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 Buddhist Deities of Nepal:
Iconography in Two Sketchbooks

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 GUDRUN BUHNEMANN
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Buddhist Deities of Nepal:

Iconography in Two Sketchbooks

Lumbini
2003

LUMBINI INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

OCCASIONAL PAPERS, 4
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Lumbini International Research Institute
6Z51 Occasionat Papers, 4
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Lumbini International Research Institute

P.O.Box 39
Bhairahawa, Dist. Rupandehi
NEPAL
e-mail: [email protected]

0 Lumbini International Research Institute

Cover: Nativity of the Buddha, 9th century, stone, h: 84 cm

Courtesy of the National Museum, Kathmandu

All rights reserved.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose ofprivate study,
research, criticism or review. no part ofthis book may be
reproduced in any form, by print, photocopy, microfilm,
scanner or any other means without prior written permission.
Enquiries should be made to the publisher.

ISBN 99933-769-7-3

Published 2003
Printed in Nepal by Nepal Lithographing Co .

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CONTENTS

1 Introduction 7

2 Previous Research on Sketchbooks 8

3 The Two Sketchbooks: The BDC and LC 9
3a The Sketchbook BOC 9

3b The Sketchbook LC 15

3c Comparison of the BOC and LC 17

4 Directions for Further Research 18

5 Acknowledgements 19

Bibliography and Abbreviations 21

Table 1: The Iconographic Features of the Deities in the BOC 27

The Sketchbook BOC 45

Table 2: The Iconographic Features of the Deities in the LC 81

The Sketchbook LC 93
Index of Deities' Names in the BOC and LC 115
.. " ' ... :_; __ 1 c ... _ ,_........
I Introduction

While I was examining microfilms of Tantric texts at the National Archives,

Kathmandu, a film containing line drawings of Buddhist deities labelled 'Bauddha-

devatacitras3J!lgraha' (= BDC) caught my attention. These drawings are similar to

those in 'Nepalese Sketchbook no. l' published by Lokesh Chandra(= LC) in 1984.

Both sketchbooks, though apparently incomplete, contain a large number of

drawings of deities. More extensive documents such as these are rarely found. I

therefore decided to prepare a preliminary study of the sketchbooks since they

comprise important documents for the field of Neviir Buddhist iconography.

Work on this project continued over a period of time. During my stay in

Kathmandu in 2001 I first obtained a microfilm of the BOC from the National
Archives and several weeks later a printed copy of the microfilm, on the basis of

which I prepared a preliminary list of the deities' names. Later I had an opportunity

to go over my reading of the names with Kasinath Tamo!, which led to several

improvements. After returning to the United States, I reworked my notes and

modified and corrected my reading of the deities' names by consulting other

iconographic source materials. I also began working on the LC. In an effort to obtain

additional material for comparison, and hoping to find the original manuscript from

which the BOC and LC were copied, I searched collections of sketchbooks in the

U.S. But I have been unable to find the original sketchbook or similar sketchbooks. I

also started correspondence with Dr. M. Blom, Utrecht, who kindly lent me several

older microfilms containing material she obtained from the National Archives in the

1980s. While going through her films I found negatives of the BOC whose quality is

superior to the microfilmed images I obtained from the National Archives. I

therefore decided to use these negatives for reproduction of the sketchbook in this

book, and I express my thanks to Dr. Blom for placing them at my disposal.

7
2 Previous Research on Sketchbooks

A large number of painters' sketchbooks or model books from Nepal are preserved in

archives, museums and private collections in Nepal and the West. These sketchbooks
contain drawings of deities, m~<;talas, mudriis and related ritualistic objects for the

use of craftsmen and painters. Very few have been published and studied. The artistic

value of these materials varies greatly. Many sketchbooks are incomplete or

damaged, others do not label their drawings and are therefore difficult to interpret.

Blom 1985: 441 offers a brief classification of the extant types of sketchbooks. In her
book 'Depicted Deities' (1989) she presents for the first time a contextual study of

painters' model books and describes therein the characteristic features of these

materials, their practical use and the importance of their study. In this valuable work,

Blom focuses mostly on Hindu deities as depicted in Nepalese sketchbooks. Several

scholars have studied individual sketchbooks pertaining to iconography. In the

volume 'The Hindu Deities Illustrated according to the Prati~µtalak~~asara­

samuccaya' (1990), which I am currently revising for a South Asian edition, I

analyze two Nepalese manuscripts which illustrate the deities described in Chapter 6

of the Prati~µtalak~~asarasamuccaya. Slightly more research has been done on

Buddhist than on Hindu or Saiva materials. Lowry 1977 provides a preliminary

analysis of a Nepalese Buddhist sketchbook that differs stylistically from the

sketchbooks reproduced in this book. Lokesh Chandra's volume 'Buddhist Icono-

graphy according to Nepalese Sketchbooks' (1984), which includes as an appendix a

study of a Hindu sketchbook by A. Vergati, reproduces fragments of several

Buddhist sketchbooks prefaced by a brief introduction. In a separate paper, Blom

1995 deals with the Buddhist Lokesvara tradition in Nepal as reflected in painters'

model books. Recently Slusser/Sharma/Giambrone 1999 studied a Nepalese sketch-

book devoted to the metallurgical arts. A catalogue, titled 'The Circle of Bliss:

Buddhist Meditational Art,' is currently being edited by J.C. Huntington and D.

Bangdel to accompany an exhibition at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in

8
October 2003. This forthcoming publication will include a study of a sketchbook by

Chaya Chandrasekhar. This late-19th-century work (M 82.169.2 from the museum

collection) depicts a large number of Buddhist and Saiva deities, and is described in

Pal 1985: 179 (D 28).

3 The Two Sketchbooks: The BOC and LC

This book reproduces two similar sets of line drawings of Buddhist deities. The first
one, Bauddhadevatacitrasarµgraha (= BOC). is hitherto unpublished. It is referred to

in Blom 1989: 13-14, 84 and 1995: 140. 141. J.B. 145, 147 (with reproductions of

some drawings). The second sketchbook was published as 'Nepalese Sketchbook no.

1' by Lokesh Chandra(= LC) 1984: 1-19, but the drawings are rather dark and the
details hard to distinguish. They are reproduced in this book in somewhat better

quality and with a new list of deities' names. The BDC and LC appear to be copies of
another sketchbook which has not yet been discovered.

3a The Sketchbook BDC

The first sketchbook, labelled 'Bauddhadevatacitrasarµgraha (Rekhacitratmaka),'

consists of 186 drawings by one artist. It is preserved in the National Archives,

Kathmandu only in microfilm (reel no. E 1866/2, running no. E 35548). The

sketchbook was microfilmed by the staff of the Nepal-German Manuscript Preserva-

tion Project on October 10, 1985 from the private collection of a resident of Patan
whose surname is recorded as Harke [H~a]. During her stay in Kathmandu in the

1980s Blom was apparently able to see the original (see her brief description in Blom

1989: 14). The original sketchbook is no longer traceable, since it was returned to its

owner after microfilming. The original document is recorded as a concertina-type

9
manuscript (thyiisaphu) made of canvas and not - as usually is the case - paper. The

size of the sketchbook is recorded as 25.6 x 17 cm, but on the microfilm which I

obtained the drawings have been enlarged. Since the quality of the negatives obtained

by M. Blom in the 1980s is superior to that of the microfilm copy supplied by the

National Archives, the negatives were used for reproduction here. The sequence of

pages in the negatives and the microfilm is identical, but may not be the original

sequence of the drawings in the manuscript. It appears that some folios are out of

sequence. The arrangement of deities is not very systematic and may not follow a

particular text. The Lokesvaras and some forms of Mafijusli, for example, are found

in two different places. It is also possible that the sketchbook is incomplete. Since the

pages are unnumbered and the original unavailable, I did not have enough evidence

to justify rearranging the folios and have therefore retained the sequence in which the

drawings were photographed. This sequence is as follows (an asterisk indicates that a

folio may be out of sequence):

Folios Deities

Folio 1* Deities 1-5

Folio 2 Deities fr8

Folio 3 Deities 9-11

Folio 4 Deities 12-15

Folio 5 Deities lfr20

Folio 6 Deities 21-24

Folio 7 Deities 25-28

Folio 8 Deities 29-33

Folio 9 Deities 34-37

Folio 10 Deities 38-42

Folio 11 * Deities 43-48

Folio 12 Deities 49-54

10
Folio 13 Deities 55--00

Folio 14 Deities 61-66

Folio 15* Deities 67-73

Folio 16 Deities 74-79

Folio 17 Deities 80-85

Folio 18 Deities 86-93

Folio 19 Deities 94-99

Folio 20 Deities 100-107

Folio 21 Deities 108-115

Folio 22 Deities 116-123

Folio 23 Deities 124-130

Folio 24 Deities 131 - 136

Folio 25 Deities 137- 142

Folio 26 Deities 143- 148

Folio 27 Deities 149- 154

Folio 28 Ma9<;lala 155

Folio 29 Mar:i<;lala 156

Folio 30 Deities 157-162

Folio 31 Deities 163-168

Folio 32 Deities 169-174

Folio 33 Deities 175-180

Folio 34 Deities 181-186

Among the deities that figure prominently are the Lokesvaras, forms of

Maiijusri and Tara. The manuscript also includes two ma1.1<;lalas, which are not found

in the LC. The first one is a mar:i<;lala of CakrasaqlVara, which corresponds for the

most part to the description in Abhayakaragupta's Ni~pannayogavalI. The other is

unnamed but can be identified as a ma1.1<;lala of Manjusri.

11
 Most of the drawings are accompanied by the deities' names in Nevan
characters. The spellings of these names contain many errors. This is probably due to
carelessness on the part of the scribe as well as lack of knowledge of Sanskrit. One

also may note that in the orthography of Nevan manuscripts long and short vowels

are frequently interchanged, as are the letters llr, nlr,j/y, v/b, kh/~ and s/~/s. 1 In listing

the deities' names, I have standardized the orthography and corrected obvious scribal

mistakes, for example, when the inscriptions substitute single for double consonants
or dental for retroflex consonants. Thus I changed Marici to Manci,2 Mahavara to

Mahabala and Vajrasatva to Vajrasattva. But I did not correct Nevan variants of

names, such as Vajradhatesvari3 (for Vajradhatvisvari) or Halahala (for Halahala).

