ELECTRO-TECHNIC PRODUCTS, INC. 4642. N. RAVENSWOOD, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60640-4510 le TELEPHONE: 773-561-2349 FAX: 773-561-3130 SPECTRUM TUBES Spectrum tubes contain one or more elements as gaseous atoms or molecules. Energy is supplied through an electric field applied between electrodes at the ends of the tubes. Ions and electrons formed by the field are accelerated; collisions convert the increased kinetic energy to other types, one being electronic. Electrons in energetic or excited atoms occupy one of many well-defined states. ‘An electron with high energy E, will return to a lower energy state E,, simultaneously emitting a photon of energy E,- E, = AE = hc/h; where h = 6.63x10 J-s is Planck's constant, c = 3x10° mis is the speed of light and A is the wavelength of light (in meters) in the emitted photon Each excited atom type emits characteristic wavelengths determined by energy level differences AE present in that species. One may observe a particular color with the eye; analysis with a spectrometer will reveal a series of sharp (monochromatic) emission lines. OBSERVING THE SPECTRA Spectrum tubes manufactured by Electro-Technic Products, Inc. use research-grade gasses and vapors to provide bright-line spectral lines of the highest clarity. They are designed for optimum intensity and line resolution when examined in a student grade spectrometer equipped with a ca. 200 line/mm (5000 line/inch) diffraction grating. The pressure of the various gasses in spectrum tubes is a carefully controlled value that will produce the maximum quality of brightness and clarity of the spectral lines. For some tubes it is not necessarily the same value of pressure that produces maximum continuous operating life of the spectral lines. Tubes should be energized with the Electro- Technic Model SP-200 Spectrum Tube Power Supply, which is made expressly for this purpose. Tube life is extended if operation is cyclic for no more than 30 seconds "on", 30 seconds “off, ete., increasing the usable life of the tubes. Some tubes using neon, helium and other gases found in cold cathode display signs can run continuously with less deterioration of the quality of the spectral lines. The others, such as hydrogen, the halogens and water vapor, require more care in processing to increase the life. Pure nickel electrodes and the best research grade of gases are used, and meticulous care is taken in processing to increase service life. However, the tubes all start to contaminate at a very slow rate when used. How soon this can be detected by the user depends on the sensitivity of the measuring equipment. If the tubes are used as recommended and not allowed to get overheated, the useful life, or time it takes to detect contamination with the usual measuring equipment, is very long. 085-0061-2 Printed in USA,DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECTRA Model 4605 HYDROGEN (H, gas). Strong violet, blue and red lines are obvious, although others may be seen. Color Wavelength, A Violet 4200 Violet 4400 Blue 4900 Red 6700 Red 6700 Model 4617 DEUTERIUM (isotopic variant of H,). Spectrum is the same as for H,, unaffected by neutron, Color Wavelength, A Violet 4200 Violet 4400 Blue 4900 Red 6700 ‘Model 4604 HELIUM (He gas). Strong spectrum with 2 violet, 2 green, 1 yellow and 2 red lines being prominent. Color ‘Wavelength, A Violet 4000 Violet 4000 Violet 4000 Blue 4500 Blue 4550 Blue 4550 Blue 4800 Green 5000 Green 5100 Yellow 5850 Red 6500 Red 6800 Red 7200 Model 4609 NITROGEN (N, gas). _ Strong spectrum of many lines from violet to red, Color Wavelength, A Viotet 4000 Viotet 4050 Violet 100 Viotet 4150 Violet 4200 Violet 4250 NITROGEN (Continued) Viotot Violet Blue Blue Blue Green Green Green Green Yellow Yellow Yellow Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red 4400 4450 5000 5050 5200 $300 5400 3500 5600 5800 5850 5900 6000 6150 6200 6250 6300 6350 6400 6450 6500 6600 6700 6750 6800 6850 Model 4610 OXYGEN (©, gas). Very weak spectrum covering violet, blue/violet, green and red, (2 lines) regions. Color Violet Violet Blue Green Green Green Green Green Red Red Red Red Wavelength, A 4400 4400 4900 5250 5400 5400 3500 5650 6150 6250 6600 6650DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECTRA Model 4611 WATER (H,O vapor). Three strong NEON (Continued) hydrogen lines and weak spectrum from oxygen Green 5100 Color Wavelength, A Green 5250 Violet 4300 jareeal ped Violet 4400 Green oy Yellow 800 poe ee ‘Yellow 5900 Green 5200 Yellow 6000 ae eae Red 6050 Green $500 Green 5600 AS pee Red 6150 Red 6050 Red 6200 Red 6100 Red 6600 Red 6650 Red 6650 Red 6700 Model 4612 AIR (about 80% N,, 2096 O, gases). Red 6850 Strong spectrum is effectively the same as that of eed 7050 pute N;. See NITROGEN. Red 780 Model 4613 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO; 0s). Model 4600 ARGON (Ar gas). Weak multiple About 6 intense lines from carbon (C) ines, most intense in violet, less intense in ed superimposed on the spectrum from oxygen (O) See CARBONIC ACID. Color Wavelength, A Model 4602 CARBONIC ACID (H,CO, vapor), wait 4200 (Hazy) Spec resembles that of eboney piesa 4400 (es) conspicuous red line from hydrogen. Tolet : Color Wavelength, A cee al Violet 4150 Green 5500 Violet 4250 Green 5500 Violet 4450 Green 5600 Viotet 4550 Green 5700 Blue 4900 Yellow 5950 Green s100 Red 6100 Green 5200 Red 6250 Green 5300 Red 6300 Grea 5400 Red 400 Green 5650 Red 6500 _ ea Red 6600 Red 6200 Be eae Red 6300 a a Red 6600 eee pod Red 7200 ‘Model 4608 NEON (Ne gas). Strong spectrum of multiple lines in. green, yellow, orango, red. Note absence of violet lines, Used in "neon lights" WA Color Wavelen; Blue 4750 Blue 4900DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECTRA Model 4614 KRYPTON (Kr gas). Strong spectral MERCURY (Continued) lines in violet, green, orange and red portions. Red 6600 Color Wavelength, & Red 6800 Violet 4300 (Hazy) re an Violet 4400 (Hazy) 7 a an ion Model 4603 CHLORINE (Cl, gs). Medium intensity molliine spectrum from violet to orange, Blue 4900 with 3 stronger lines in the blue/green region, Green 5600 Gas 5650 Color Wavelength, A Green 5700 Violet 4450 Yellow 3900 Violet 4550 Red 6100 Blue 4850 Red 6300 Blue 4850 Red 6500 Green 5100 Red 65650 Green 5200 Green 5200 Model 4616 KRYPTON 86 (“Kr gos). Isotopic Green 5400 variant of naturally occurring krypton, which is Green 5450 mainly “Kr. Spectrum is not noticeably changed, Green 5700 as with hydrogen and deuterium. ae “ ‘Yellow 5900 Model 4615 XENON (Xe gas). Weak spectrum of Red. 6000 2 violt and 2 green lines. Red 6250 Red 6350 Color Wavelength, A Red 6550 Blue 4700 pee cad Blue 4700 Model 4606 IODINE (1, vapor). Strong spectrum Green 4830 with lines 50 closely spaced that appearance is 3reen 4850 "blurry", especially in orangeired region Green 5000 ee : 7 Green 5000 Model 4601 BROMINE (Br, gas). Strong, Red 6250 multiple line spectrum from violet to red, with Red 6400 about 7 prominent lines Model 4607 MERCURY (Hg vapor). Strong Color Wavelength, A spectrum composed of 3 violet, 1 green, 1 yellow Violet 4200 and 1 orange lines. Mercury lamps are used as Violet 4250 light sources for these wavelengths. Violet 4500 7 w, : Violet 4500 ‘olor avelength, = Blue 4750 Violet 4500 Blue 4300 Violet 4500 Blue 4300 Violet 4500 Biue 4800 Violet 4600 Green 5000 Green 5050 Green 5600 Yellow 5900 Yellow 5900 Red 6100 Red 6250