ECEN 103

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Computer and Electronics Engineering Fundamentals:
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–– Second
Second level
level Analog Circuits
• Third level
• Third level
– Fourth level Lecture 2
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
» Fifth level

Dr. Lamar Yang

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Nebraska-Lincoln

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 Review: voltage/potential
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Choose reference Energy level properly

•• Click+ toA edit Master text stylesVAB = VA – VB = 1 (V)

–– Second
Second level
level
Circuit
+ 1 (V)
•_ Third level VBA = VB – VA = -1 (V)
• Third level
–B Fourth level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level _ A
Same
» Fifth level
Circuit
+
B

• Voltage can be positive or negative, time-varying (AC) or constant

(DC)
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 Electrical Current
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• Definition of electric current: time rate of charge q(t)
– Symbol: I, i(t) Coulomb
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–– Second
Second level
level
• Third 𝑑𝑞(𝑡)
level 𝑡
–i(t) = level
• Third  q(t) =
– Fourth level Second ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
» 𝑑𝑡
– Fourth level
Fifth level
» Fifth level

– Current Units:
q(t) Ampere (A)=(C/t)
i(t)

1 1
t(s) t
1 2 second 2
1

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• By convention, current flow direction is represented by the
Click
movementto Click
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to charge
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(+), orstyle
thetitle style
opposite of (-) charge
movement.
••• For
Clickexample, in a copper
to edit Master wire, the electrons move in the
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opposite
Seconddirection
–– Second level
level of the current flow
• Third level i(t)
• Third level
– Fourth level Direct current
– Fourth level
» Fifth level t
» Fifth level

DC
Average of i(t)
DC current

AC I’(t)

t(s)
AC current

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 CURRENT
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• The applied voltage is the starting mechanism—
••the
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current text stylesto the applied voltage.
is a reaction
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level
• Third level
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FIG. 2.8 There is motion of free carriers in an isolated piece of

copper wire, but the flow of charge fails to have a particular
direction.

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 CURRENT
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–– Second
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level
• Third level
• Third level
– Fourth level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
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FIG. 2.9 Motion of negatively charged electrons in a

copper wire when placed across battery terminals with a FIG. 2.10 Basic electric circuit.
difference in potential of volts (V).

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 CURRENT
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• The unit of current measurement, ampere, was
••chosen
Click to toedithonor
Masterthe textefforts
styles of André Ampère in
–– Second level
the study
Second of
level
• Third level
electricity in motion.
• Third level
• In summary, – Fourth levelthe applied voltage (or potential
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
difference) inlevelan electrical/electronics system is
» Fifth
the “pressure” to set the system in motion, and
the current is the reaction to that pressure.

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 Example of Current
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–– Second
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level
• Third level
• Third level
– Fourth level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
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 VOLTAGE SOURCES
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• ••The
Clickterm
to edit dc, usedtext
Master throughout
styles this
text, is an
–– Second
Second abbreviation for direct
level
level
• Third level
current, which
• Third level
– Fourth level encompasses all
systems »where
– Fourth level there is a
level
Fifth
» Fifth level
unidirectional (one direction) flow
of charge.

FIG. 2.12 Standard symbol for a dc

voltage source.
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 VOLTAGE SOURCES
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• In general, dc voltage sources can be divided into
••three
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basic types:text styles
–– Second
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level
– Batteries (chemical action or solar energy)
• Third level
• Third level
– Generators (electromechanical), and
– Fourth level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
– Power supplies
» Fifth level (rectification—a conversion process to
be described in your electronics courses).

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VOLTAGE SOURCES: Power Supplies
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• The dc supply encountered most frequently in the
laboratory uses the rectification
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processes
–– Second as its means toward obtaining a steady
level
Second level
dc voltage.
• Third level
• Third level
– Fourth level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
» Fifth level

FIG. 2.21 A 0 V to 60 V, 0 to 1.5 A

digital display dc power supply.
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 VOLTAGE SOURCES
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–– Second
Second level
level
• Third level
• Third level
– Fourth level
– Fourth level
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FIG. 2.22 dc laboratory supply: (a) available terminals; (b) positive voltage
with respect to (w.r.t.) ground; (c) negative voltage w.r.t. ground; (d) floating
supply.

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 VOLTAGE SOURCES
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–– Second
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level
• Third level
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FIG. 2.24
Honda FCX Clarity fuel-cell automobile.
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 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
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• Different wires placed across the same two battery
••terminals
Click to editallow Master text stylesamounts of charge to
different
–– Second level
flow between
Second level the terminals.
• Third level
• Third level
• Many factors,– Fourth level such as the density, mobility, and
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
stability characteristics
» Fifth level of a material, account for
these variations in charge flow.

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 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
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– In general, however, conductors are those materials
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that topermit
edit Mastera generous flow of electrons with very little
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external
–– Second force (voltage) applied.
Second level
level
– In ••addition,
Third level good conductors typically have only one
Third level
– Fourth level
electron » in
– Fourth the
level valence (most distant from the nucleus)
level
Fifth
ring. » Fifth level

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 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
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–– Second
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level
• Third level
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– Fourth level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
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TABLE 2.1 Relative conductivity of various

materials
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 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
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–– Second
Second level
level
• Third level
• Third level
– Fourth level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
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The breakdown voltage of an
insulator is the minimum
voltage that causes a portion
TABLE 2.2 Breakdown strength of some of an insulator to experience
common insulators. electrical breakdown and
become electrically
conductive.
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 AMMETERS AND VOLTMETERS
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• It is important to be able to measure the current
••and
Clickvoltage
to edit Masterlevelstext
of styles
an operating electrical
–– Second level
system
Secondto check
level
• Third level
its operation, isolate
malfunctions,
– Fourth level and investigate effects impossible to
• Third level
– Fourth level
predict on paper.
» Fifth level
» Fifth level
• As the names imply, ammeters are used to
measure current levels; voltmeters, the potential
difference between two points.

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 AMMETERS AND VOLTMETERS
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• If the current levels are usually of the order of
••milliamperes,
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instrument will typically be
–– Second level
referred
Second tolevelas a milliammeter, and if the current
• Third level
levels are
• Third inlevelthe microampere range, as a
level
– Fourth
– Fourth level
microammeter. » Fifth level
» Fifth level

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 ENERGY AND POWER
•
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Energy measured in Joule is the work done by a force along a
distance,
•WClick
• • to edit
= force Master=text
* distance ‫𝐹 𝑐׬‬styles
Ԧ 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥Ԧ
–– Second
Second level
level
• Third level
• Power• is thelevel
Third energy or work done per unit time
– Fourth level
– Fourth
𝑑𝑤(𝑡) level 𝑡
• p(t) = 𝑑𝑡 ➔ w(t) = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑝 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
» Fifth level
» Fifth level
• Relate this to basic electric charge, to obtain electrical power or
work
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞
• p(t) = ( 𝑑𝑞 )( ) = v(t) i(t)
𝑑𝑡

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