Other names are hybrid formations with Sanskrit, Prfilqt and Nevan elements. In
such cases I have not attempted to make any changes either. The forms of names of

Buddhist deities which are recorded as standard forms in reference works and
dictionaries are often based on Bhattacharyya's edition of the Sadhanamfila and

Ni~pannayogavali. In these editions Bhattacharyya has selected certain readings and

rejected other local forms of names which are found in the manuscripts often enough
to be considered local Nevan variants. The names of the Lokesvaras, which are based

on local traditions, especially merit a detailed comparative study. Some readings of

names are open to interpretation. In BDC 153, the inscription Kalpokta-Da5abhuja-

Manci (which seems to be the intended reading) can also be interpreted as (the

equally possible compound) Karapatra-Da5abhuja-Manci. In a few cases the names

appear to be unusual and not attested elsewhere. Wherever a deity's name could not

be determined with certainty I have discussed possible readings of the text in the

footnotes. A final decision can only be made after comparing textual descriptions in

1
For peculiarities in the orthography of Nevari manuscripts, see Lienhard/Manandhar 1988:
XXVII-XXVIII.
2
I adopt the spelling Manci recorded in the Monier-Williams 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'
and in Edgerton's 'Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary.' The reading Marici is found in
some manuscripts (Goshima/Noguchi 1983: 22, no. 81 and Hodgson 1874 [1972): 19).
3
The form Vajradhate~vari is also used in Williamsffribe 2000: 21 l.

12
the siidhana collections related to Nepal with the drawings. At times I have found the

names of deities to be inaccurate. In several cases names of attributes or hand

gestures have been mistaken for a deity's name. In BDC 38, the word trida1J4a,

referring to an attribute, is found instead of the name Prajfiaparamita. In BOC 139 the
word dharmacakrasamiidhi, which refers to two mudras (i.e., dharmacakramudra

and samiidhimudra), appears instead of the name Mahamantranusarir:ii. one of the

Paficarak~a goddesses. In another case (see below), a deity's name is derived from

the colophon of a siidhana text. It is impossible to say whether the deities' names

were added to the drawings by a later hand or not. Some drawings are not labelled at
all; perhaps they were inserted later. Two of these unlabelled drawings can be

identified as Loke~varas. Some deities may seem identical at first sight, but closer
examination shows that different colours are specified for them. Other deities, such

as the Paficarak~a goddesses. appear several times, each time following a different
iconographic tradition. The deities' attributes are rarely labelled; if they are, Nevan

or Sanskrit words_are used. At times an attribute is specified but not depicted in a

drawing. On some folios, where attributes of deities were not clearly recognizable, a

later hand redrew pairs of arms with attributes separately. It also appears that on

some drawings the fingers of the hands of the deities have been redrawn.

I have assigned numbers to the drawings for easy reference. Table 1

summarizes the major iconographic characteristics of the deities: their names,

number of arms and heads, postures and seats/mounts. In the table I have hyphenized

long compounded names to help the reader unfamiliar with Sanskrit. Words in angle

brackets indicate my additions. I have listed the number of heads of deities but not

their colours. The BDC frequently specifies colours, but it is often unclear whether a
colour refers to a deity's head or body. In the sketchbook the colours are indicated by

the following abbreviations of Sanskrit and Nevan (Nev.) words:

13
ku - for kunilkuvani (Nev.) - smoke-coloured, or for kurikuma - saffron

te - iveta - white

va - vanu (Nev.) - green

ha - harita - green

ra - rakta - red

ya - for -yeyu (Nev.)(?) - yellow

pi - pfla - yellow

ni - nila - dark

I have only indicated the major postures: seated, standing, dancing and

flying. Since the names of the postures are usually not specified in the sketchbook, it

is not possible to distinguish, for example, between the standing postures alft!ha and
pratyalf<Jha, which are defined differently by authorities. The column 'Seat/Mount'

indicates the surface on which a deity is seated or standing. Such surfaces include
animals, subjugated deities, lotuses, etc. The seats sometimes have several tiers.

Among the subjugated deities on which a deity places a foot the group of four Maras

(i.e., Brahma, Vi~i:iu/Narayru:ia, Mahadeva/Rudra and Indra) is specified several

times. Several types of lotuses appear as seats of the deities. Some are double-

petalled, others have petals pointing upwards or downwards. I have not included
these details. The deities' attributes are not listed in the table, because many cannot
be recognized clearly. Additional information such as cross-references to the deities'

drawings in the LC can be found in the column 'Remarks.'

Kasinath Truno! places the BDC in the early 18th century based on linguistic
evidence. This date agrees with Blom 1989: 14 and 1995: 140, who assigns the

sketchbook to the 18th century.

14
3b The Sketchbook LC

The second sketchbook contains 171 drawings by a single artist who is not identical

with the artist who prepared the line drawings in the BDC. It was first published by

Lokesh Chandra(= LC) 1984: 1-19 as 'Nepalese Sketchbook no. l' with very brief

introductory remarks (introduction, p. 4). In his book, several folios are reproduced

on a page with a single page number, and the deities' names are added at the bottom

of a page. These names were apparently deciphered from the dark microfilmed or

photographed copy of the drawings which is reproduced in the book and not from the

original sketchbook. Already at that time, therefore, the inscriptions in the

sketchbook were difficult to read: question marks were added to some names, while

other deities remained unidentified. As Blom 1995: 140 already noted, the LC is very

similar to the BDC. Comparing the LC with BDC enabled me to decipher some of

the previously unidentified names and correct some readings of the names. However,

some readings still remain tentative and can only be confirmed if the original

becomes avail.able. Lokesh Chandra informs me that the LC belonged to a Vajracarya

from Pa!an.

For the reproduction of the LC in this book I have used a set of photocopies

provided by Lokesh Chandra. I have maintained the arrangement of folios on the

pages as followed in his book, but have assigned numbers to all the drawings (on the

margins, from left to right) for easy reference. Table 2 summarizes the iconographic

features of the deities following the same principles as in Table 1, but with cross

references to the BOC. To avoid repetition, the notes on the iconographic features in

Table 2 are less elaborate than those in Table 1. As Lokesh Chandra 1984: 4 already

noted, and Mevissen 1998: 347-349 confirmed after examining the Paiicar~a

images, the sequence of drawings in the LC is disordered. I have rearranged the

folios only in so far as I have taken up the suggestion by Mevissen 1998: 349 that the

second set of Paiicarak~a images should precede the first set. This means that I have

15
moved page 14 to the beginning of the collection and prefixed it to page 1 in Lokesh

Chandra's 1984 edition. I did not have enough evidence to justify rearranging the
order of other pages and have therefore retained their sequence. This sequence is as

follows:

New arrangement Arrangement in Deities

Lokesh Chandra 1984

Page 1 Page 14 Deities 1-9

Page2 Page 1 Deities _µl-15

Page3 Page2 Deities 16-23

Page4 Page 3 Deities 24-31

Pages Page4 Deities 32-39

Page6 Page5 Deities 40-47

Page7 Page6 Deities 48- 57

Page 8 Page7 Deities 58-68

Page9 Page8 Deities 69- 79

Page 10 Page 9 Deities 8~89

Page 11 Page 10 Deities 9~ 100

Page 12 Page 11 Deities 101-110

Page 13 Page 12 Deities 111-1 19

Page 14 Page 13 Deities 12~124

Page 15 Page 15 Deities 125-133

Page 16 Page 16 Deities 134-144

Page 17 Page 17 Deities 145-155

Page 18 Page 18 Deities 156-166

Page 19 Page 19 Deities 167- 171

16
3c Comparison of the BDC and LC

About two thirds of the 186 drawings in the BDC are very similar to the drawings in

the LC. However, the last section of the drawings in the BDC (from 137 onwards)

has no parallel in the LC. The sketchbook LC also contains several drawings not

found in the BDC. In contrast to the BDC, the deities' attributes are frequently

labelled in the LC. There are occasionally differences in the orthography of proper

names between the two sketchbooks. In the drawing of one sketchbook the deity may

be seated on a lotus, while the lotus may be absent in the drawing of the same deity

in the other sketchbook. Occasionally the drawings contain errors. BOC 72

erroneously shows Adibuddha-Mafijusri with nine arms, four on his right and five on

his left side. Similarly, LC 81 depicts Arnoghapasa-Lokesvara with seven arms. Both

sketchbooks assign numbers to some of their line drawings. It appears as if the

numbers were added later in the BDC after comparing the drawings with those in

another document. The fact that the drawings in the BDC are not numbered in

consecutive order and some numbers are entirely missing supports this assumption.

The LC assigns numbers to only one of the two groups of Lokesvaras, that is, the

group of 32 Loke~varas. These same 32 Lokesvaras appear also in the BDC, but with

minor differences in the numbering. In the BDC the 32 Lokesvaras are part of a

larger group of 41 deities which includes forms of Prajiiaparamita, Mafijusri and

other deities.

One might wonder what practical purpose the sketchbooks served. Were their

line drawings actually meant to be models for paintings or sculptures? This may well

have been the case. From his study of the iconography of the Paficarak~a goddesses

Mevissen 1998: 354 concludes that the artist of the line drawings in the LC made an

effort to include iconographic types which were usually not depicted in Nepalese art

by referring to descriptions in the siidhana collections and the Ni~pannayogavali. At

least one deity's name in the LC and BDC can be shown to have been derived from

17
the colophon of a sadhana text. The goddess in LC 166/BDC 99 is called 'Kixµcid-
4
vistara-Tara.' This name can be traced back to Sadhanamiila 98 whose colophon

reads: kif!lcidvistarlllJ2 tiiriisiidhanam. The iconography of the goddess clearly corres-

ponds to the description in Sadhanamiila 98, but in the body of the sadhana text the

goddess is referred to as (Arya)tara.

