage change in the torque?
(ANS: 0.589 N ⴢ m; 92.0 percent)
π –
y 1.12R (Bulk modulus) Estimate the increase in pressure 1in
δ U ( )
u = sin –
–
2 δ psi2 required to decrease a unit volume of mercury by 0.1%.
u (ANS: 4.14 ⴛ 103 psi)
1.13R (Bulk modulus) What is the isothermal bulk modulus
Fixed of nitrogen at a temperature of 90° F and an absolute pressure
surface
of 5600 lbⲐft2?
■ Figure P1.9R
(ANS: 5600 lb Ⲑft2)
1.10R (Viscosity) A large movable plate is located between 1.14R (Speed of sound) Compare the speed of sound in mer-
two large fixed plates as shown in Fig. P1.10R. Two Newton- cury and oxygen at 20 °C.
ian fluids having the viscosities indicated are contained (ANS: cHg ⲐcO2 ⴝ 4.45)
between the plates. Determine the magnitude and direction of
the shearing stresses that act on the fixed walls when the 1.15R (Vapor pressure) At a certain altitude it was found that
moving plate has a velocity of 4 mⲐ s as shown. Assume that water boils at 90 °C. What is the atmospheric pressure at this
the velocity distribution between the plates is linear. altitude?
(ANS: 13.3 NⲐ m2 in direction of moving plate) (ANS: 70.1 kPa (abs))

Review Problems for Chapter 2

Complete detailed solutions to the review problems can be
found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Funda-
mentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John 0.1 m SAE 30 Oil
Wiley and Sons, Inc.).
0.1 m Water
2.1R (Pressure head) Compare the column heights of water,
carbon tetrachloride, and mercury corresponding to a pressure
0.1 m Glycerin
of 50 kPa. Express your answer in meters.
h
(ANS: 5.10 m; 3.21 m; 0.376 m) 0.1 m
2.2R (Pressure–depth relationship) A closed tank is partially Mercury
filled with glycerin. If the air pressure in the tank is 6 lbⲐ in.2
and the depth of glycerin is 10 ft, what is the pressure in lbⲐ ft2
at the bottom of the tank? ■ Figure P2.4R
(ANS: 1650 lbⲐft2)
2.3R (Gage-absolute pressure) On the inlet side of a pump a Fig. P2.4R. The tank contains oil, water, and glycerin and a
Bourdon pressure gage reads 600 lbⲐft2 vacuum. What is the mercury manometer is attached to the bottom as illustrated. Cal-
corresponding absolute pressure if the local atmospheric pres- culate the manometer reading, h.
sure is 14.7 psia? (ANS: 0.0327 m)
(ANS: 10.5 psia) 2.5R (Manometer) A mercury manometer is used to measure
2.4R (Manometer) A tank is constructed of a series of cylin- the pressure difference in the two pipelines of Fig. P2.5R. Fuel
ders having diameters of 0.30, 0.25, and 0.15 m as shown in oil 1specific weight ⫽ 53.0 lb Ⲑ ft3 2 is flowing in A and SAE
 Review Problems for Chapter 2 R-3

Air bubble 2.9R (Center of pressure) A 3-ft-diameter circular plate is lo-

A cated in the vertical side of an open tank containing gasoline.
3 in. 5 in. The resultant force that the gasoline exerts on the plate acts 3.1
B in. below the centroid of the plate. What is the depth of the liq-
uid above the centroid?
Fuel oil 18 in. SAE 30 oil (ANS: 2.18 ft)
2.10R (Force on plane surface) A gate having the triangular
shape shown in Fig. P2.10R is located in the vertical side of
6 in.
an open tank. The gate is hinged about the horizontal axis AB.
Mercury The force of the water on the gate creates a moment with re-
7 in.
spect to the axis AB. Determine the magnitude of this moment.
(ANS: 3890 kN ⴢ m)
■ Figure P2.5R

30 lube oil 1specific weight ⫽ 57.0 lbⲐft3 2 is flowing in B. An

air pocket has become entrapped in the lube oil as indicated.
Determine the pressure in pipe B if the pressure in A is 15.3 psi.
8m Water Vertical
(ANS: 18.2 psi) wall
2.6R (Manometer) Determine the angle u of the inclined tube
shown in Fig. P2.6R if the pressure at A is 1 psi greater than
that at B.
(ANS: 19.3 deg)
Gate
6m
B
Air A B
1ft SG = 0.7
A 7m 6m 7m
θ
t
■ Figure P2.10R
1ft SG = 1.0 f
10

2.11R (Force on plane surface) The rectangular gate CD of

■ Figure P2.6R Fig. P2.11R is 1.8 m wide and 2.0 m long. Assuming the ma-
terial of the gate to be homogeneous and neglecting friction
at the hinge C, determine the weight of the gate necessary to
2.7R (Force on plane surface) A swimming pool is 18 m long keep it shut until the water level rises to 2.0 m above the
and 7 m wide. Determine the magnitude and location of the re- hinge.
sultant force of the water on the vertical end of the pool where
the depth is 2.5 m. (ANS: 180 kN)
(ANS: 214 kN on centerline, 1.67 m below surface)
2.8R (Force on plane surface) The vertical cross section of a
7-m-long closed storage tank is shown in Fig. P2.8R. The tank
contains ethyl alcohol and the air pressure is 40 kPa. Determine Water 2.0 m
the magnitude of the resultant fluid force acting on one end of
the tank. C 2.0 m
(ANS: 847 kN)
Hinge
4
2m 3
D

2m Air ■ Figure P2.11R

2.12R (Force on curved surface) A gate in the form of a par-

tial cylindrical surface 1called a Tainter gate2 holds back water
on top of a dam as shown in Fig. P2.12R. The radius of the sur-
4m Ethyl face is 22 ft, and its length is 36 ft. The gate can pivot about
Alcohol
point A, and the pivot point is 10 ft above the seat, C. Deter-
mine the magnitude of the resultant water force on the gate.
Will the resultant pass through the pivot? Explain.
4m ■ Figure P2.8R (ANS: 118,000 lb)
R-4 Appendix G ■ Review Problems

Tainter 2.15R (Buoyancy) A hot-air balloon weighs 500 lb, including

gate the weight of the balloon, the basket, and one person. The air
outside the balloon has a temperature of 80 °F, and the heated
air inside the balloon has a temperature of 150 °F. Assume the
A inside and outside air to be at standard atmospheric pressure of
Water 14.7 psia. Determine the required volume of the balloon to sup-
10 ft port the weight. If the balloon had a spherical shape, what would
be the required diameter?
C
(ANS: 59,200 ft3; 48.3 ft)
Dam
2.16R (Buoyancy) An irregularly shaped piece of a solid ma-
terial weighs 8.05 lb in air and 5.26 lb when completely sub-
■ Figure P2.12R
merged in water. Determine the density of the material.
2.13R (Force on curved surface) A conical plug is located in (ANS: 5.60 slugsⲐ ft3)
the side of a tank as shown in Fig. 2.13R. (a) Show that the
horizontal component of the force of the water on the plug does 2.17R (Buoyancy, force on plane surface) A cube, 4 ft on a
not depend on h. (b) For the depth indicated, what is the mag- side, weighs 3000 lb and floats half-submerged in an open tank
nitude of this component? as shown in Fig. P2.17R. For a liquid depth of 10 ft, determine
(ANS: 735 lb) the force of the liquid on the inclined section AB of the tank
wall. The width of the wall is 8 ft. Show the magnitude, direc-
tion, and location of the force on a sketch.
(ANS: 75,000 lb on centerline, 13.33 ft along wall from
Water
free surface)
15 ft h 4 ft
Cube
30° 1 ft B

10 ft Wall width = 8 ft
Liquid
30°

■ Figure P2.13R
A
2.14R (Force on curved surface) The 9-ft-long cylinder of ■ Figure P2.17R
Fig. P2.14R floats in oil and rests against a wall. Determine the
horizontal force the cylinder exerts on the wall at the point of 2.18R (Rigid-body motion) A container that is partially filled
contact, A. with water is pulled with a constant acceleration along a plane
(ANS: 2300 lb) horizontal surface. With this acceleration the water surface
slopes downward at an angle of 40° with respect to the hori-
zontal. Determine the acceleration. Express your answer in
m Ⲑ s2.
Oil A (ANS: 8.23 mⲐs2)
3 ft 2.19R (Rigid-body motion) An open, 2-ft-diameter tank con-
tains water to a depth of 3 ft when at rest. If the tank is rotated
lb about its vertical axis with an angular velocity of 160 rev Ⲑmin,
γ = 57 ___
ft3 what is the minimum height of the tank walls to prevent water
from spilling over the sides?
■ Figure P2.14R (ANS: 5.18 ft)

Review Problems for Chapter 3

Complete detailed solutions to the review problems can be 3.2R (F ⴝ ma normal to streamline) An incompressible, in-
found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Funda- viscid fluid flows steadily with circular streamlines around a hor-
mentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John izontal bend as shown in Fig. P3.2R. The radial variation of the
Wiley and Sons, Inc.). velocity profile is given by rV ⫽ r0V0, where V0 is the velocity at
the inside of the bend which has radius r ⫽ r0. Determine the pres-
3.1R (F ⴝ ma along streamline) What pressure gradient along sure variation across the bend in terms of V0, r0, r, r, and p0, where
the streamline, dpⲐds, is required to accelerate air at standard tem- p0 is the pressure at r ⫽ r0. Plot the pressure distribution, p ⫽ p1r2,
perature and pressure in a horizontal pipe at a rate of 300 ftⲐ s2?
(ANS: ⴚ0.714 lb Ⲑft3)
 Review Problems for Chapter 3 R-5