4 Directions for Further Research

In his very brief introductory remarks to the LC (1984: 4), Lokesh Chandra traces the

iconography of several deities to descriptions in the Sadhanama.Ia. For further study

of the BOC and LC, collections of sadhanas related to Nepal are clearly the kinds of

texts in which one should look for iconographic descriptions which correspond to the

drawings. Among the deities whose iconography should be studied in detail are the

Lokesvaras.5 Although useful materials on the Lokesvara traditions in Nepal have

become available in recent years, there is yet more scope for research.6

4
As I have explained in BUhnemann 1994: 1-23. Bhattacharyya's 'Sadhanamala' actually
consists of siidhanas which the edit01 compiled from several independent siidhana
collections.
s The Loke§varas should not be referred to as Avalokitesvaras. For the distinction between
the Loke§varas and Avalokite§vara, see Lokesh Chandra 1988: 29.
6
Below I list some material on the Loke§varas which has come to my attention and may be
useful to researchers. Deva 1984: 75-80 describes some forms of the Lokesvaras popular in
Nepal, and Blom 1995 discusses a number of problems related to the Nevar tradition. Lists
of names of the Loke§varas according to Nepalese traditions have been published by several
scholars. Bhattacharyya 1958: 394-431 provides descriptions and line drawings made of
statues of 108 forms which were located at that time in Kathmandu's Machhendra Biihii
(also spelt Machhandar Vahal or Machhandra Bahal), also known as Jana Biihii. He gives
this section the misleading caption '108 Forms of Avalokite§vara.' Locke 1980: 135-137
lists the names of the Lokesvaras written below the wood carvings on the struts supporting
the roof of the same temple. Lokesh Chandra 1981: 4 and 1984: 10-11 compares the names
of the Loke5varas published by Bhattacharyya with those on line drawings made by three
artists (Tantrikmuni Bajracharya, Ang Gelbu Sherpa and Gawang Tashi Sherpa, according
to Lokesh Chandra 1981: 3 and 1984: 10). The artists prepared the drawings under
Amoghabajra Bajracharya's supervision from paintings executed by Siddhimuni Sakya
which have replaced the statues in the Biiha. Lokesh Chandra also publ.ished a list of the
names on Siddhimuni Sakya's paintings (1981: 1~18, 1984: 12-14) and the line drawings

18
 In this book I present only a preliminary study of the two sketchbooks on the

basis of the copies available to me. If the original sketchbooks or the original

document from which both were most likely copied comes to light, problems

regarding the reading of some of the deities' names and the sequence of drawings

should easily be resolved. I hope that this small book will contribute to our

knowledge of Nevar Buddhist iconography and will be useful to all who are

interested in Buddhist iconography.

5 Acknowledgements

I thank Bishnu Kanta Sharma of the National Archives, Kathmandu, for permitting

me to reproduce the BDC and Dr. M. Blom for making her negatives of the

based on his paintings (1981 : 29-55, 1984: 341-367). In a special issue of the Journal
Mikkyo Zuzo 8: 1990, Tachikawa/Hattori provide some infonnation on the 108 Lokesvaras
in Jana Baba, followed by an essay on the painlings by Tuaoka (in Japanese). This volume
contains two sets of iconographic materials. The first set consists of contemporary line
drawings of the 108 Lokesvaras by Gautam Ratna Bajracharya, which were prepared on the
basis of the paintings in Jana Baba (pp. 25- 79). The second set consists of Takaoka's
photographs of the paintings of the 108 Lokesvaras in Jana Baba (pp. 81-135). It should be
stated that in addition to the paintings of the 108 Lokesvaras (which are preserved under
glass), Jana Baba now also houses representations of the Lokesvara group engraved on brass
sheets. Lokesh Chandra presents a discussion (1981: 12-14, 1984: 14-16) and complete list
of the names of the Lokesvaras as found in a manuscript acquired by Raghu Vira (1981: 18-
20, 1984: 11-12). In his detailed study of the thousand-armed Avalokitesvara, Lokesh
Chandra 1988: 38-42 lists the names of the Lokesvaras according to additional sources.
Gail specifies the names of 12 Lokesvaras from Kva Baba (1991: 40, plates XXXI-XXXIII)
and of 24 Lokesvaras from Caturbrahmamahavihara, Bhaktapur ( 1991: 48, plates XXXVI-
XXXVIII). Blom 1996: 145 notes that a group of 38 Lokesvaras is popular in Nepal and
lists their names according to a sketchbook (1995: 147-148). While going through the
manuscript collection of the National Archives, Kathmandu, I came across microfilm 5.267
(= Nepal Gennan Manuscript Preservation Project, reel no. B 108/2) labelled
'Lokesvaracitrabauddham~c;ialapratima.' This most likely incomplete document consists of
nine leaves with line drawings of the Loke§varas. The extant 27 Lokesvara drawings are

19
sketchbook available to me. Dr. Lokesq Chandra graciously granted me permission

to reproduce the LC and supplied me with a set of photocopies of the drawings. He

not only encouraged me to publish the sketchbook again, but also helped in

identifying some of the deities' names. I also acknowledge Kasinath Tamofs help in

deciphering some of the names. I thank Dr. Charles E. Pain and Philip Pierce, M.A.,

for improving my English style. I owe thanks to the Lumbini International Research

Institute and the University of Wisconsin-Madison for support during the different

phases of my research. Finally I wish to thank Dr. Christoph Clippers and the

editorial board of the Lumbini International Research Institute for including this

volume in their series.

20
Bibliography and Abbreviations

Amoghabajra Bajracarya 1979. Nep~deyii kanakacaityamahavihiirayii ~~ottara.Sata

lokesvaraya paricaya. <Kathmandu:> Lokesvara Sangha (N.S. 1099).

BOC Bauddhadevatacitrasaipgraha. 'Bauddhadevatacitrasarµgraha (Rekhii-

citratmaka),' microfilm preserved in the National Archives, Kathmandu
(reel no. E 1866/2, running no. E 35548).

Bhattacharyya, B. 1958. The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on the

Siidhanamiilii and Cognate Tiintric Texts of Rituals. Calcutta: Finna K.L.
Mukhopadhyay (second edition, revised and enlarged).

Bhattacharyya, D.C. 1974. Tantric Buddhist Iconographic Sources. New Delhi:

Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

Bbattacbaryya, D.C. 1978. Studies in Buddhist Iconography. New Delhi: Manohar

Book Service.

Blom, M.L.B. 1985. Painters' Sketch-Books in Nepal with Special Reference to the
Eight Mother-Goddesses in Bhaktapur. South Asian Archaeology: Papers
from the Eighth International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in
Western Europe, held at Moesgaard Museum, Denmark, 1-5 July 1985.
Edited by K. Frifelt and P. Sorensen. London: Curzon Press: 441-448.

Blom, M.L.B. 1989. Depicted Deities: Painters' Model Books in Nepal. Groningen:
Egbert Forsten.

Blom, M. 1995. Lokesvaras in Nepal. A living tradition? In: Function and Meaning
in Buddhist Art. Proceedings of a seminar held at Leiden University 21-24
October 1991. Edited by K.R. van Kooij and H. van der Veere. Groningen:
Egbert Forsten: 139-148.

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Bilhnemann, G. 1994. *Siidhana.Sataka and *Siidhana.Satapaiicasikii. Two Buddhist

Sadhana Collections in Sanskrit Manuscript. Vienna: Arbeitskreis fiir
tibetische und buddhistische Studien.

21
Das Gupta, R. 1968. Nepalese Miniatures. Varanasi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan.

De Mallmann, M.-Th. 1948. Introduction a l'etude d'Avalokit~vara. Paris: S.A.E.P.

De Mallmann, M.-Th. 1964. Etude iconographique sur Maiijusri. Paris: Maison-

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De Mallmann, M.-Th. 1986. Introduction a l'iconographie du tantrisme bouddhique.

Paris: Maisonneuve.

Deva, K. 1984. Images of Nepal. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

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8055 in the library of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta. Reproduced by Lokesh
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Gail, A.J. 1991. Kloster in Nepal: Ikonographie buddhistischer Kloster im

Kathmandutal. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt.

Goshima, K. and K. Noguchi 1983. A Succinct Catalogue of the Sanskrit

Manuscripts in the Possession of the Faculty of Letters, Kyoto University.
Kyoto: Kyoto University.

Gutschow, N. 1979. Der newarische Maler: Standortbcstimmung in Gesellschaft,

Raum und Ritus am Beispiel Bhaktapur/Ncpal. Tribus (Veroffentlichungen
des Linden-Museums) 28: 53-61.

Hodgson, B.H. 1874 (1972). Essays on the Languages. Literature and Religion of
Nepal and Tibet Together with Further Papers on the Geography, Ethnology
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Two Earlier Collections of Essays ... With a Supplement of Additions and
Corrections From the Author's Copy. Edited by M.P. Saha And With Other
Additions, Omitted in the Former Edition. Amsterdam: Philo Press.

Huntington, J.C./D. Bangdel 2003. The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art.
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22
Kolver, B. 1996. Constructing Pagodas according to Traditional Nepalese Drawings.
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Kreijger, H.E. 1999. Kathmandu Valley Painting: The Jucker Collection. London:
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Lienhard/Manandhar 1988. Lienhard, S. with the collaboration of T.L. Manandhar.

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Valley of Nepal. Kathmandu: Sahayogi Prakashan.

Locke, J.K. 1985. Buddhist Monasteries of Nepal: A Survey of the Ballas and Bahls
of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu: Sahayogi Press Pvt. Ltd.

Lokesh Chandra 1981. The 108 Forms of Lokesvara in Hymns and Sculptures. New
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23
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24
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25
Table l : The Iconographic Features of the Deities in the BDC
INo. l Nrune IArms IHeads IPosture lSeat/Mount IRemarks
1 Maiijusri 2 l seated lotus cf. also 46; LC 56

2 Arapacana-Mafijusri 2 I seated lotus cf. also 43; LC 55

3 < Arapacana-> 1 2 l seated lotus -

Mafijusri (?)

4 Vajranailga-Maiijusri 6 1 standing lotus LC58

5 Vajranailga-Mafijusri 4 l standing lotus LC59

6 ~aQ~ari-Padmadhara 4 1 seated lotus LC68

7 Siddhaikavira-Mai'ijusri 2 l seated lotus LC61

8 Maharajalila-Mafijusri2 2 1 seated lion LC62

9 NilakaQtha-Loke5vara 2 I seated snakes LC77

10 Unnruned 2 I standing - -
11 Harihari<hari>vahana- 6 l seated Hari riding LC73

Lokesvara3 Garu<;ta who

rides a lion

12 Harihari<hari>vahanod- 6 I seated Harl riding LC82

4
bhava-Loke5vara Garu<;ta who

rides a lion

13 Vrdayaka '5' 4 I standing lotus LC20

14 Sailkhanatha '6' 6 1 seated Mahadeva LC21 :

riding a bull Sailkharanatha

which is on a

lotus

t The inscription is illegible.

2
I.e., Maiijusri seated in the mahiiriijalilii posture.
3
The deity is labelled Hariharavahano Loke5vara.
4
The inscription could aJso be interpreted as 0 vahana-Avaloke5vara.

29
lNo. lName IArms IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
15 Vi~Qulc:anta '7' 4 l seated Vi~QU riding LC23
Garuc;lawho

is on a lotus

16 Vajrahiitakas '8' 16 l dancing lotus LC22

17 Kftaiijali ' 9' 12 1 standing lotus LC24

18 Y a.madru:ic;la ' 11 ' 4 1 standing lotus LC26

19 U~Qi~a '10' 10 1 standing lotus LC25

20 Santa5ri (?)6 '20' 6 1 standing lotus LC 27: Santasi

21 Jiianadhatu ' 13' 6 1 seated lotus LC28

22 Sakyabuddha (?)7 '14' 6 I seated lotus LC29

23 Vajradhatu ' 15' 4 l seated lotus LC30

24 Mruijunatha '16' 6 1 seated lotus LC 31

25 Visvahara8 '17' 6 1 seated lotus LC32

26 Dharmadhatu ' 18' 8 3 seated horse on a LC 33

lotus

27 Amitabha '19' 6 1 seated elephant on a LC34

lotus

28 Mahavajrasattva '20' 8 3 seated lotus LC35

29 SiIµhanatha9 '21' 6 1 seated lotus LC36

s The name Vajrahuntika is found among the older representations of the 108 Lokdvaras in Jana Baba;
cf. Bhattacharyya 1958: 398, 409 (no. 35).
6
The inscription reads 'Sanvisi.' This Loke§vara is found among the 108 LokeSvaras in Jana Baba; cf.
Bhattacharyya 1958: 397, no. 32 ('Santiisi') and Amoghabajra Bajracarya 1979 and Mikkyo Zuro 1990
(no. 77): Sant~ri. The LC also reads 'Santasi.'
7
The inscription can be read as 'Sastrbudha' or 'SiistfYUdha.'
1
Bhattacharyya 1958: 397 reads 'Vi~vahana.'
9
The deity Sil!lhanatha differs from the iconographic type of Sil!lhanada (see also Gail 1991 : 47).

30
INo. !Name IArms IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
30 Unnamed 2 1 standing snakes -

31 Sahasrabhuja10 8 11 standing - LC 38

32 Sahasravajra '23' 8 11 standing lotus -

33 Dhannacakra '24' 10 3 seated lotus LC39

34 ~~ari'25' 4 1 seated lotus LC40

35 Acata '26' 6 1 seated lotus LC41

36 Pupala-Maiiju8ri '31' 4 1 seated lotus LC 46: Pupala

Pi~9apatra '32'
11
37 4 1 seated lotus LC47

38 'Trid~9a' 12 <i.e., 6 1 seated lotus LC48

Prajfiaparamita:> '33'

39 Prajfiaparamita '35' 2 l seated lotus LC 51

40 Prajnaparamita '34' 4 l seated lotus LC 49, 50

41 Prajfiaparamita '36' 2 1 seated lotus LC 52

42 Halahala 13 ' 22' 6 (?) 1 seated - with consort on left

thigh; LC 37

43 Arapacana-Mafijusri '39' 2 1 seated lotus cf. also 2; LC 55

44 Prajfiaparamita '37' 4 1 seated lotus LC53

45 Prajfiaparamita '38' 4 l seated lotus LC 54

46 Maiijusri '40' 2 1 seated lotus cf. also 1; LC 56

10
The numeral '23' was originally added to this drawing but later erased. This is an error, for '23'
belongs here and not to the following line drawing.
11
The inscription reads 'Pi1_1c;lapata.' This Lokesvara is found among the 108 Lokclvaras in Jana Baba; cf.
Bhattacharyya 1958: 419, 428 (no. 73), Amoghabajra Bajracarya 1979 and Mikkyo Zuro 1990 (no. 36),
who read Pi.l_lcµpatra.
12
The inscription reads 'Ti"ada.' The word trida~u!a seems to refer to the deity's attribute, not his name.
LC 48 adds Prajiiaparamita.
13
Halahala is a Nevan variant of Halahala.

31
INo. IName IArms IHeads I Posture I Seat/Mount IRemarks
47 Sidclhaikavira-Mafijusri 2 1 seated lotus LC57

'41 '

48 Aryiivalokitesvara 14 '4' 2 1 standing - LC 18

49 <Kam~c;lalu-Lokesvara 6 1 standing lotus LC 16

'1 '>lS

50 J fianaclhiitu '2' 6 1 standing lotus LC 17

51 N[tyaniitha16 '3' 10 1 dancing lotus LC 19

52 Lokaniitha-Lokesvara17 2 1 seated lotus LC75

53 <Miiyajiilakrama- 12 5 standing lotus LC78

Krodha-Lokesvara> 18

54 Sugatisaqidar5ana- 6 1 standing lotus LC79

Lokesvara

55 Amoghapasa-Loke5vara 8 1 standing lotus LC84

14
The inscription reads Adyivalokite§vara.
is The drawing is unnamed. A similar Loke§vara is found among the 108 Loke§varas in Jana Bibi and is
identified as Kama1.up.lu-Loke§vara; cf. Bhattacharyya 1958: 395, 403 (no. 10), Amoghabajra Bajracarya
1979 and Mikkyo Zuzo 1990 (no. 99).
16
The inscription reads 'Nitenitha,' a Neviri variant of Sanskrit Nftyanatha. But the word nite/nitye also
corresponds to Sanskrit nitya (Manandhar 1986: 129). Blom 1995 uses the spelling 'Nityanatha,' which
is found in some manuscripts in her article.
17
The inscription reads: Lokanatha-Lalitik~epa-Loke§vara, i.e., Lokanatha-Loke§vara in the lalira
posture.
11
The drawing is unnamed. A similar Loke§vara is found among the 108 Loke§varas in Jana Biha and is
identified as Mayijiilakrama-Krodha-Loke§vara; cf. Bhattacharyya 1958: 395, 403 (no. 15), Amogha-
bajra Bajracarya 1979 and Mikkyo Zuzo 1990 (no. 94).

32
fNo. lName IArms l Heads l Posture l Seat/Mount l Remarks

56 Pretasaiµtarpita- 6 1 standing lotus? with two Pretas;

Loke5vara LC80

57 Padman[t<y>esvara19 2 1 seated20 lotus with consort on left

thigh; LC 87

58 Ga.r:iapa 4 1 dancing small LC89

mouse/shrew

on a lotus

59 Sukhavati-Lokesvara 6 1 seated lotus LC85

60 Mahakala 2 1 standing back of man LC92

61 Maitri (= Maitreya21 ) 4 3 seated lotus LC93

62 Maitri (= Maitreya) 2 I seated lotus LC94

63 Mahakala 4 I seated men on a LC91

lotus

64 Maharaga-Maiijusri 8 4 seated lotus LC90

65 Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus LC95

66 Mahakala 2 1 standing lotus LC96

Vajratik~~a-Maiij usri
22
67 2 1 seated lotus LC97

68 Vajrakha~ga-Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus LC98

69 Prajnajiiana-Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus LC99

70 Jfianakaya-Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus LC 100

71 Vagisvara-Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus LC 101

19
Cf. LC 87 for the reading Padrnan(tyesvara; the inscription reads Paramanrtesvara. For the iconography
of this deity, see Slidhanamlilli 30. Bhattacharyya chooses the fonn Padrnanartesvara in his edition.
20
The posture is specified as the comfortable posture (sukhiisana).
21
Maitri is a variant of Maitreya in Nepal.
22
The inscription reads 'Vajrataki-Maiijusri.'

33
f No. IName I Arms I Heads I Posture I Seat/Mount IRemarks

72 Adibuddha-Maiijusri 9 5 seated lotus LC 102

(!)23

73 Caturtha-Vajriim{ta 6 3 standing Ga1:1apati LC 106

24
Amrtakundali
0 ••

Vajratik~Qa-Mafij usri
25
74 8 4 standing lotus LC 104
26
75 Vajrajvalanalarka 8 4 standing Nara<ya1:1a> LC 108
27 and

Lak~mi

76 Hayagriva28 6 4 standing lotus top head is a

horse's head; LC

110

77 Jambhala 2 I dancing lotus LC 112

78 y amasvavajra29 8 4 standing Indra, top head is a

Indrayai;ii, horse's head; four

Lak~mi, legs; LC 107

Jayakara,

Siddhikara

and
30
Vasanta

23
The drawing shows four anns on the right side and (erroneously) five arms on the left side.
2
• The inscription reads 'Caturthavijayiisita-Arn{takuQ9alI.' This is the fourth (caturtha) Vajriirnfta named
Arn{takuQ9alI in a group of four; cf. the reference in Ni~pannayogavali p. 19, 11 with three other
Vajramrta deities in the Vajraffirtatantra.
25
The inscription reads 'Vajratrina-Mafijusri.'
26
The inscription reads 'Vajrajviilanarka.'
27
The LC reads Naray~a.
21
The inscription reads Hayagiri.
29
The deity is similar to Paramasva (Ni~pannayogavali, p. 60, 7-12 and Sadhanamiila 261).
30
The LC adds Madhukara to the list.

34
INo. !Name IArms IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
79 Hayagriva 2 2 standing lotus top head is a

horse's head; LC

109

80 Hayagriva 8 4 dancing lotus top head is a

horse's head; LC

111

81 Ucchu~ma-Jambhala 2 1 standing man LC 113

82 Mahajambhala 6 3 seated lotus in union with

consort; LC 114

83 Vasudhara 2 1 seated lotus LC 115

84 Vasudhara 2 1 seated lotus LC 116

85 Vasudhara 6 I seated - LC 127

86 MahiisarasvatI 6 3 standing lotus LC 167

87 Vajr~arada31 2 1 standing lotus LC 168

88 Vajrasarasvati 2 1 seated lotus LC 169

89 Vajradhat~vari32 2 I seated lotus LC 170

90 Pratyangira 6 1 seated lotus LC 171

91 Dhvajiigrakeyiira 4 4 standing lotus LC 118

92 Mahattaripa-Tara33 2 1 seated lotus LC 158

31
The inscription reads Vajrasiirakada.
32
The correct Sanskrit word is Vajradhatvisvari. The Nevari variant Vajradhate§vari is also found in
Williamsffribe 2000: 211 . For the interchangeability of the letters f and e in the orthography of Nevari
manuscripts, see Lienhard/Manandhar 1988: XXVII.
33
Probably for Mahattari-Tiirii, whose iconographic description is found in Sadhanamiila 90. The LC also
reads Mahattaripa-Tara.