Q = 0.011 m3/s

r r1

V0, p0 h
r0

■ Figure P3.2R
■ Figure P3.7R
if r0 ⫽ 1.2 m, r1 ⫽ 1.8 m, V0 ⫽ 12 mⲐ s, p0 ⫽ 20 kNⲐ m2, and
the fluid is water. Neglect gravity. which produces a stream of 10-mm diameter. Determine the
(ANS: p0 ⴙ 0.5RV 20 3 1 ⴚ 1r0Ⲑ r2 2 4 ) equilibrium height, h, for steady-state operation.
3.3R (Stagnation pressure) A hang glider soars through stan- (ANS: 2.50 m)
dard sea-level air with an airspeed of 10 m兾s. What is the gage 3.8R (Bernoulli兾continuity) Gasoline flows from a 0.3-m-
pressure at a stagnation point on the structure? diameter pipe in which the pressure is 300 kPa into a 0.15-m-
(ANS: 61.5 Pa) diameter pipe in which the pressure is 120 kPa. If the pipes are
horizontal and viscous effects are negligible, determine the
3.4R (Bernoulli equation) The pressure in domestic water
flowrate.
pipes is typically 60 psi above atmospheric. If viscous effects
are neglected, determine the height reached by a jet of water (ANS: 0.420 m3Ⲑs)
through a small hole in the top of the pipe. 3.9R (Bernoulli兾continuity) Water flows steadily through the
(ANS: 138 ft) pipe shown in Fig. P3.9R such that the pressures at sections 112
and 122 are 300 kPa and 100 kPa, respectively. Determine the
diameter of the pipe at section 122, D2, if the velocity at section 1
3.5R (Heads) A 4-in.-diameter pipe carries 300 gal兾min of
water at a pressure of 30 psi. Determine (a) the pressure head
is 20 m兾s and viscous effects are negligible.
in feet of water, (b) the velocity head, and (c) the total head
with reference to a datum plane 20 ft below the pipe. (ANS: 0.0688 m)
(ANS: 69.2 ft; 0.909 ft; 90.1 ft) p1 = 300 kPa
3.6R (Free jet) Water flows from a nozzle of triangular cross g D1 = 0.1 m
section as shown in Fig. P3.6R. After it has fallen a distance of
2.7 ft, its cross section is circular 1because of surface tension ef- V1
fects2 with a diameter D ⫽ 0.11 ft. Determine the flowrate, Q. p2 = 100 kPa
D2
(ANS: 0.158 ft3 Ⲑs) 50 m

Equilateral triangle
each side of length 0.19 ft
■ Figure P3.9R

3.10R (Bernoulli兾continuity) Water flows steadily through a

diverging tube as shown in Fig. P3.10R. Determine the veloc-
ity, V, at the exit of the tube if frictional effects are negligible.
2.7 ft (ANS: 1.04 ft Ⲑ s)

Q
V Water
1.0 ft 0.7 ft 0.5 ft
D = 0.11 ft

■ Figure P3.6R
0.2 ft SG = 2.0
3.7R (Bernoulli兾continuity) Water flows into a large tank at
a rate of 0.011 m3Ⲑ s as shown in Fig. P3.7R. The water leaves
the tank through 20 holes in the bottom of the tank, each of ■ Figure P3.10R
R-6 Appendix G ■ Review Problems

3.11R (Bernoulli兾continuity兾Pitot tube) Two Pitot tubes and analysis indicates that the maximum velocity of the water in
two static pressure taps are placed in the pipe contraction shown the entire flow field occurs at point B and is equal to 1.1 V0.
in Fig. P3.11R. The flowing fluid is water, and viscous effects Calculate the velocity, V0, at which cavitation will begin if the
are negligible. Determine the two manometer readings, h and H. atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa 1abs2 and the vapor pressure of
(ANS: 0; 0.252 ft) the water is 3.2 kPa 1abs2.
(ANS: 31.4 mⲐs)
Air
3.14R (Flowrate) Water flows through the pipe contraction
shown in Fig. P3.14R. For the given 0.2-m difference in
manometer level, determine the flowrate as a function of the di-
H ameter of the small pipe, D.
(ANS: 0.0156 m3Ⲑs)
V = 2 ft/s
6 in. 4 in.

0.2 m

Q
0.1 m D
SG = 1.10
■ Figure P3.11R
■ Figure P3.14R
3.12R (Bernoulli兾continuity) Water collects in the bottom of
a rectangular oil tank as shown in Fig. P3.12R. How long will 3.15R (Channel flow) Water flows down the ramp shown in
it take for the water to drain from the tank through a 0.02-m- the channel of Fig. P3.15R. The channel width decreases from
diameter drain hole in the bottom of the tank? Assume qua- 15 ft at section 112 to 9 ft at section 122. For the conditions shown,
sisteady flow. determine the flowrate.
(ANS: 2.45 hr) (ANS: 509 ft3Ⲑs)
Rectangular tank: 6 ft
2.6 m × 9.5 m
3 ft
Q

1.9 m Oil (1)

SG = 0.87 2 ft (2)
Width = 15 ft
Width = 9 ft
■ Figure P3.15R
0.7 m Water

3.16R (Channel flow) Water flows over the spillway shown

in Fig. P3.16R. If the velocity is uniform at sections 112 and 122
0.02-m diameter

and viscous effects are negligible, determine the flowrate per

unit width of the spillway.
(ANS: 7.44 m2Ⲑs)
■ Figure P3.12R

3.13R (Cavitation) Water flows past the hydrofoil shown in

Fig. P3.13R with an upstream velocity of V0. A more advanced
3.6 m
1.0 m
2.8 m

0.6 m
V0 (1) (2)
B
■ Figure P3.16R
A
3.17R (Energy line兾hydraulic grade line) Draw the energy
line and hydraulic grade line for the flow shown in Problem 3.43.
■ Figure P3.13R
 Review Problems for Chapter 4 R-7

3.18R (Restrictions on Bernoulli equation) A 0.3-m- 3.19R (Restrictions on Bernoulli equation) Niagara Falls is
diameter soccer ball, pressurized to 20 kPa, develops a small approximately 167 ft high. If the water flows over the crest of
leak with an area equivalent to 0.006 mm2. If viscous effects the falls with a velocity of 8 ft 兾s and viscous effects are ne-
are neglected and the air is assumed to be incompressible, glected, with what velocity does the water strike the rocks at
determine the flowrate through the hole. Would the ball become the bottom of the falls? What is the maximum pressure of the
noticeably softer during a 1-hr soccer game? Explain. Is it water on the rocks? Repeat the calculations for the 1430-ft-high
reasonable to assume incompressible flow for this situation? Upper Yosemite Falls in Yosemite National Park. Is it reason-
Explain. able to neglect viscous effects for these falls? Explain.
(ANS: 9.96 ⴛ 10 ⴚ7 m3Ⲑs; yes; no, Ma ⬎ 0.3) (ANS: 104 ft Ⲑ s, 72.8 psi; 304 ft Ⲑ s, 620 psi; no)

Review Problems for Chapter 4

Complete detailed solutions to the review problems can be 4.6R (Acceleration) A fluid flows steadily along the stream-
found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Funda- line as shown in Fig. P4.6R. Determine the acceleration at point
mentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John A. At point A what is the angle between the acceleration and
Wiley and Sons, Inc.). the x axis? At point A what is the angle between the accelera-
tion and the streamline?
4.1R (Streamlines) The velocity field in a flow is given by
V ⫽ x2yî ⫹ x2tĵ. (a) Plot the streamline through the origin at (ANS: 10 n̂ ⴙ 30 ŝ ftⲐs2; 48.5 deg; 18.5 deg)
times t ⫽ 0, t ⫽ 1, and t ⫽ 2. (b) Do the streamlines plotted in
y
part (a) coincide with the path of particles through the origin?
Explain.
(ANS: y2 Ⲑ2 ⴝ tx ⴙ C; no)
4.2R (Streamlines) A velocity field is given by u ⫽ y ⫺ 1 and 30°
v ⫽ y ⫺ 2, where u and v are in m兾s and x and y are in me-
ters. Plot the streamline that passes through the point ᏾ = 10 ft
1x, y2 ⫽ 14, 32. Compare this streamline with the streakline
through the point 1x, y2 ⫽ 14, 32.
(ANS: x ⴝ y ⴙ ln1 y ⴚ 22 ⴙ 1) V = 10 ft/s
∂V
___
A = 3 s–1
4.3R (Material derivative) The pressure in the pipe near the ∂s
discharge of a reciprocating pump fluctuates according to
p ⫽ 3 200 ⫹ 40 sin18t2 4 kPa, where t is in seconds. If the fluid
s

x
speed in the pipe is 5 m兾s, determine the maximum rate of
change of pressure experienced by a fluid particle. ■ Figure P4.6R
(ANS: 320 kPaⲐ s)
4.7R (Acceleration) In the conical nozzle shown in Fig. P4.7R
4.4R (Acceleration) A shock wave is a very thin layer
1thickness ⫽ /2 in a high-speed 1supersonic2 gas flow across
the streamlines are essentially radial lines emanating from point
A and the fluid velocity is given approximately by V ⫽ CⲐ r 2,
which the flow properties 1velocity, density, pressure, etc.2
change from state 112 to state 122 as shown in Fig. P4.4R. If
where C is a constant. The fluid velocity is 2 m兾s along the
centerline at the beginning of the nozzle 1x ⫽ 02. Determine the
V1 ⫽ 1800 fps, V2 ⫽ 700 fps, and / ⫽ 10⫺4 in., estimate the
acceleration along the nozzle centerline as a function of x. What
average deceleration of the gas as it flows across the shock
is the value of the acceleration at x ⫽ 0 and x ⫽ 0.3 m?
wave. How many g’s deceleration does this represent?
(ANS: 1.037Ⲑ 10.6 ⴚ x2 5 î mⲐs2; 13.3 î mⲐ s2; 427 î mⲐs2)
(ANS: ⴚ1.65 ⴛ 1011 ftⲐs2; ⴚ5.12 ⴛ 109)
0.6 m
V
V1 0.3 m

V1 V2
V r
Q
V2 A
ᐉ
x
Shock wave ᐉ

x
■ Figure P4.4R
■ Figure P4.7R
4.5R (Acceleration) Air flows through a pipe with a uniform
velocity of V ⫽ 5 t 2 î ftⲐs, where t is in seconds. Determine the 4.8R (Reynolds transport theorem) A sanding operation
acceleration at time t ⫽ ⫺1, 0, and 1 s. injects 105 particles兾s into the air in a room as shown in
(ANS: ⴚ10 î ftⲐs2; 0; 10 î ftⲐs2)
R-8 Appendix G ■ Review Problems

V2 = 2 m/s Front View

A2 = 0.1 m2 4 ft 4 ft

Sander Outlet
Inlet
A1 Control
V1 surface
2 ft 2 ft
■ Figure P4.8R

Fig. P4.8R. The amount of dust in the room is maintained at a

constant level by a ventilating fan that draws clean air into the
room at section 112 and expels dusty air at section 122. Consider
Top View

a control volume whose surface is the interior surface of the

room 1excluding the sander2 and a system consisting of the ma- 30°

terial within the control volume at time t ⫽ 0. (a) If N is the

Wind Wind
number of particles, discuss the physical meaning of and eval-
uate the terms DNsys ⲐDt and 0Ncv Ⲑ 0t. (b) Use the Reynolds V = 20 ft /s V = 20 ft /s

transport theorem to determine the concentration of particles ■ Figure P4.10R

1particlesⲐm3 2 in the exhaust air for steady-state conditions.
(ANS: 5 ⴛ 105 particlesⲐm3) 4.11R (Control volume兾system) Air flows over a flat plate
with a velocity profile given by V ⫽ u1y2î, where u ⫽ 2y ftⲐs
4.9R (Flowrate) Water flows through the rectangular channel for 0 ⱕ y ⱕ 0.5 ft and u ⫽ 1 ftⲐs for y 7 0.5 ft as shown in
shown in Fig. P4.9R with a uniform velocity. Directly integrate Fig. P4.11R. The fixed rectangular control volume ABCD co-
Eqs. 4.16 and 4.17 with b ⫽ 1 to determine the mass flowrate incides with the system at time t ⫽ 0. Make a sketch to indi-
1kg兾s2 across and A–B of the control volume. Repeat for C–D. cate (a) the boundary of the system at time t ⫽ 0.1 s, (b) the
(ANS: 18,000 kg Ⲑ s; 18,000 kg Ⲑ s) fluid that moved out of the control volume in the interval
0 ⱕ t ⱕ 0.1 s, and (c) the fluid that moved into the control vol-
B D ume during that time interval.
Control
surface
Control volume and
y, ft u = 1 ft/s system at t = 0
1m Width = 3 m

Semicircular end 1.0 ft

B C

V = 3 m/s A C

■ Figure P4.9R 0.5 ft 1 ft

4.10R (Flowrate) Air blows through two windows as indicated u = 2 y ft/s A D

in Fig. P4.10R. Use Eq. 4.16 with b ⫽ 1 Ⲑr to determine the
volume flowrate 1ft3Ⲑ s2 through each window. Explain the re- 0 1 2 x, ft
lationship between the two results you obtained. ■ Figure P4.11R
(ANS: 80 ft3Ⲑs; 160 ft3 Ⲑs)

Review Problems for Chapter 5

Complete detailed solutions to the review problems can be nonuniform velocity profile indicated in Fig. P5.2R. The air
found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Funda- exits as a uniform flow through a round pipe 1 ft in diame-
mentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John ter. (a) Determine the average velocity at the exit plane.
Wiley and Sons, Inc.). (b) In one minute, how many pounds of air pass through the
scoop?
5.1R (Continuity equation) Water flows steadily through a
(ANS: 191 ftⲐ s; 688 lbⲐ min)
2-in.-inside-diameter pipe at the rate of 200 gal兾min. The
2-in. pipe branches into two 1-in.-inside-diameter pipes. If the av- 5.3R (Continuity equation) Water at 0.1 m3 Ⲑ s and alcohol
erage velocity in one of the 1-in. pipes is 30 ft兾s, what is the 1SG ⫽ 0.82 at 0.3 m3Ⲑ s are mixed in a y-duct as shown in
average velocity in the other 1-in. pipe? Fig. P5.3R. What is the average density of the mixture of alcohol
and water?
(ANS: 51.7 ft Ⲑ s)
(ANS: 849 kg Ⲑ m3)
5.2R (Continuity equation) Air 1assumed incompressible2
flows steadily into the square inlet of an air scoop with the
 Review Problems for Chapter 5 R-9

V = 50 ft /s
the valve occurs in a horizontal plane, determine the x and y
components of the force exerted by the valve on the water.
(ANS: 18,200 lb; 10,800 lb)
2 ft 5.6R (Linear momentum) A horizontal circular jet of air
1 ft strikes a stationary flat plate as indicated in Fig. P5.6R. The jet
1-ft-diameter
outlet velocity is 40 m兾s and the jet diameter is 30 mm. If the air ve-
locity magnitude remains constant as the air flows over the plate
2 ft × 2 ft square inlet surface in the directions shown, determine: (a) the magnitude
of FA, the anchoring force required to hold the plate stationary,
Scoop geometry
(b) the fraction of mass flow along the plate surface in each of
the two directions shown, (c) the magnitude of FA, the anchor-
ing force required to allow the plate to move to the right at a
constant speed of 10 m兾s.
(ANS: 0.696 N; 0.933 and 0.0670; 0.391 N)
■ Figure P5.2R
V2
Dj = 30 mm
Water and
alcohol mix

Vj = 90°
40 m/s 30°
Water
Q = 0.1 m3/s
V3 FA
■ Figure P5.6R

Alcohol (SG = 0.8) 5.7R (Linear momentum) An axisymmetric device is used to

Q = 0.3 m3/s partially “plug” the end of the round pipe shown in Fig. P5.7R.
■ Figure P5.3R The air leaves in a radial direction with a speed of 50 ft兾s as
indicated. Gravity and viscous forces are negligible. Determine
the (a) flowrate through the pipe, (b) gage pressure at point 112,
5.4R (Average velocity) The flow in an open channel has a (c) gage pressure at the tip of the plug, point 122, (d) force, F,
velocity distribution needed to hold the plug in place.
V ⫽ U1yⲐh2 1Ⲑ5 î ftⲐs (ANS: 23.6 ft3Ⲑ s; 1.90 lb Ⲑ ft2; 2.97 lb Ⲑft2; 3.18 lb)
where U ⫽ free-surface velocity, y ⫽ perpendicular distance V = 50 fps
from the channel bottom in feet, and h ⫽ depth of the channel Pipe Plug
in feet. Determine the average velocity of the channel stream
as a fraction of U. 1.5-ft
diameter
(ANS: 0.833) 1-ft
(1) (2) 0.5 ft F
diameter
5.5R (Linear momentum) Water flows through a right-angle Air
valve at the rate of 1000 lbm兾s, as is shown in Fig. P5.5R. The
pressure just upstream of the valve is 90 psi, and the pres- V1
sure drop across the valve is 50 psi. The inside diameters of the
valve inlet and exit pipes are 12 and 24 in. If the flow through
0.10 ft
m• = 1000 lbm/s
V = 50 fps

(2)
12 in.

y
■ Figure P5.7R
24 in. Valve
x

5.8R (Linear momentum) A nozzle is attached to an

80-mm inside-diameter flexible hose. The nozzle area is
■ Figure P5.5R 500 mm2. If the delivery pressure of water at the nozzle inlet is
R-10 Appendix G ■ Review Problems

700 kPa, could you hold the hose and nozzle stationary? (ANS: p1 ⴚ p2 ⴝ RzⲐ PR2 ⴙ 0.50 Rw21 ⴙ gRh, where Rz ⴝ
Explain. friction force)
(ANS: yes, 707 N or 159 lb)
V
5.9R (Linear momentum) A horizontal air jet having a velocity
of 50 m兾s and a diameter of 20 mm strikes the inside surface of
a hollow hemisphere as indicated in Fig. P5.9R. How large is the
horizontal anchoring force needed to hold the hemisphere in V1 = 8 ft /s
θ SG = 1.0
place? The magnitude of velocity of the air remains constant.
(ANS: 1.93 N)
0.2 ft
30°
20 mm