35
INo. !Name IArms IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
93 v arada-Tara 2 l seated lotus LC 159

94 .Moka-Tara34 2 l seated lotus with one attendant

each right and left;

LC 161

95 Sragdhara Tara 2 l standing lotus with one attendant

each right and left;

LC 157

96 Unnamed 2 1 seated lotus -

97 Bhadrasana- 2 l seated lotus LC 164

va8yadhikara-Tara35
98 Vajratara 8 3 seated lotus LC 165

99 •KiJ1icidvistara-Tara' 36 2 l seated lotus LC 166

(i.e., Aryatara)

100 Visvamata 2 1 seated elephant LC 152

101 Prasanna-Tara37 16 8 standing four deities38 four legs; LC 153

102 JanguliTara 6 3 seated - LC 154

103 Janguli Tara 4 1 seated - LC 155

104 Grahamatrka Tara 6 3 seated lotus LC 134:

Grahamaq-ka

105 U~~i~avijaya Tara 8 3 seated lotus LC 135:

U~~i~avijayA

34
The inscription reads 'Ahaku-lara.' For the interchangeability of the letters o and va in the
orthography of Neviiri manuscripts, see Lienhard/Manandhar 1988: XXVII.
3
s I.e., V~yadhilcara-1ara in the bhadrasana posture (cf. Sadhanamala 92).
36
This name seems to be derived from the colophon of stidhana 98 in the SadhanamaJa, which specifies
the siidhana as ki,,.cidvistarQlfl liirastidhanam. The central goddess of the sadhana is Aryatara.
37
The goddess is described in Sadhanamala 114 with only two legs.
38
The LC specifies them as Brahma, Narayru:ia. Rudra and Indra. This group is known as the four Maras.

36
INo. !Name IArms IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
106 Cunda Tara 4 1 seated - LC 136

107 P~atavari Tara 6 3 seated lotus LC 137

108 P~atavari Tara 6 3 seated lotus LC 138

109 Prajfiaparamita 2 1 seated lotus LC 139

110 Prajiiaparamita 2 1 seated lotus LC 140

111 Prajiiaparamita 4 1 seated - LC 141

112 Prajfiaparamita 4 1 seated - LC 142

Blq'ku~i Tara
39
113 4 l standing lotus LC 143
40
114 Sita<ta>patra 6 3 seated lotus LC 144

115 Dharmatailkha- 2 ) seated lotus LC 125

Dharmadhatu-Vagisvara41

116 Mahavairocana 8 4 seated - LC 130

117 Mahavairocana 2 4 seated - LC 133

118 Maha-Amoghasiddhi 8 4 standing lotus LC 131

119 Maharatnasaiµbhava 8 4 seated - LC 132

42
niimasalJ'lgftisa lhiinii

120 Dharmadhatu-Vagisvara 8 4 seated lion LC 128

121 Vajradhatu(samadhi)43 8 4 seated lion LC 129

122 Dharmadhatu-VagiSvara 8 3 seated lotus LC 126

44
123 Da<rµ>va-Tara 2 1 standing lotus LC 127

39
The inscription reads 'Bhfku!i!i Tara.'
40
The inscription read 0 patra.
41
The inscription reads Dhannasailkhara-Dhannadhiitu-Viigisvara.
42
The addition niimasmrigftisa lhiiliii means 'mentioned in the Niimasarpgiti.'
43
The deity's name is most likely Vajradhatu. The word samiidhi may refer to the samiidhimudrii
displayed by two hands. Cf. 139 'Dharmacakrasarniidhi.'
44
The word dmriva means 'standing' in Neviiri.

37
INo. !Name IArms IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
124 Pratisara 10 3 seated - LC2

125 Unnamed45 10 3 seated lotus in union with

consort; LC 1

126 Slihasrapramardanl 6 3 seated lotus LC3

127 Mayfiri 2 1 seated - LC4

128 Mantranusaranl 4 1 seated lotus LC5

129 Sitavatl 4 1 seated lotus LC6

130 Pratisara 8 4 seated - LC7

131 Mahamayfiri 6 3 seated - LC8

132 Slihasrapramardanl 6 3 seated lotus LC9

133 Sitavatl 4 3 seated lotus LC 10: Sitavatl

134 " Mantranusar~I 4 I seated - LC 11

135 Mahapratisara 12 4 seated - LC 12 (three-

headed)

136 Mahasahasrapramardanl 10 4 seated men LC 13

137 Mahamayfiri 8 3 seated lotus LC14

138 Mahasitavatl 8 3 seated lotus -

139 'Dharmacakrasamadhi' 12 3 seated - -

<i.e.,

Mahamantranusarar:il>46

140 Jiiana~akinl 6 3 seated lotus, but -

labelled

si'!'hiisana

45
In LC I this unidentified deity is much larger than the Paiicar~a goddesses. This may suggest that the
goddesses are considered subordinate to this deity.
46
The inscription refers to the goddess as 'Dharmacakrasamadhi,' since she displays the dhannacak.ra-
mudrii and samiidlzimudrii. The goddess can be identified as Mahamantranusar~i. For this iconographic
type, see Mevissen 1998: 334-335.

38
fNo. !Name IArms IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
141 Vajrawa 8 4 seated lotus -
142 Bhuta<;tamarall;>amara47 4 1 standing divine -
being48

143 Vajrapar_ll 2 1 standing - -

144 Mahabala 2 1 standing - -

145 Mahabala 4 1 standing - -

146 Vighnantaka 8 1 standing Gru;iapati -
147 Vighnantaka 6 1 standing G31,1apati -
148 Vighnantaka 2 1 standing Gai.iapati -
149 A~tabhuja-Manci 8 3 standing five pigs one head is a pig's
head

150 U<.f<.fiyana-Manci 12 6 standing five pigs one head is a pig's

head
151 U<.f<.fiyana-Manci 12 6? standing three pigs -
152 Miirici 6 3 standing three pigs -
153 Kalpokta-Da§abhuja- 10 5 standing three pigs -
Manci49

47
Both names are inscribed.
48
Aparajita would be expected but no name is specified.
49
Cf. Sadhanamila 135, whose colophon states: Kalpoktasitamancisadhana. One could also read the
inscription as 'Karapitra-Da!abhuja-Mirlci.'

39
No. Name Arms Heads Posture Seat/Mount Remarks

154 Afokakanta-Manci 2 1 seated pig -

155 Cakrasaiµvara 12 4 standing two deities50 in a maQ<Jala; in

union with

Vajravarahi;

surrounded by

Khasliroha (=

KhaQ<;laroha),

Lama, J?ak.ini,

Riipi~i. Svanasya.

Y amadrup~!fl.

Uliikasya,

Y amamathani,

Kakasya,

Y amada<;lhini,

Siikarasya and

Yamaduu5 1

156 <Maiijusri>52 6 3 seated lotus in a maQ<;lala,

surrounded by the

ten Krodhas

50
Bhairava and Kalaratri are expected, as in Ni~pannayogavali, mai:i<;lala 12.
Cf. Ni~pannayogavali, mai:i<;lala 12 (Sarµvaramai:i<:fala) .
51

52
The deity is unnamed. A similar iconographic form of Maiiju§ri seems to be featured on the wooden
tora!Ul of the main gate to Rato Macchendranath, Katlunandu. A contemporary paubha from Pa~.
Nepal "usually displayed in the Hiranya Varna Mahavihara ("Golden Temple") during the Bahidyo
Boyegu ceremony in the month of August every year" (Shakya 2000: 77) represents a similar
iconographic type and is reproduced in Shakya 2000, plate 17. The paubha shows Maiiju§ri with three
heads and six arms. His two main hands display the dharmacakramudra while holding his vajra and bell.
In his other hands, the deity holds a sword and manuscript placed on a lotus, and a final pair of attributes,
the bow and arrow. The Maiiju§ri in the centre of our ma1_1<:fala displays the dharmacakramudra without
the vajra and bell. The other attributes are identical, except that the manuscript is missing (only a lotus is
shown).

40
 No. Name Anns Heads Posture Seat/Mount Remarks

157 Acala 2 1 standing Brahma, -

Nara<ya-
na>
. 53.
Mahadeva

and Indra

158 Vidyuijvalakarali 24 9 (?)55 standing Brahma, -

narnaikaja~-Tara54 Vi~r:iu,

Mahadeva

and lndra56

159 Ekaja~ Tara 4 1 standing lotus -

160 Ekaja~ Tara 8 1 standing skull bowl -
161 Ekaja~ Tara 2 1 flying? skull bowl -
162 Buddhakapala 4 1 dancing man -
163 Vajraghor:ia 4 1 standing man having a pig's head

164 Ekaja~a Tara, a~/abhujii 8 1 standing lotus -

165 Ekaja~ Tara 2 1 standing lotus -
166 Urdhvapada-Vajrayogini 2 l standing Kali and -
Bhairava

167 Vidyadhari 2 l flying Kali and -

<Vajrayogini> Bhairava

168 Vajrayogi<ni> 2 1 standing Kali and -

Bhairava

s3 For a Nepalese representation of Acala (with his consort Visvavajri), who places his feet on Brahma,
Siva, Vi~i;iu and Indra, see plate 19 in Kreijger 1999.
S4 In accordance with Sadhanamila 123; the inscription reads 'Vidyujjvilakaramukhaikaja!ltara.'

ss According to Sadhanamala 123, the deity should have twelve heads.

56
The names of the four Miras are inscribed but only two deities are depicted.

41
INo. !Name IArms IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
169 Vajravarahi 2 2 dancing man pig's face on right

side of head

170 Vajravarahi 2 1 dancing man -

171 Adivajrayogini 2 1 standing m~n -
172 Yogambara 6 3 seated lotus on lion in union with

consort

173 Sri- Yogambara 6 3 seated lotus on lion in union with

consort

174 Kr~Qayamari 10 3 standing bull in union with

consort

175 'Belonging to the 10 3 seated lotus in union with

<Guhya>samaja' consort

(samiijayti)s1

176 Maiijuvajra 10 3 seated lotus in union with

consort

177 Dvibhuja-Hevajra 2 1 dancing man in union with

consort

178 Sa<111pu!a->ukta-(?)- 10 3 dancing - in union with

Vajrasattvass consort

57
The particle -yii denotes the genitive case in Nevliri, so that the fonn appearing here may mean 'of
Guhyasamaja.' It is also used as an adjectival suffix meaning 'related to.' It would then refer to a deity of
the Guhyasamaja such as Guhyasamaja-Ak~obhya or Guhyasamaja-Vajrasattva.
58
I.e., Vajrasattva as described in the Saippu~a(tantra)? The inscription reads 'Sakukta-Vajrasattva.' The
iconography of the deity is similar to that of Vajrasattva as described in Ni~pannayogavaH. p. 8, 17 - 22,
but according to the description in the Ni~pannayogivali the deity should have six arms. In that text the
mat)~a is referred to as the 'Srisal!lpu~tantroktavajrasattvamat)<;iala,' the 'Mat)~la of Vajrasattva as
described in the Saippu~tantra.' One could also interpret the inscription as ~~bhuja-Vajrasattva, 'Six-
armed Vajrasattva,' but the drawing shows (erroneously?) ten anns.