SG = 1.3
50 m/s FA
0.2 ft

■ Figure P5.9R V2 = 12 ft/s

■ Figure P5.11R
5.10R (Linear momentum) Determine the magnitude of the
horizontal component of the anchoring force required to hold z
in place the 10-foot-wide sluice gate shown in Fig. P5.10R.
Compare this result with the size of the horizontal component
of the anchoring force required to hold in place the sluice gate
when it is closed and the depth of water upstream is 6 ft.
(ANS: 5310 lb; 11,200 lb)

Section (2) r
h
R

4 ft/s 6 ft w1
4 ft

Section (1)
■ Figure P5.12R
■ Figure P5.10R
5.13R (Moment-of-momentum) A lawn sprinkler is con-
5.11R (Linear momentum) Two jets of liquid, one with spe- structed from pipe with 14-in. inside diameter as indicated in
cific gravity 1.0 and the other with specific gravity 1.3, collide Fig. P5.13R. Each arm is 6 in. in length. Water flows through the
and form one homogeneous jet as shown in Fig. P5.11R. De- sprinkler at the rate of 1.5 lb兾s. A force of 3 lb positioned halfway
termine the speed, V, and the direction, u, of the combined jet. along one arm holds the sprinkler stationary. Compute the angle,
Gravity is negligible.
D = 12 in.
(ANS: 6.97 ftⲐ s; 70.3 deg)
5.12R (Linear momentum) Water flows vertically upward in
a circular cross-sectional pipe as shown in Fig. P5.12R. At sec- θ
tion 112, the velocity profile over the cross-sectional area is uni-
form. At section 122, the velocity profile is
Nozzle exit
R⫺r
V ⫽ wc a b k̂
1
diameter = _ in.
4
R
where V ⫽ local velocity vector, wc ⫽ centerline velocity in θ
3 in.
3 lb
the axial direction, R ⫽ pipe radius, and r ⫽ radius from pipe
axis. Develop an expression for the fluid pressure drop that oc-
curs between sections 112 and 122. ■ Figure P5.13R
 Review Problems for Chapter 5 R-11

u, which the exiting water stream makes with the tangential di-
rection. The flow leaves the nozzles in the horizontal plane.
(ANS: 23.9 deg)
5.14R (Moment-of-momentum) A water turbine with radial
flow has the dimensions shown in Fig. P5.14R. The absolute
Nozzle exit area =
entering velocity is 15 m兾s, and it makes an angle of 30° with
3.5 × 10–5 ft2
the tangent to the rotor. The absolute exit velocity is directed
radially inward. The angular speed of the rotor is 30 rpm. Find
the power delivered to the shaft of the turbine.
(ANS: ⴚ7.68 MW) 3 in.

V1 = 15 m/s
1m
30°

r1 = 2 m
■ Figure P5.16R
V2
5.17R (Energy equation) Water flows steadily from one loca-
r2 = tion to another in the inclined pipe shown in Fig. P5.17R. At one
1m section, the static pressure is 12 psi. At the other section, the sta-
30 rpm tic pressure is 5 psi. Which way is the water flowing? Explain.
(ANS: from A to B)
p = 5 psi

B
Section (2)
Section (1)
■ Figure 5.14R p = 12 psi
1
A 10
5.15R (Moment-of-momentum) The single-stage, axial-flow
turbomachine shown in Fig. P5.15R involves water flow at a
volumetric flowrate of 11 m3Ⲑ s. The rotor revolves at 600 rpm. 100 ft

The inner and outer radii of the annular flow path through the ■ Figure P5.17R
stage are 0.46 and 0.61 m, and b2 ⫽ 30°. The flow entering
the rotor row and leaving the stator row is axial viewed from 5.18R (Energy equation) The pump shown in Fig. P5.18R
the stationary casing. Is this device a turbine or a pump? adds 20 kW of power to the flowing water. The only loss is that
Estimate the amount of power transferred to or from the fluid. which occurs across the filter at the inlet of the pump. Deter-
(ANS: pump; 7760 kW) mine the head loss for this filter.
(ANS: 7.69 m)
Rotor Stator
–20 kPa
Filter
W1 W2 0.05 m
Q= U1 β2 0.05 m3/s
11 m3/s U2 r0 = 0.61 m Pump
V1 V2
r1 = 0.46 m Free jet
600 0.1 m
rpm

■ Figure P5.18R

5.19R (Linear momentum/energy) Eleven equally spaced

■ Figure P5.15R
turning vanes are used in the horizontal plane 90° bend as
indicated in Fig. P5.19R. The depth of the rectangular cross-
5.16R (Moment-of-momentum) A small water turbine is de- sectional bend remains constant at 3 in. The velocity distribu-
signed as shown in Fig. P5.16R. If the flowrate through the tur- tions upstream and downstream of the vanes may be considered
bine is 0.0030 slugs兾s, and the rotor speed is 300 rpm, estimate uniform. The loss in available energy across the vanes is 0.2V 21Ⲑ2.
the shaft torque and shaft power involved. Each nozzle exit The required velocity and pressure downstream of the vanes,
cross-sectional area is 3.5 ⫻ 10⫺5 ft2. section 122, are 180 ft兾s and 15 psia. What is the average mag-
(ANS: ⴚ 0.0107 ft ⴢ lb; ⴚ0.336 ft ⴢ lbⲐs) nitude of the force exerted by the air flow on each vane? Assume
R-12 Appendix G ■ Review Problems

Air flow

24 in.
100 ft Pump
Section (1)

12 in. Section (2)

■ Figure P5.19R
(a)
that the force of the air on the duct walls is equivalent to the
force of the air on one vane. 300

Pump head, ft of water

(ANS: 4.61 lb)
5.20R (Energy equation) A hydroelectric power plant oper- 200
ates under the conditions illustrated in Fig. P5.20R. The head
loss associated with flow from the water level upstream of the
dam, section 112, to the turbine discharge at atmospheric pres- 100

sure, section 122, is 20 m. How much power is transferred from

the water to the turbine blades?
0 1 2 3
(ANS: 23.5 MW) Q, ft3/s

Section (1) (b)

■ Figure P5.21R

5.22R (Energy equation) The pump shown in Fig. P5.22R

Q = 30 m3/s adds 1.6 horsepower to the water when the flowrate is 0.6 ft3Ⲑ s.
Determine the head loss between the free surface in the large,
open tank and the top of the fountain 1where the velocity is zero2.
100 m

(ANS: 7.50 ft)

Section (2)

2 m/s

Turbine

■ Figure P5.20R

5.21R (Energy equation) A pump transfers water uphill from

24 ft
one large reservoir to another, as shown in Fig. P5.21Ra. The
difference in elevation between the two reservoirs is 100 ft. The
friction head loss in the piping is given by KL V 2Ⲑ2g, where V
is the average fluid velocity in the pipe and KL is the loss co- 8 ft
efficient, which is considered constant. The relation between
the total head rise, H, across the pump and the flowrate, Q, 4 ft
through the pump is given in Fig. 5.21Rb. If KL ⫽ 40, and the Pump
pipe diameter is 4 in., what is the flowrate through the pump?
(ANS: 0.653 ft3 Ⲑ s) ■ Figure P5.22R

Review Problems for Chapter 6

Complete detailed solutions to the review problems can be (ANS: 3xxz3 ⴙ 6y2z; 3yz3 ⴙ xy; xz)
found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Funda- 6.2R (Vorticity) Determine an expression for the vorticity of
mentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John the flow field described by
Wiley and Sons, Inc.).
V ⫽ x2yî ⫺ xy2ĵ
6.1R (Acceleration) The velocity in a certain flow field is
given by the equation. Is the flow irrotational?
V ⫽ 3yz2î ⫹ xzĵ ⫹ yk̂ (ANS: ⴚ(x x2 ⴙ y2 ) k̂; no)
Determine the expressions for the three rectangular components
of acceleration
 Review Problems for Chapter 6 R-13

6.3R (Conservation of mass) For a certain incompressible,

two-dimensional flow field the velocity component in the y di-
rection is given by the equation
v ⫽ x2 ⫹ 2 xy
r
Determine the velocity component in the x direction so that the 3π /4
continuity equation is satisfied. θ

(ANS: ⴚxx2 ⴙ f( y))

■ Figure P6.9R
6.4R (Conservation of mass) For a certain incompressible
flow field it is suggested that the velocity components are given
6.10R (Potential flow) A certain body has the shape of a half-
by the equations
body with a thickness of 0.5 m. If this body is to be placed in
u ⫽ x2y v ⫽ 4y3z w ⫽ 2z an airstream moving at 20 m兾s, what source strength is required
to simulate flow around the body?
Is this a physically possible flow field? Explain.
(ANS: 10.0 m2Ⲑs)
(ANS: No)
6.11R (Potential flow) A source and a sink are located along
6.5R (Stream function) The velocity potential for a certain the x axis with the source at x ⫽ ⫺1 ft and the sink at x ⫽ 1 ft.
flow field is Both the source and the sink have a strength of 10 ft2Ⲑ s. De-
f ⫽ 4xy termine the location of the stagnation points along the x axis
when this source–sink pair is combined with a uniform veloc-
Determine the corresponding stream function. ity of 20 ft兾s in the positive x direction.
(ANS: 2(yy2 ⴚ x2 ) ⴙ C) (ANS: ⴞ1.08 ft)
6.6R (Velocity potential) A two-dimensional flow field is 6.12R (Viscous flow) In a certain viscous, incompressible flow
formed by adding a source at the origin of the coordinate sys- field with zero body forces the velocity components are
u ⫽ ay ⫺ b1cy ⫺ y2 2
tem to the velocity potential
f ⫽ r2 cos 2 u v⫽w⫽0
Locate any stagnation points in the upper half of the coordinate where a, b, and c are constant. (a) Use the Navier–Stokes equa-
plane 10 ⱕ u ⱕ p2. tions to determine an expression for the pressure gradient in the
(ANS: Us ⴝ P Ⲑ2; rs ⴝ (mⲐ4P) 1Ⲑ2) x direction. (b) For what combination of the constants a, b, and
c 1if any2 will the shearing stress, tyx, be zero at y ⫽ 0 where
6.7R (Potential flow) The stream function for a two- the velocity is zero?
dimensional, incompressible flow field is given by the equation
(ANS: 2bbM; a ⴝ bc)
c ⫽ 2x ⫺ 2y
6.13R (Viscous flow) A viscous fluid is contained between
where the stream function has the units of ft2 Ⲑs with x and y in two infinite, horizontal parallel plates that are spaced 0.5 in.
feet. (a) Sketch the streamlines for this flow field. Indicate the apart. The bottom plate is fixed, and the upper plate moves with
direction of flow along the streamlines. (b) Is this an irrota- a constant velocity, U. The fluid motion is caused by the move-
tional flow field? (c) Determine the acceleration of a fluid par- ment of the upper plate, and there is no pressure gradient in the
ticle at the point x ⫽ 1 ft, y ⫽ 2 ft. direction of flow. The flow is laminar. If the velocity of the up-
(ANS: yes; no acceleration) per plate is 2 ft兾s and the fluid has a viscosity of 0.03 lb # sⲐ ft2
and a specific weight of 70 lb Ⲑ ft3, what is the required hori-
6.8R (Inviscid flow) In a certain steady, incompressible, invis- zontal force per square foot on the upper plate to maintain the
cid, two-dimensional flow field 1w ⫽ 0, and all variables indepen- 2 ft兾s velocity? What is the pressure differential in the fluid be-
dent of z2, the x component of velocity is given by the equation tween the top and bottom plates?
u ⫽ x2 ⫺ y (ANS: 1.44 lb Ⲑft2; 2.92 lb Ⲑ ft2)
6.14R (Viscous flow) A viscous liquid 1m ⫽ 0.016 lb # sⲐ ft2,
r ⫽ 1.79 slugsⲐ ft3 2 flows through the annular space between
Will the corresponding pressure gradient in the horizontal x di-
rection be a function only of x, only of y, or of both x and y?
Justify your answer. two horizontal, fixed, concentric cylinders. If the radius of the
inner cylinder is 1.5 in. and the radius of the outer cylinder is
(ANS: only of x) 2.5 in., what is the volume flowrate when the pressure drop along
6.9R (Inviscid flow) The stream function for the flow of a non- the axis of annulus is 100 lbⲐft2 per ft?
viscous, incompressible fluid in the vicinity of a corner (ANS: 0.317 ft3Ⲑs)
1Fig. P6.9R2 is
6.15R (Viscous flow) Consider the steady, laminar flow of an
c ⫽ 2r4Ⲑ3 sin 43 u incompressible fluid through the horizontal rectangular channel
of Fig. P6.15R. Assume that the velocity components in the x and
Determine an expression for the pressure gradient along the y directions are zero and the only body force is the weight. Start
boundary u ⫽ 3pⲐ 4. with the Navier–Stokes equations. (a) Determine the appropriate
(ANS: ⴚ64 RⲐ 27 r1Ⲑ 3) set of differential equations and boundary conditions for this
R-14 Appendix G ■ Review Problems

10 ft
y

a
x

b
■ Figure P6.15R
Δh
γ = 65 lb/ft3
problem. You need not solve the equations. (b) Show that the 3
pressure distribution is hydrostatic at any particular cross section.
(ANS: ⵲R Ⲑ⵲xx ⴝ 0; ⵲p Ⲑ ⵲y ⴝ ⴚ Rg; ⵲pⲐ⵲z ⴝ M(⵲2w Ⲑ⵲x2 ⴙ
4

⵲2wⲐ⵲y2 2 with w ⴝ 0 for x ⴝ ⴞb Ⲑ 2 and y ⴝ ⴞ aⲐ 22

6.16R (Viscous flow) A viscous liquid, having a viscosity of ■ Figure P6.16R
10⫺4 lb # sⲐ ft2 and a specific weight of 50 lb Ⲑ ft3, flows steadily
through the 2-in.-diameter, horizontal, smooth pipe shown in the differential reading, ¢h, on the inclined-tube manometer.
Fig. P6.16R. The mean velocity in the pipe is 0.5 ft兾s. Determine (ANS: 0.0640 ft)

Review Problems for Chapter 7

Complete detailed solutions to the review problems can be
found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Funda-
mentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John θ H
Wiley and Sons, Inc.).
7.1R (Common Pi terms) Standard air with velocity V flows
past an airfoil having a chord length, b, of 6 ft. (a) Determine ■ Figure P7.4R
the Reynolds number, rVbⲐ m, for V ⫽ 150 mph. (b) If this air-
7.5R (Determination of Pi terms) In a fuel injection system,
foil were attached to an airplane flying at the same speed in a
small droplets are formed due to the breakup of the liquid jet.
standard atmosphere at an altitude of 10,000 ft, what would be
Assume the droplet diameter, d, is a function of the liquid
the value of the Reynolds number?
density, r, viscosity, m, and surface tension, s, and the jet ve-
(ANS: 8.40 ⴛ 106; 6.56 ⴛ 106 ) locity, V, and diameter, D. Form an appropriate set of dimen-
7.2R (Dimensionless variables) Some common variables in sionless parameters using m, V, and D as repeating variables.
fluid mechanics include: volume flowrate, Q, acceleration of (ANS: dⲐ D ⴝ F(RVDⲐM, SⲐMV))
gravity, g, viscosity, m, density, r, and a length, /. Which of the 7.6R (Determination of Pi terms) The thrust, t, developed by
following combinations of these variables are dimensionless? a propeller of a given shape depends on its diameter, D, the fluid
(a) Q2Ⲑ gl2. (b) rQⲐ m/. (c) g/5ⲐQ2. (d) rQ/Ⲑ m. density, r, and viscosity, m, the angular speed of rotation, v, and
(ANS: (b); (c)) the advance velocity, V. Develop a suitable set of pi terms, one of
which should be rD2 vⲐ m. Form the pi terms by inspection.
7.3R (Determination of Pi terms) A fluid flows at a velocity
V through a horizontal pipe of diameter D. An orifice plate con- (ANS: tⲐRV V 2D2 ⴝ F(RVDⲐ M, RD2␻ Ⲑ M))
taining a hole of diameter d is placed in the pipe. It is desired to 7.7R (Modeling兾similarity) The water velocity at a certain
investigate the pressure drop, ¢p, across the plate. Assume that point along a 1 : 10 scale model of a dam spillway is 5 m兾s.
¢p ⫽ f 1D, d, r, V2 What is the corresponding prototype velocity if the model and
prototype operate in accordance with Froude number similarity?
where r is the fluid density. Determine a suitable set of pi terms.
(ANS: 15.8 mⲐ s)
(ANS: ¢p Ⲑ rV 2 ⴝ F(dⲐD))
7.8R (Modeling兾similarity) The pressure drop per unit length
7.4R (Determination of Pi terms) The flowrate, Q, in an open in a 0.25-in.-diameter gasoline fuel line is to be determined from
canal or channel can be measured by placing a plate with a V- a laboratory test using the same tubing but with water as the
notch across the channel as illustrated in Fig. P7.4R. This type fluid. The pressure drop at a gasoline velocity of 1.0 ft兾s is of
of device is called a V-notch weir. The height, H, of the liquid interest. (a) What water velocity is required? (b) At the prop-
above the crest can be used to determine Q. Assume that erly scaled velocity from part (a), the pressure drop per unit
Q ⫽ f 1H, g, u2 length 1using water2 was found to be 0.45 psf兾ft. What is the
predicted pressure drop per unit length for the gasoline line?
where g is the acceleration of gravity. What are the significant (ANS: 2.45 ftⲐ s; 0.0510 lb Ⲑ ft2 per ft)
dimensionless parameters for this problem?
(ANS: Q Ⲑ (gH 5 ) 1Ⲑ2 ⴝ F(U))
 Review Problems for Chapter 7 R-15