42
INo. !Name l Arms IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
I

179 Caturbhuja-Hevajra 4 3 dancing man in union with

consort

180 Praharru:iamat-Hevajra'9 16 8 seated Brahma, four legs; in union

and Vi~QU, with consort

standing <Mahi-

deva>60 and

Indra

181 ~ac;lbhuja-Hevajra 6 1 dancing - in union with

consort

182 Dvibhuja-Hevajra 2 1 dancing man in union with

consort

183 Hevajra-Kurukulla61 4 l dancing man? -

184 Hevajra, caturbhuja 4 l dancing man in union with

consort

185 Unnamed lO l seated lotus in union with

consort

186 Hevajra, ~ar.j.bhuja 6 1 dancing man in union with

consort

~9 Prah~amat-Hevajra ('Hevajra possessing weapons') is a type of Hevajra who is visualized as

holding weapons and follows the tradition of the Sarripu~atantra. This fonn of Hevajra is described in
Ni~pannayogavali, pp. 14, 20 - 15, 2; cf. also Lokesh Chandra 1999-, Volume l , introduction, p. XLV.
This form differs from Hevajra holding skull-bowls (Kapiiladhara-Hevajra); for K.apiiladhara-Hevajra, see
Kreijger 1999, plate 31.
60
Part of the inscription was cut off in the photograph.
61
I.e., Hevajra.krama-Kurukullii. For this deity, see De Mallmann 1986: 228.

43
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...
Table 2: The Iconographic Features of the Deities in the LC

r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........

INo. lName l Arms l Heads l Posture l Seat/Mount l Remarks

1 Unnamed 10 3 seated lotus in union with

consort; BOC 125

2 Pratisara 10 3 seated lotus BOC 124

3 Sabasrapramardani 6 3 seated lotus BOC 126

4 Maylili 2 1 seated lotus BDC 127

5 Mantranusar~i 4 1 seated lotus BOC 128

6 Sitavati 4 1 seated lotus BDC 129

7 Pratisara 8 4 seated lotus BOC 130

8 Mahamayliti 6 3 seated lotus BDC 131

9 Sabasrapramardani 6 3 seated lotus BDC 132

IO Sitavati 4 3 seated lotus BDC 133: Sitavati

11 Mantranusar~i 4 1 seated lotus BDC 134

12 Mahapratisara 12 3 seated lotus BDC 135 (four-

headed)

13 Mahasihasrapramardani 10 4 seated men BDC 136

14 Mahamayuri 8 3 seated lotus BDC 137

15 Mahasarµvara many 11 (?) standing two deities in union with

consort

16 <Kam~<;talu-Lokesvara 6 1 standing - BDC49

'l'>

17 <liianadhatu> ' 2' 6 1 standing - BDC50

18 Aryavalokite§vara '3' 2 1 standing - BDC48

19 <Nftyanatha '4'> 10 1 dancing - BDC51

20 Vrdayaka ' 5' 4 1 standing - BDC 13

21 Satikharanatha '6' 6 1 seated Mahadeva BDC 14:

riding a bull Satikhanatha

83
r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........
INo. IName I Arms I Heads IPosture I Seat/Mount I Remarks

22 Vajrahiitaka '7' 16 1 dancing lotus? BDC 16

23 <Vi~Qukanta '8'> 4 1 seated Vi~Qu riding BDC 15

GaruQa who
is on a lotus

24 J<rtaiijali '9' 12 1 standing - BDC17

25 U~QI~a ' 10' 10 1 standing lotus BDC19

26 Yamada1_1"a ' 11 ' 4 1 standing lotus BDC18

27 Santasi ' 12' 6 1 standing lotus BDC 20: Santa5ri

28 Jiianadhatu ' 13' 6 1 seated lotus BDC21

29 Sakyabuddha ' 14' 6 1 seated lotus BDC~2

30 Vajradhatu '15' 4 1 seated lotus BDC23

31 Maiijunatha '16' 6 1 seated lotus BDC24

32 Vi§vahara '17' 6 1 seated lotus BDC25

33 Dharmadhatu '18' 8 3 seated horse on a BDC26

lotus

34 Amitabha '19' 6 1 seated elephant on a BDC27

lotus

35 Mahavajrasattva '20' 8 3 seated lotus BDC28

36 Siqihanatha '21' 6 1 seated lotus BDC29

37 Halahala1 '22' 6 1 seated lotus with consort on left

thigh; BDC 42

38 Sahasrabhuja '23' 8 11 standing lotus BDC31

39 Dharmacakra '24' 10 3 seated lotus BDC33

40 ~a~ari'25' 4 1 seated lotus BDC34

1
Halahala is a Nevari variant of Halahala.

84

r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........

INo. !Name IAnns IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
41 Acata ' 26' 6 1 seated lotus BDC35

42 Brahmadai:i<;la '27' 4 1 seated lotus with consort on left

thigh

43 Kamalabhadra2 '28' 8 3 seated lotus -

44 Kr~r:iacala '29' 6 1 seated lotus -
45 Ratna/Rava_ (?)3 '30' 6 1 seated lotus -
46 Pupala '31' 4 1 seated lotus BDC 36: Pupala-

Maiijusri
4
47 Pir:i<;lapatra '32' 4 1 seated lotus BDC37

48 Prajiiaparamita 6 1 seated lotus BDC 38: Tridar:i<;ta

49 Prajfiaparamita 4 1 seated lotus drawing inserted

later; BDC 40

50 Prajfiaparamita 4 1 seated lotus same form as 49

51 Prajiiaparamita 2 1 seated lotus BDC39

52 Prajiiaparamita 2 1 seated lotus BDC41

53 Prajiiaparamita 4 1 seated lotus BDC44

54 Prajiiaparamita 4 I seated lotus BDC45

55 Arapacana-Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus BDC43, 2

56 Manjusri 2 1 seated lotus BDC46, l

57 Siddhaikavira-Mai'ijusri 2 1 seated lotus BDC47

58 Vajrananga-Mai'ijusri 6 1 standing lotus BDC4

59 Vajranailga-Mai'ijusri 4 1 standing lotus BDC5

60 Vajraraga-Mai'ijusri 2 1 seated lotus -

2
The list of names in Lokesh Chandra 1984 reads the name as Kamalarudra.
3
The reading is uncertain; the inscription can also be read as Lavaduvi (= Ravadevi?).
4
The inscription reads Pi1_1c;tapata.

85

r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........

INo. IName I Arms I Heads I Posture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
61 Siddhaikavira-Maiijusn 2 1 seated lotus BDC7

62 Maharajah1a-Maiijusn 2 1 seated lion BDC8

63 Maiijusn 6 3 seated lotus -

5
64 Niimasaiµgitisa lhana 4 3 seated lotus -
Maiijusn

65 ~ac;lak~arI-Lokesvara 4 1 seated lotus -

66 Halahala-Lokesvara 6 3 seated lotus with consort on left

thigh

67 Vajradharma-Lokesvara 2 1 seated lotus, -

peacock

68 ~ac;lak~arI-Padmadhara 4 1 seated lotus BDC6

69 ~ac;l~arI 4 1 seated lotus -

70 ~ac;lak~arI-MaQidhara 4 1 seated lotus -
71 KhasarpaQa-Lokesvara 2 1 seated lotus -
72 Sirµhanatha 2 1 seated lotus -
73 Harihari<hari>vahana 6 1 seated Hari riding BOC 11

Garuc;la who

rides a lion

74 Trailokyava8aiµkara- 2 1 seated lotus -

Lokesvara

75 <Lokanatha-Lokesvara> 2 1 seated lotus BDC52

76 Raktaryavalo<kite>svara 4 1 seated lotus -

77 Nllaka1_1~a-Lokesvara 2 1 seated lotus, snakes BDC9

78 <Mayajalakrama- 12 1 standing lotus BDC53

Krodha-Lokesvara>

s The inscription is hard to decipher. Namasarpgitisa lhana means ' mentioned in the Namasarpgiti;' cf.
no. 132, Maharatnasarpbhava niimasCllJlgftisa lhiiriii. Cf. Sadhanamlila 82 for Aryanamasarpgiti.

86
.. /"\,,...: .... : ......... 1-i...............
INo. !Name IAnns IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
79 Sugatis~darfana- 6 1 standing lotus BDC54

Loke§vara

80 Pretas~tarpita- 6 1 standing lotus with two Pretas;

Loke§vara BOC56

81 Amoghapasa-Loke§vara 7 (!)6 1 standing lotus -

82 Harihari<hari>vahanod- 6 1 seated Harl riding BOC 12

bhava-Loke§vara Garu~a who

rides a lion

83 Sahasrabhuja many 11 (?) standing - with one kneeling

figure each right

and left

84 Amoghapasa-Loke§vara 8 1 standing - BOC55

85 Sukhavati-Loke§vara 6 I seated lotus BDC59

86 Unnamed 8 11 (?) standing lotus -

87 PadmaDftye§vara 2 1 seated lotus with consort on left

thigh; BOC 57

88 PadrnaDftye§vara 16 1 dancing lotus -

89 <G~apa> 4 1 dancing lotus? BDC58

90 Maharaga-Maiiju§ri 8 4 seated lotus BDC64

91 Mahakala 4 1 seated men on a BDC63

lotus

92 Mahakala 2 1 standing back of man BDC60

93 Maitri (= Maitreya) 4 3 seated lotus BDC61

94 Maitri (= Maitreya) 2 1 seated lotus BDC62

95 Maiiju§ri 2 1 seated lotus BDC65

6
Four arms arc shown on the right and three on the left side. One ann was apparently added later on
the right side.

87
r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........
INo. !Name IArms IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
96 Mahakala 2 1 standing lotus BDC66

97 Vajratik~1_1a-Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus BDC67

98 Vajrakha4ga-Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus BDC68

99 Prajiiajiiana-Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus BDC69

100 Jfianakaya-Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus BDC70

101 Vagisvara-Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus BDC71

102 Adibuddha-Maiijusri 8 5 seated lotus BDC72

103 Arapacana-Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus -

Vajratik~1_1a-Maiijusri
7
104 8 4 standing lotus BDC74

105 Maiijusri 2 1 seated lotus -

8
106 Caturtha-Vajriim{ta 6 3 standing Ga1_1apati BDC73

Alllflaku1_14ali
9
107 Yarnasvavajra 8 4 standing Indra, top head is a

Indraya1_1i, horse's head; four

Lak~mi, legs; BDC 78

Jayakara,

Siddhikara,

Madhukara 10

and Vasanta

108 Vajrajvalana<lar:>ka 8 4 standing Naraya1_1a and BDC75

Lak~mi

The inscription reads 'Vajra~i;ia-Maiijusri.'