7.9R (Modeling兾similarity) A thin layer of an incompress-

ible fluid flows steadily over a horizontal smooth plate as
shown in Fig. P7.9R. The fluid surface is open to the atmos-
phere, and an obstruction having a square cross section is
placed on the plate as shown. A model with a length scale of
1
4 and a fluid density scale of 1.0 is to be designed to predict
the depth of fluid, y, along the plate. Assume that inertial, ᐉ
gravitational, surface tension, and viscous effects are all im- ■ Figure P7.11R
portant. What are the required viscosity and surface tension
scales? Based on these data, determine a general equation for the period.
(ANS: 0.125; 0.0625) (ANS: T ⴝ 4.44(ᐍⲐ g ) 1Ⲑ 2 )
Free surface 7.12R (Dimensionless governing equations) An incompress-
ible fluid is contained between two large parallel plates as
shown in Fig. P7.12R. The upper plate is fixed. If the fluid is
V y h
d initially at rest and the bottom plate suddenly starts to move
with a constant velocity, U, the governing differential equation
describing the fluid motion is
■ Figure P7.9R
0u 0 2u
r ⫽m 2
7.10R (Correlation of experimental data) The drag on a 30- 0t 0y
ft long, vertical, 1.25-ft-diameter pole subjected to a 30-mph where u is the velocity in the x direction, and r and m are the
wind is to be determined with a model study. It is expected that fluid density and viscosity, respectively. Rewrite the equation
the drag is a function of the pole length and diameter, the fluid and the initial and boundary conditions in dimensionless form
density and viscosity, and the fluid velocity. Laboratory model using h and U as reference parameters for length and velocity,
tests were performed in a high-speed water tunnel using a and h2rⲐ m as a reference parameter for time.
model pole having a length of 2 ft and a diameter of 1 in. Some
(ANS: ⵲u u*Ⲑ ⵲t* ⴝ ⵲2u*Ⲑ ⵲y*2 with u* ⴝ 0 at t* ⴝ 0, u* ⴝ 1
model drag data are shown in Fig. P7.10R. Based on these data,
at y* ⴝ 0, and u* ⴝ 0 at y* ⴝ 1)
predict the drag on the full-sized pole.
(ANS: 52.2 lb) Fixed plate

350 u
h
y
300 x
U
250
■ Figure P7.12R
Model drag, lb

200

150 7.13R (Dimensionless governing equations) The flow be-

tween two concentric cylinders 1see Fig. P7.13R2 is governed
100 by the differential equation

d2vu
a b⫽0
50 d vu
⫹
0
dr2 dr r
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Model velocity, ft/s where vu is the tangential velocity at any radial location, r. The
■ Figure 7.10R inner cylinder is fixed and the outer cylinder rotates with an an-
gular velocity v. Express the equation in dimensionless form
using Ro and v as reference parameters.
7.11R (Correlation of experimental data) A liquid is con-
tained in a U-tube as is shown in Fig. P7.11R. When the liquid (ANS: d 2vU*Ⲑ dr*2 ⴙ d(vU*Ⲑ r*)dr* ⴝ 0)
is displaced from its equilibrium position and released, it
oscillates with a period t. Assume that t is a function of the ω
acceleration of gravity, g, and the column length, /. Some lab- vθ
oratory measurements made by varying / and measuring t, with r
g ⫽ 32.2 ft Ⲑ s2, are given in the following table. Ri
Ro

t 1s2 0.548 0.783 0.939 1.174

/ 1ft2 0.49 1.00 1.44 2.25 ■ Figure P7.13R
R-16 Appendix G ■ Review Problems

Review Problems for Chapter 8

Complete detailed solutions to the review problems can be 8.8R (Noncircular conduits) A manufacturer makes two
found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Funda- types of drinking straws: one with a square cross-sectional
mentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John shape, and the other type the typical round shape. The amount
Wiley and Sons, Inc.). of material in each straw is to be the same. That is, the length
8.1R (Laminar flow) Asphalt at 120 °F, considered to be a of the perimeter of the cross section of each shape is the same.
Newtonian fluid with a viscosity 80,000 times that of water and For a given pressure drop, what is the ratio of the flowrates
a specific gravity of 1.09, flows through a pipe of diameter through the straws? Assume the drink is viscous enough to en-
2.0 in. If the pressure gradient is 1.6 psi兾ft, determine the flowrate sure laminar flow and neglect gravity.
assuming the pipe is (a) horizontal; (b) vertical with flow up. (ANS: Q round ⴝ 1.83 Q square)
(ANS: 4.69 ⴛ 10 ⴚ3 ft3Ⲑs; 3.30 ⴛ 10 ⴚ3 ft3Ⲑs) 8.9R (Single pipe—determine pressure drop) Determine the
8.2R (Laminar flow) A fluid flows through two horizontal pressure drop per 300-m length of a new 0.20-m-diameter hor-
pipes of equal length which are connected together to form a izontal cast-iron water pipe when the average velocity is 1.7 m兾s.
pipe of length 2/. The flow is laminar and fully developed. The (ANS: 47.6 kNⲐ m2)
pressure drop for the first pipe is 1.44 times greater than it is 8.10R (Single pipe—determine pressure drop) A fire pro-
for the second pipe. If the diameter of the first pipe is D, de- tection association code requires a minimum pressure of 65 psi
termine the diameter of the second pipe. at the outlet end of a 250-ft-long, 4-in.-diameter hose when the
(ANS: 1.095 D) flowrate is 500 gal兾min. What is the minimum pressure allowed
8.3R (Velocity profile) A fluid flows through a pipe of radius at the pumper truck that supplies water to the hose? Assume a
R with a Reynolds number of 100,000. At what location, rⲐR, roughness of e ⫽ 0.03 in.
does the fluid velocity equal the average velocity? Repeat if the (ANS: 94.0 psi)
Reynolds number is 1000. 8.11R (Single pipe—determine flowrate) An aboveground
(ANS: 0.758; 0.707) swimming pool of 30 ft diameter and 5 ft depth is to be filled
8.4R (Turbulent velocity profile) Water at 80 °C flows from a garden hose 1smooth interior2 of length 100 ft and diam-
through a 120-mm-diameter pipe with an average velocity of eter 5 Ⲑ8 in. If the pressure at the faucet to which the hose is at-
2 mⲐ s. If the pipe wall roughness is small enough so that it does tached remains at 55 psi, how long will it take to fill the pool?
not protrude through the laminar sublayer, the pipe can be con- The water exits the hose as a free jet 6 ft above the faucet.
sidered as smooth. Approximately what is the largest roughness (ANS: 32.0 hr)
allowed to classify this pipe as smooth? 8.12R (Single pipe—determine pipe diameter) Water is to
(ANS: 2.31 ⴛ 10 ⴚ5 m) flow at a rate of 1.0 m3Ⲑ s through a rough concrete pipe
8.5R (Moody chart) Water flows in a smooth plastic pipe of 1e ⫽ 3 mm2 that connects two ponds. Determine the pipe di-
200-mm diameter at a rate of 0.10 m3Ⲑ s. Determine the friction ameter if the elevation difference between the two ponds is 10 m
factor for this flow. and the pipe length is 1000 m. Neglect minor losses.
(ANS: 0.0128) (ANS: 0.748 m)

8.6R (Moody chart) After a number of years of use, it is noted 8.13R (Single pipe with pump) Without the pump shown in
that to obtain a given flowrate, the head loss is increased to 1.6 Fig. P8.13R it is determined that the flowrate is too small. De-
times its value for the originally smooth pipe. If the Reynolds termine the horsepower added to the fluid if the pump causes
number is 106, determine the relative roughness of the old pipe. the flowrate to be doubled. Assume that the friction factor re-
mains at 0.020 in either case.
(ANS: 0.00070)
(ANS: 1.51 hp)
8.7R (Minor losses) Air flows through the fine mesh gauze
shown in Fig. P8.7R with an average velocity of 1.50 m兾s in
the pipe. Determine the loss coefficient for the gauze.
5 ft
(ANS: 56.7) Pump
Gauze over Water D = 0.30 ft
end of pipe

V = 1.5 m/s 10 ft 90 ft

■ Figure P8.13R

Water 8.14R (Single pipe with pump) The pump shown in

8mm Fig. P8.14R adds a 15-ft head to the water being pumped from
the upper tank to the lower tank when the flowrate is 1.5 ft3Ⲑ s.
Determine the friction factor for the pipe.
■ Figure P8.7R (ANS: 0.0306)
 Review Problems for Chapter 9 R-17

Elevation = 200 ft 8.16R (Multiple pipes) The three tanks shown in Fig. P8.16R
Diameter = 0.5 ft.
are connected by pipes with friction factors of 0.03 for each
KLentrance = 0.6 pipe. Determine the water velocity in each pipe. Neglect minor
losses.
Water
Pump (ANS: (A) 4.73 ftⲐ s, (B) 8.35 ftⲐ s, (C) 10.3 ftⲐs)

Total length of pipe = 200 ft Elevation =

Elevation = 850 ft
838 ft
Closed tank p = 3 psi D = 1.1 ft
D = 1.0 ft
ᐉ = 700 ft
Air ᐉ = 800 ft B
Elevation = 195 ft
A Elevation =
805 ft

KL elbow = 0.3
D = 1.2 ft
ᐉ = 600 ft C
■ Figure P8.14R
8.15R (Single pipe with turbine) Water drains from a pres- ■ Figure P8.16R
surized tank through a pipe system as shown in Fig. P8.15R.
The head of the turbine is equal to 116 m. If entrance effects 8.17R (Flowmeters) Water flows in a 0.10-m-diameter pipe
are negligible, determine the flowrate. at a rate of 0.02 m3Ⲑ s. If the pressure difference across the ori-
(ANS: 3.71 ⴛ 10 ⴚ2 m3Ⲑs) fice meter in the pipe is to be 28 kPa, what diameter orifice is
needed?
50 kPa (ANS: 0.070 m)
8.18R (Flowmeters) A 2.5-in.-diameter flow nozzle is in-
ᐉ = 200 m, D = 0.1 m
stalled in a 3.8-in.-diameter pipe that carries water at 160 °F. If
∋ = 0.0008 m
Valve (KL = 5.0) the flowrate is 0.78 cfs, determine the reading on the inverted
200 m air–water U-tube manometer used to measure the pressure dif-
ference across the meter.
Turbine (ANS: 6.75 ft)
Free
Jet
90° elbows
(KL = 1.0)

■ Figure P8.15R

Review Problems for Chapter 9

Complete detailed solutions to the review problems can be 9.2R (External flow character) A 0.23-m-diameter soccer
found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Funda- ball moves through the air with a speed of 10 mⲐ s. Would the
mentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John flow around the ball be classified as low, moderate, or large
Wiley and Sons, Inc.). Reynolds number flow? Explain.
9.1R (Lift兾drag calculation) Determine the lift and drag co- (ANS: Large Reynolds number flow)
efficients 1based on frontal area2 for the triangular two- 9.3R (External flow character) A small 15-mm-long fish
dimensional object shown in Fig. P9.1R. Neglect shear forces. swims with a speed of 20 mmⲐs. Would a boundary layer type
(ANS: 0; 1.70) flow be developed along the sides of the fish? Explain.
(ANS: No)
9.4R (Boundary layer flow) Air flows over a flat plate of
45° length / ⫽ 2 ft such that the Reynolds number based on the
plate length is Re ⫽ 2 ⫻ 105. Plot the boundary layer thick-
U ness, d, for 0 ⱕ x ⱕ /.
9.5R (Boundary layer flow) At a given location along a flat
1
p = __ ρ U 2 45° plate the boundary layer thickness is d ⫽ 45 mm. At this loca-
2
tion, what would be the boundary layer thickness if it were
1
p = –(1.20) __ ρ U 2
2

■ Figure P9.1R
R-18 Appendix G ■ Review Problems

defined as the distance from the plate where the velocity is 97% 9.12R (Drag) Estimate the wind velocity necessary to blow
of the upstream velocity rather than the standard 99%? Assume over the 250-kN boxcar shown in Fig. P9.12R.
laminar flow. (ANS: approximately 32.6 mⲐ s to 35.1 mⲐs)
(ANS: 38.5 mm)
15 m
9.6R (Friction drag) A laminar boundary layer formed on one
side of a plate of length / produces a drag d. How much must
the plate be shortened if the drag on the new plate is to be dⲐ4? 3.4 m
Assume the upstream velocity remains the same. Explain your
answer physically.
(ANS: ᐍnew ⴝ ᐍ Ⲑ16) 0.85 m Track width = 1.5 m

9.7R (Momentum integral equation) As is indicated in Table ■ Figure P9.12R

9.2, the laminar boundary layer results obtained from the mo-
mentum integral equation are relatively insensitive to the shape 9.13R (Drag) A 200-N rock 1roughly spherical in shape2 of
of the assumed velocity profile. Consider the profile given by specific gravity SG ⫽ 1.93 falls at a constant speed U. Deter-
u ⫽ U for y 7 d, and u ⫽ U51 ⫺ 3 1y ⫺ d2 Ⲑ d4 2 61Ⲑ2 for y ⱕ d as mine U if the rock falls through (a) air; (b) water.
shown in Fig. P9.7R. Note that this satisfies the conditions
u ⫽ 0 at y ⫽ 0 and u ⫽ U at y ⫽ d. However, show that such (ANS: 176 mⲐ s; 5.28 mⲐs)
a profile produces meaningless results when used with the mo- 9.14R (Drag —composite body) A shortwave radio antenna
mentum integral equation. Explain. is constructed from circular tubing, as is illustrated in
(ANS) Fig. P9.14R. Estimate the wind force on the antenna in a 100
km兾hr wind.
y
(ANS: 180 N)
u=U
10-mm diameter
1-m long
0.6 m

y–δ 2 1/2
δ
[ ( )]
u = U 1 – ______
δ 20-mm diameter
0.5 m

1.5-m long
u

■ Figure P9.7R 40-mm diameter

0.25 m 5-m long

9.8R (Drag — low Reynolds number) How fast do small wa-

ter droplets of 0.06-mm 16 ⫻ 10⫺8 m2 diameter fall through the
air under standard sea-level conditions? Assume the drops do
not evaporate. Repeat the problem for standard conditions at ■ Figure P9.14R
5000-m altitude.
(ANS: 1.10 ⴛ 10 ⴚ7 mⲐs; 1.20 ⴛ 10 ⴚ7 mⲐ s) 9.15R (Lift) Show that for level flight the drag on a given air-
plane is independent of altitude if the lift and drag coefficients
9.9R (Drag) A 12-mm-diameter cable is strung between a se-
remain constant. Note that with CL constant the airplane must
ries of poles that are 40 m apart. Determine the horizontal
fly faster at a higher altitude.
force this cable puts on each pole if the wind velocity is
30 mⲐ s. (ANS)
(ANS: 372 N) 9.16R (Lift) The wing area of a small airplane weighing 6.22
kN is 10.2 m2. (a) If the cruising speed of the plane is
9.10R (Drag) How much less power is required to pedal a
210 km兾hr, determine the lift coefficient of the wing. (b) If the
racing-style bicycle at 20 mph with a 10-mph tail wind than at
the same speed with a 10-mph head wind? 1See Fig. 9.30.2
engine delivers 150 kW at this speed, and if 60% of this power
represents propeller loss and body resistance, what is the drag
(ANS: 0.375 hp) coefficient of the wing?
9.11R (Drag) A rectangular cartop carrier of 1.6-ft height, (ANS: 0.292; 0.0483)
5.0-ft length 1front to back2, and a 4.2-ft width is attached to
the top of a car. Estimate the additional power required to drive
the car with the carrier at 60 mph through still air compared
with the power required to drive only the car at 60 mph.
(ANS: 12.9 hp)
 Review Problems for Chapter 10 R-19

Review Problems for Chapter 10

Complete detailed solutions to the review problems can be
found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Funda- ᐉ
mentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.).
10.1R (Surface waves) If the water depth in a pond is 15 ft,
determine the speed of small amplitude, long wavelength 90° 0.9 m
1l Ⰷ y2 waves on the surface.
(ANS: 22.0 ft Ⲑs)
10.2R (Surface waves) A small amplitude wave travels across ■ Figure P10.8R
a pond with a speed of 9.6 ft兾s. Determine the water depth.
(ANS: y ⱖ 2.86 ft) to twice its design flowrate, Q ⫽ 2Q0, determine the freeboard,
/, needed.
10.3R (Froude number) The average velocity and average
depth of a river from its beginning in the mountains to its dis- (ANS: 0.378 m)
charge into the ocean are given in the table below. Plot a graph 10.9R (Manning equation) Water flows in a rectangular chan-
of the Froude number as a function of distance along the river. nel of width b at a depth of b Ⲑ3. Determine the diameter of a
circular channel 1in terms of b2 that carries the same flowrate
when it is half-full. Both channels have the same Manning co-
Distance Average Velocity Average Depth efficient, n, and slope.
(mi) (ft兾s) (ft)
(ANS: 0.889 b)
0 13 1.5
10.10R (Manning equation) A weedy irrigation canal of
5 10 2.0
trapezoidal cross section is to carry 20 m3Ⲑs when built on a
10 9 2.3 slope of 0.56 m兾km. If the sides are at a 45° angle and the bot-
30 5 3.7 tom is 8 m wide, determine the width of the waterline at the
50 4 5.4 free surface.
80 4 6.0 (ANS: 12.0 m)
90 3 6.2 10.11R (Manning equation) Determine the maximum
flowrate possible for the creek shown in Fig. P10.11R if it is
(ANS: Fr ⴝ 1.87 at the beginning, 0.212 at the discharge) not to overflow onto the floodplain. The creek bed drops an av-
erage of 5 ft兾half-mile of length. Determine the flowrate dur-
10.4R (Froude number2 Water flows in a rectangular channel ing a flood if the depth is 8 ft.
at a depth of 4 ft and a flowrate of Q ⫽ 200 cfs. Determine the
minimum channel width if the flow is to be subcritical. (ANS: 182 ft3Ⲑs; 1517 ft3Ⲑs)
(ANS: 4.41 ft) Light brush floodplain Pasture floodplain
10.5R (Specific energy) Plot the specific energy diagram for Clear, straight
a wide channel carrying q ⫽ 50 ft2Ⲑs. Determine (a) the criti- channel
8 ft
8 ft
cal depth, (b) the minimum specific energy, (c) the alternate 4 ft
depth corresponding to a depth of 2.5 ft, and (d) the possible
flow velocities if E ⫽ 10 ft. 7 ft
6 ft
5 ft
(ANS: 4.27 ft; 6.41 ft; 8.12 ft; 5.22 ft Ⲑs or 22.3 ft Ⲑs) 50 ft 80 ft
10.6R (Specific energy) Water flows at a rate of 1000 ft3Ⲑ s in ■ Figure P10.11R
a horizontal rectangular channel 30 ft wide with a 2-ft depth.
Determine the depth if the channel contracts to a width of 25 ft.
10.12R (Best hydraulic cross section) Show that the triangu-
lar channel with the best hydraulic cross section 1i.e., minimum
Explain.
(ANS: 2.57 ft) area, A, for a given flowrate2 is a right triangle as is shown in
10.7R (Wall shear stress) Water flows in a 10-ft-wide rec- Fig. E10.8b.
tangular channel with a flowrate of 150 cfs and a depth of 3 ft. 10.13R (Hydraulic jump) At the bottom of a water ride in an
If the slope is 0.005, determine the Manning coefficient, n, and amusement park, the water in the rectangular channel has a
the average shear stress at the sides and bottom of the channel. depth of 1.2 ft and a velocity of 15.6 ft兾s. Determine the height
(ANS: 0.0320; 0.585 lbⲐft2) of the “standing wave” 1a hydraulic jump2 that the boat passes
through for its final “splash.”
10.8R (Manning equation) The triangular flume shown in
Fig. P10.8R is built to carry its design flowrate, Q0, at a depth (ANS: 2.50 ft)
of 0.90 m as is indicated. If the flume is to be able to carry up
R-20 Appendix G ■ Review Problems