7

8
I.e., the fourth (caturtha) Vajramrta named Amftakui;ii;tali in a group of four; cf. the reference in
Ni~pannayogavali p. 19, 11 with three other Vajrfunfta deities in the Vajrimftatantra.
The deity has similar characteristics to Paramasva; cf. the descriptions in Ni~pannayogavali, p. 60,
9

7-12 and Sadhanamata 261.

10
The three names Jayakara, Siddhikara and Madhukara are written as Jayakra, Siddhikra and
Madbukra.

88
r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........
No. Name Arms Heads Posture Seat/Mount Remarks

109 Hayagriva 2 2 standing lotus top head is a

horse's head; BOC

79

110 Hayagriva 6 4 standing lotus top head is a

horse's head; BOC

76

111 Hayagriva 8 4 dancing lotus top head is a

? horse's head; BOC

80

112 Jambhala 2 1 seated lotus BOC77

113 Ucchu~ma-Jambhala 2 1 standing back of man BDC81

114 Mahajambhala 6 3 seated lotus in union with

consort; BOC 82

115 Vasudhara 2 1 seated lotus BOC83

116 Vasudhara 2 1 seated lotus BOC84

117 Vasudhara 6 1 seated lotus BOC85

118 Ohvajagrakeyiira 4 3 (?) standing lotus BOC 91 (four-

headed)

119 Vajraspikhala 6 3 seated lotus -

120 VajraSpikhala 8 3 standing lotus -

121 Vajravii:ia-Sarasvati 2 1 standing lotus -

122 Mahasarasvati 2 I standing lotus -

123 Vajracarcika 11 6 1 standing corpse -

124 Aparajita 2 1 standing Gai:iefa -

11
The list of deities' names in Lokesh Chandra 1984 reads VajracaJ_lc,iika. The inscription reads
VajracaJ11jika. The goddess Vajracarcika is described in Sadhanamala 193. For a similar line drawing.
see the Nepalese sketchbook M.84.171 . 3 a-g preserved in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

89
r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........
INo. lName l Arms l Heads l Posture l Seat/Mount l Remarks

125 Dharma8aiikha- 2 1 seated lotus BDC 115

Dharmadhatu-Vagisvara

126 Dharmadhatu-Vagisvara 8 3 seated lotus BDC 122

127 Da<m>va-Tara12 2 1 standing lotus BDC 123

128 Dharmadhatu-Vagisvara 8 4 seated lotus on lion BDC 120

129 Vajradhatu(samadhi) 8 4 seated lotus on lion BDC 121

130 Mahavairocana 8 4 seated lotus BDC 116

131 Maha-Amoghasiddhi 8 4 standing lotus BDC 118

132 Maharatnasaqibhava 8 4 seated lotus BDC 119

13
niimasa'!lgftisa lhiiriii

133 Mahavairocana 2 4 seated lotus BDC 117

134 Grahamatrki 6 3 seated lotus BDC 104:

Grahamaqka Tara

135 U~1,1i~avijaya 8 3 seated lotus BDC 105:

U~1,1i~avijaya Tara

136 Cunda Tara 4 1 seated lotus BDC 106

137 Pafl,la8avari Tara 6 3 seated lotus BDC 107

138 Pafl,la8avari Tara 6 3 seated lotus BDC 108

139 Prajiiaparamita 2 1 seated lotus BDC 109

140 Prajii.aparamita 2 1 seated lotus BDC 110

141 Prajiiaparamita 4 1 seated lotus BDC 111

142 Prajiiaparamita 4 1 seated lotus BDC 112

143 Bhrku!i Tara 4 1 standing lotus BDC 113

144 Sitatapatra 6 3 seated lotus BDC 114

12
The word daf!lva means 'standing' in Nevari.
"The inscription niimasClf!lgftisa lhiiriii means 'told in the Namasarpgiti.'

90
r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........
INo. !Name IArms IHeads IPosture ISeat/Mount IRemarks
145 Mahacinakrama-Tara 4 1 standing corpse -
146 Sita-Tara 2 1 seated lotus -
147 Sita-Tara 4 1 seated lotus -
148 Sita-$a"bhuja-Tara 6 3 seated lotus -
149 Janguli Tara 4 1 seated lotus -
150 Dhanada-Tara 4 1 seated lotus -
151 DurgottaraJ.li Tara 4 1 seated lotus -
152 Visvamata 2 1 seated elephant on a BDC 100

lotus

153 Prasanna-Tara 16 8 standing Brahma, four legs; BDC 101

NarayaJ.la,

Rudra and

Indra

154 Janguli Tara 6 3 seated lotus BDC 102

155 Janguli Tara 4 1 seated lotus BDC 103

156 Dhvajagrakeyuri 4 4 standing lotus -

157 Sragdhara Tara 2 1 standing lotus with one attendant

each right and left;

BDC95

158 Mahattaripa-Tara 2 1 seated lotus BDC92

159 Varada-Tara 2 1 seated lotus BDC93

160 Mayuri 2 1 seated lotus -

14
161 A8oka-Tara 2 1 seated lotus BDC94

162 Ekajata 2 1 seated lotus -

14
The inscription reads Asvaka-Tara. The letters o and va are often interchanged m Nevari
manuscripts.

91
r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........
INo. lName l Anns l Heads l Posture l Seat/Mount l Remarks

163 Janguli 2 1 seated lotus -

164 Bhadrasana- 2 1 seated lotus BDC97

v a5yadhikara-Tara 15
165 Vajra-Tara 8 3 seated lotus BDC98

166 Kiqicidvistara-Tara (i.e., 2 1 seated lotus BDC99

Aryatara)

167 Mahasarasvati 6 3 standing lotus BDC86

168 Vajra5arada 2 1 standing lotus BDC87

169 Vajrasarasvati 2 1 seated lotus BDC88

Vajradhate~vari
16
170 2 1 seated lotus BDC89

171 Pratyailgira 6 1 seated lotus BDC90

15
Cf. Sadhanamala 92 for this form of Tara, who is seated in the bhadriisana.
16
The inscription reads 'Vajradhlitatesvari_' The correct Sanskrit word would be Vajradhlitv!Svari; the
Nevliri variant Vajradhatesvari is also used in Williarnsffribe 2000: 211.

92
r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........
The Sketchbook LC
2 3

5 6

8 9

95
...
I0 II

13 I4

IS

96
 16 17

18 19

20

22
24 25

26 27

28 29

30 31

98
32 33

34 35

36 37

38 39

99
... r'\ ...:,.. .......... 1 "' ... ,... ........
40 41

42 43

44 45

46 47

100
 48 49

50 51

53 54

56

101
.. f"\ .. i;oo; ....... 1 """ ..... """'
58 59

60 61 62

63 64 65

66 67 68

102
.. ("'\.,.j,...: ....... 1 -F................
 69 70 71

72 73 74

75 76 77

78 79

103
.... ("\.,.;,..;,..._, ...............
~
80 81

82 83 84

85 86 87

88 89

104

...
91

93 94

96 97

99 100

105
... n ...: .... : ..... -.1 ....,... ........
101 102

104 105

107 108

l 09 110

106
..
 112

114

116 117

119

107
.,,
120 121 122

123 124

108
~ 125 126 127

128 129

130 131

132 133

109
134 135 136

137 138 139

140 141

143 144

110
A .. : ..... :-...,1 ;.,,,.....,.......,
 145 146

I 14s 149

151 152

153 154 155

111
... r"\ ..:,...: .... -1 f ... -. .......
 156 157

158 159 160

161 162 163

164 165 166

112
...
167 168 169

170 171

113

... r'\ ...:,.. .......... 1 "' ... ,... ........

Index of Deities' Names in the BOC and LC

.. /"\,,...: .... : ......... 1-i...............

Index of Deities' Names in the BOC and LC

Acala BOC 157; see also KP.Qacala

Acata BOC 35/LC 41

A.dibuddha-Maiijusri BOC 72/LC 102

Adivajrayogini BOC 171

Amitabha BOC 27/LC 34

Amoghapasa-Lokesvara BOC 55/LC 84; LC 81

Amoghasiddhi, see Maha-Amoghasiddhi

Alllflaku~c;talin, see Caturtha-Vajiim{ta Arnftaku~c;tali

Aparajita LC 124

Arapacana-Maiijusri BOC 2/LC 55; BOC 3; BOC 43/LC 55; LC 103

Aryatara, see Kirµcidvistara-Tara

Aryavalokitesvara BOC 48/LC 18; see also Raktaryavalokite§vara

Afoka-Tara BOC 94/LC 161

Afokakanta-Manci BOC 154

A~~bhuja-Manci BOC 149

A valokitesvara, see Aryavalokitesvara, Raktaryavalokitesvara

Bhadrasana-Vasyadhikara-Tara BOC 97/LC 164

Bbfkuti Tara BOC 113/LC 143

Bhfitac;tamara BOC 142

Brahmad~c;ta LC 42

Buddhakapala BOC 162

Cakrasarµvara BOC 155

Caturbhuja-Hevajra BOC 179; see also Hevajra, caturbhuja

Caturtha-Vajramrta Am[takuQc;talI BOC 73/LC 106

Cunda Tara BOC 106/LC 136

117
.. /"\,,...: .... : ......... 1-i...............
I;>funara BOC 142

D~va-Tara BOC 123/LC 127

Dhanada-Tara LC 150

Dharmacakra BOC 33/LC 39

Dharmacakrasamadhi (MahamantranusaraQi) BOC 139

Dharmadhatu BOC 26/LC 33

Dharmadhatu-Vagisvara BOC 120/LC 128; BOC 122/LC 126

Dharma8aflkha-Dhannadhatu-Vagisvara BOC 115/LC 125

Dhvajagralceyfira BOC 91/LC 118

Dhvajagralcey\iri LC 156

DurgottariQi Tara LC 151

Dvibhuja-Hevajra BOC 177; BOC 182

Ekajata LC 162

Ekajata Tara BOC 159; BOC 160; BOC 161; BOC 164; BOC 165; see also Ekajata

Tara, D!fabhuja, Vidyujjvfilakarfili namailcajata-Tara

Ekaja~'i Tara, a!fabhujli BOC 164

GaQapa BOC 58/LC 89

GaQapati, see GaQapa

Grahamatrka LC 134

Graharnatrka Tara BOC 104

Guhyasarnaja BOC 175

Hruahala, see HaJahala

Halahala BOC 42/LC 37

Halahala-Lokesvara LC 66

Harihariharivahana-Loke8vara BOC 11/LC 73

118
..
Harihariharivahanodbhava-Loke§vara BDC 12/LC 82

Hayagriva BDC 76/LC 110; BDC 79/LC 109; BDC 80/LC 111

Hevajra, see Caturbhuja-H., Ovibhuja-H., Hevajra, caturbhuja, Hevajra, ~a4bhuja,

Praharai;iamat-H., ~a"bhuja-H.