10.14R (Hydraulic jump) Water flows in a rectangular chan- 10.16R (Broad-crested weir) The top of a broad-crested weir
nel with velocity V ⫽ 6 mⲐs. A gate at the end of the channel block is at an elevation of 724.5 ft, which is 4 ft above the
is suddenly closed so that a wave 1a moving hydraulic jump2 channel bottom. If the weir is 20 ft wide and the flowrate is
travels upstream with velocity Vw ⫽ 2 mⲐ s as is indicated in 400 cfs, determine the elevation of the reservoir upstream of
Fig. P10.14R. Determine the depths ahead of and behind the the weir.
wave. Note that this is an unsteady problem for a stationary (ANS: 730.86 ft)
observer. However, for an observer moving to the left with
velocity Vw, the flow appears as a steady hydraulic jump. 10.17R (Underflow gate) Water flows under a sluice gate in
a 60-ft-wide finished concrete channel as is shown in
(ANS: 0.652 m; 2.61 m)
Fig. P10.17R. Determine the flowrate. If the slope of the chan-
nel is 2.5 ft兾100 ft, will the water depth increase or decrease
Vw downstream of the gate? Assume Cc ⫽ y2 Ⲑ a ⫽ 0.65. Explain.
(ANS: 1670 ft3Ⲑs; decrease)
V=0
V y

■ Figure P10.14R Q
10 ft
y2
10.15R (Sharp-crested weir) Determine the head, H, required
to allow a flowrate of 600 m3Ⲑ hr over a sharp-crested triangular a = 2 ft
weir with u ⫽ 60°.
(ANS: 0.536 m) ■ Figure P10.17R

Review Problems for Chapter 11

Complete detailed solutions to the review problems can be 11.6R (Isentropic flow) An ideal gas in a large storage tank
found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Funda- at 100 psia and 60 °F flows isentropically through a converg-
mentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John ing duct to the atmosphere. The throat area of the duct is 0.1 ft2.
Wiley and Sons, Inc.). Determine the pressure, temperature, velocity, and mass flow-
rate of the gas at the duct throat if the gas is (a) air, (b) carbon
11.1R (Speed of sound) Determine the speed of sound in air
dioxide, (c) helium.
for a hot summer day when the temperature is 100 °F; for a
cold winter day when the temperature is ⫺20 °F. (ANS: (a) 52.8 psia: 433 ⴗR; 1020 ftⲐ s; 1.04 slugs Ⲑs; (b) 54.6
psia; 452 ⴗR; 815 ftⲐ s; 1.25 slugs Ⲑs; (c) 48.8 psia; 391 ⴗR;
(ANS: 1160 ftⲐ s; 1028 ftⲐ s)
2840 ft Ⲑs; 0.411 slugs Ⲑs)
11.7R (Fanno flow) A long, smooth wall pipe 1 f ⫽ 0.012 is
11.2R (Speed of sound) Compare values of the speed of sound
in ft兾s in the following liquids at 68 °F: (a) ethyl alcohol, (b)
to deliver 8000 ft3Ⲑmin of air at 60 °F and 14.7 psia. The inside
glycerin, (c) mercury.
diameter of the pipe is 0.5 ft, and the length of the pipe is 100 ft.
(ANS: 3810 ftⲐ s; 6220 ftⲐ s; 4760 ftⲐ s) Determine the static temperature and pressure required at the
11.3R (Sound waves) A stationary point source emits weak pipe entrance if the flow through the pipe is adiabatic.
pressure pulses in a flow that moves uniformly from left to right (ANS: 539 ⴗR; 23.4 psia)
with a Mach number of 0.5. Sketch the instantaneous outline
11.8R (Rayleigh flow) Air enters a constant-area duct that
at time ⫽ 10s of pressure waves emitted earlier at time ⫽ 5s
may be considered frictionless with T1 ⫽ 300 K and V1 ⫽ 300
and time ⫽ 8s. Assume that the speed of sound is 1000 ft兾s.
m兾s. Determine the amount of heat transfer in kJ兾kg required
11.4R (Mach number) An airplane moves forward in air with to choke the Rayleigh flow involved.
a speed of 500 mph at an altitude of 40,000 ft. Determine the (ANS: 5020 J Ⲑkg)
Mach number involved if the air is considered as U.S. standard
atmosphere 1see Table C.12. 11.9R (Normal shock waves) Standard atmospheric air enters
subsonically and accelerates isentropically to supersonic flow
(ANS: 0.757)
in a duct. If the ratio of duct exit to throat cross-sectional areas
11.5R (Isentropic flow) At section 112 in the isentropic flow is 3.0, determine the ratio of back pressure to inlet stagnation
of carbon dioxide, p1 ⫽ 40 kPa1abs2, T1 ⫽ 60 °C, and V1 ⫽ pressure that will result in a standing normal shock at the duct
350 mⲐ s. Determine the flow velocity, V2, in m兾s, at another exit. Determine also the stagnation pressure loss across the nor-
section, section 122, where the Mach number is 2.0. Also cal- mal shock in kPa.
culate the section area ratio, A2ⲐA1. (ANS: 0.375; 56.1 kPa)
(ANS: 500 mⲐ s; 1.71)
 Review Problems for Chapter 12 R-21

Review Problems for Chapter 12

Complete detailed solutions to the review problems can be 35°
found in Student Solution Manual and Study Guide for Funda-
mentals of Fluid Mechanics, by Munson et al. (© 2006 John r 2 = 0.15 m
Wiley and Sons, Inc.).

12.1R (Angular momentum) Water is supplied to a dish-

washer through the manifold shown in Fig. P12.1R. Determine r 1 = 0.09 m
+
the rotational speed of the manifold if bearing friction and air
resistance are neglected. The total flowrate of 2.3 gpm is di- 3000
vided evenly among the six outlets, each of which produces a rpm
5Ⲑ 16-in.-diameter stream.
(ANS: 0.378 revⲐ s)
W W W
0.03 m
a
3 in. 3 in. 3 in. ■ Figure P12.3R

ω
W2 = 16 m/s U1 = 8 m/s

U2 = 16 m/s
a W1
W W W W V2 2 V1

30° 30° 1
ω
+
section a-a

■ Figure P12.1R

12.2R (Velocity triangles) An axial-flow turbomachine rotor

involves the upstream 112 and downstream 122 velocity triangles
shown in Fig. P12.2R. Is this turbomachine a turbine or a fan?
Sketch an appropriate blade section and determine the energy ■ Figure P12.4R
transferred per unit mass of fluid.
(ANS: turbine; ⴚ36.9 ft2 Ⲑs2)
as it flows through the rotor. (b) Sketch an appropriate blade
section.
⎪W2⎪ = ⎪W1⎪
(ANS: 404 N ⴢ mⲐ kg)
U2 = 30 ft/s
W1 W2 12.5R (Similarity laws) When the shaft horsepower supplied
U1 = 30 ft/s to a certain centrifugal pump is 25 hp, the pump discharges 700
gpm of water while operating at 1800 rpm with a head rise of 90
V2 ft. (a) If the pump speed is reduced to 1200 rpm, determine the
V1 = 20 ft/s 60° new head rise and shaft horsepower. Assume the efficiency re-
mains the same. (b) What is the specific speed, Nsd, for this pump?
■ Figure P12.2R
(ANS: 40 ft, 7.41 hp; 1630)

12.3R (Centrifugal pump) Shown in Fig. P12.3R are front 12.6R (Specific speed) An axial-flow turbine develops 10,000
and side views of a centrifugal pump rotor or impeller. If the hp when operating with a head of 40 ft. Determine the rota-
pump delivers 200 liters兾s of water and the blade exit angle is tional speed if the efficiency is 88%.
35° from the tangential direction, determine the power re- (ANS: 65.4 rpm)
quirement associated with flow leaving at the blade angle. The
12.7R (Turbine) A water turbine with radial flow has the di-
flow entering the rotor blade row is essentially radial as viewed
mensions shown in Fig. P12.7R. The absolute entering veloc-
from a stationary frame.
ity is 50 ft兾s, and it makes an angle of 30° with the tangent to
(ANS: 348 kW) the rotor. The absolute exit velocity is directed radially inward.
12.4R (Centrifugal pump) The velocity triangles for water The angular speed of the rotor is 120 rpm. Find the power de-
flow through a radial pump rotor are as indicated in Fig. P12.4R. livered to the shaft of the turbine.
(a) Determine the energy added to each unit mass 1kg2 of water (ANS: ⴚ1200 hp)
R-22 Appendix G ■ Review Problems

V1 = 50 ft/s 12.8R (Turbine) Water enters an axial-flow turbine rotor with

30° 1 ft an absolute velocity tangential component, Vu, of 30 ft兾s. The
corresponding blade velocity, U, is 100 ft兾s. The water leaves
r1 = 2 ft
the rotor blade row with no angular momentum. If the stagna-
tion pressure drop across the turbine is 45 psi, determine the
efficiency of the turbine.
V2 (ANS: 0.898)
r2 = 1 ft
+
120 rpm

Section (1) Section (2)

■ Figure P12.7R