Hevajra, caturbhuja BDC 184

Hevajra, ~a{ibhuja BDC 186

Hevajra-Kurukulla BOC 183

Jambhala BOC 77/LC 112; see also Mahaj., Ucchu~ma-J.

Janguli LC 163

Janguli Tara BOC 102/LC 154; BOC 103/LC 155; LC 149

Jiiana9akini BOC 140

Jiianadhatu BOC 21/LC 28; BDC 50/LC 17

Jiianakaya-Maiijusri BOC 70/LC 100

Kalpokta-Dasabhuja-Manci BDC 153

Kamalabhadra LC 43

Kamar:i9alu-Lokesvara BOC 49/LC 16

Khasarpar:ia-Lokesvara LC 71

Kiipcidvistara-Tara BOC 99/LC 166

Krodha-Lokesvara, see Mayajalakrama-Krodha-Lokesvara

Kr~r:iacala LC 44

Kr~r:iayamari BOC 174

Kftaiijali BOC 17/LC 24

Kurukulla, see Hevajra-Kurukulla

Lokanatha-Lokesvara BOC 52/LC 75

Lokesvara, see Amoghapasa-L., Halahala-L., Harihariharivahana-L.,

Harihariharivahanodbhava-L., Kamai;iQalu-L., Lokanatha-L., Mayajalakrama-

119
..
 Krodha-L., Nilakru;itha-L., Pretasfil!ltarpita-L., $a<;lak~ari-L., S ugatisfil!ldarsana-L.,

Sukhavati-L., Trailokyava§aqikara-L., Vajradharma-L., Vajrapadma-L.

Maha-Amoghasiddhi BDC 118/LC 131

Mahabala BOC 144; BDC 145

Mahacinakrama-Tara LC 145

Mahajambhala BOC 82/LC 114

Mahakala BDC 60/LC 92; BDC 63/LC 91; BDC 66/LC 96

MahamantranusaraJ.li, see Oharmacakrasamadhi

MahamayiiriBOC 131/LC 8; BDC 137/LC 14

Mahapratisara BOC 135/LC 12

Maharaga-Mafijusri BDC 64/LC 90

Maharajalila-Maiijusri BOC 8/LC 62

Maharatnasfil!lbhava niimasa'!'gftisa lhiiriii BOC 119/LC 132

Mahasahasrapramardani BOC 136/LC 13

Mahasfil!lvara LC 15

Mahasarasvati BDC 86/LC 167; LC 122

Mahasitavati BOC 138

Mahattaripa-Tara BDC 92/LC 158

Mahavairocana BOC 116/LC 130; BOC 117/LC 133

Mahavajrasattva BDC 28/LC 35

Maitreya, see Maitri

Maitri BOC 61/LC 93; BDC 62/LC 94

Mru;iidhara, see $aQak~ari-Ma1.1idhara

Maiijunatha BDC 24/LC 31

Maiijusri BDC l/LC 56; BDC 46/LC 56; BOC 65/LC 95; BOC 156; LC 63; LC 105; see

also Adibuddha-M., Arapacana-M., Jiianakaya-M., Maharaga-M., Maharajah1a-M.,

Namasfil!lgitisa lhana M., Prajiiajiiana-M., Pupala-M., Siddhaikavira-M., Vagisvara-

M., Vajrakha<;tga-M., Vajrananga-M., Vajratik~r.ia-M.

120
r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........
Maiijuvajra BOC 176

Mantranusfu'aJ)i BOC 128/LC 5; BOC 134/LC 11 ; see also Dharmacakrasamadhi

(Mahamantranusfu'aQi)

Mfu'ici BOC 152; see also Mokakanta-M., ~tabhuja-M., Kalpokta-D~abhuja-M.,

U<:f<:fiyana-M.

Mayajruakrama-Krodha-Lokesvara BOC 53/LC 78

Mayfui BOC 127/LC 4; LC 160; see also Mahamayfiri

Namasaiµgitisa lhana Maiijusri LC 64

NflakaQJha-Lokesvara BOC 9/LC 77

Nftyanatha BOC 51/LC 19

Padmadhara, see ~ag~ari-Padmadhara

Padmanftyesvara BOC 57/LC 87; LC 88

Padmanartesvara, see PadmanftyeSvara

P~~avariTara BOC 107/LC 137; BOC 108/LC 138

Pi1.t<:fapatra BOC 37/LC 47

PraharaJ)amat-Hevajra BOC 180

Prajiiajnana-Maiijusri BOC 69/LC 99

Prajiiaparamita BOC 39/LC 51 ; BOC 40/LC 49; BOC 41/LC 52; BOC 44/LC 53;

BOC 45/LC 54; BOC 109/LC 139; BOC 110/LC 140; BOC 112/LC 142; LC

50; see also TridaQ<:fa (= Prajfiaparamita)

Prasanna-Tara BOC 101/LC 153

Pratisara BOC 124/LC 2; BOC 130/LC 7; see also Mahapratisara

Pratyruigira BOC 90/LC 171

Pretasaiptarpita-Lokesvara BOC 56/LC 80

Pupala LC 46

Pupala-Maiijusri BOC 36

121
r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........
Ralctaryavalokitesvara LC 76

Ratna/Rava_(?) LC 45

Ratnasrupbhava, see Maharatnasrupbhava namaslllJlgflisa lhliria

~a<;i~ari BOC 34/LC 40; LC 69

~a<;falc~ari-Lokesvara LC 65

~a<:iak~ari-MaQidhara LC 70

~a<;iak~ari-Padmadhara BOC 6/LC 68

~a<;ibhuja-Hevajra BOC 181; see also Hevajra, fatfohuja

Sahasrabhuja BOC 31/LC 38; LC 83

Sahasraprrunardani BOC 126/LC 3; BOC 132/LC 9; see also

Mahasahasraprrunardani

Sahasravajra BOC 32

Sakyabuddha BOC 22/LC 29

SruppuJa-ukta-Vajrasattva BOC J 78

Sru'1khanatha BOC 14

Sankharanatha LC 21

Santasi LC 27

Santasri BOC 20

Sfu'ada, see VajraSfu'ada

Sarasvati, see Mahas., VajraviQa-S., Vajras.

Siddhaikavira-Maiijusri BOC 7/LC 61; BOC 47/LC 57

Si1µhanatha BOC 29/LC 36; LC 72

Sita-~a<;ibhuja-Tara LC 148

Sita-Tara LC 146; LC 147

Sitatapatra BOC 114/LC 144

Sitavati BOC 129/LC 6; BOC 133; see also Mahasitavati

Sitavati LC 10

Sragdhara Tara BOC 95/LC 157

122

.. /"\,,...: .... : ......... 1-i...............

Sri-Yogambara BDC 173

Sugatisaipda!Sana-Lokesvara BDC 54/LC 79

Sukhavati-Lokesvara BDC 59/LC 85

Tara, see Aryat., Afoka-T., Bhadrasana-Va5yadhikara-T., BhfkuµT., Cunda T.,

Daipva-T., Dhanada-T., Durgottarii;ti T., Grahamaq-ka T., Janguli T.,

Kirricidvistara-T., Mahacinalaama-T., Mahattaripa-T., Pan:ia8avari T.,

Prasanna-T., Sita-~a<;tbhuja-T. , Sita-T., Sragdhara T., U~i:ti~avijaya T.,

Vajrat., Varada-T., Vidyujjvalakariili namaikajata-T.

Ti<;tada, see Tridai:i<;ta

TrailokyavasarriJcara-Lokesvara LC 74

Tridai:i<:fa (= Prajiiaparamita) BDC 38/LC 48

Ucchu~ma-Jambhala BDC 81/LC 113

U<;f<;tiyiina-Manci BDC 150; BDC 151

Urdhvapada-Vajrayogini BDC 166

U~i:ti~a BDC 19/LC 25

U~i:ti~avijaya LC 135

U~i:ti~avijaya Tara BDC 105

Vagisvara, see Dharma5aiikha-Dharmadhatu-V.

Vagisvara-Maiijusri BDC 71/LC 101

V airocana, see Mahavairocana

Vajracarcika LC 123

Vajradharma-Lokesvara LC 67

Vajradhatesvari BOC 89/LC 170

Vajradhatu BDC 23/LC 30

Vajradhatu(samadhi) BOC 121/LC 129

Vajradhatvisvari, see Vajradhatesvari

123
r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........
Vajragho1~a BOC 163

Vajrahutaka BOC 16/LC 22

Vajrajvfilanalarka BOC 75/LC 108

Vajrakha~ga-Maiijusri BOC 68/LC 98

Vajrfun{ta AmftakuQ~ali, see Caturtha-Vajramrta Amftakui:i~ali

Vajranailga-Maiijusri BOC 4/LC 58; BOC 5/LC 59

Vajrapfi.Qi BOC 143

Vajraraga-Maiijusri LC 60

Vajrasattva, see Mahav., Saiµpu~a-ukta-V.

Vajra5arada BOC 87/LC 168

Vajrasarasvati BOC 88/LC 169

Vajra5pikhala LC 119; LC 120

Vajratfu"a BOC 98/LC 165; BOC 141

Vajrat~Qa-Maiijusri BOC 67/LC 97; BOC 74/LC 104

Vajravarahi BOC 169; BOC 170

Vajravii:ia-Sarasvati LC 121

Vajrayogini BOC 168; see also Adiv., Ordhvapada-V., VajraghoQli, Vajravarahi, Vidyadhari

v.
Varada-Tara BOC 93/LC 159

Vasudhfu"a BOC 83/LC 115; BOC 84/LC 116; BOC 85/LC 127

Va5yadhikara-Tara, see Bhadrasana-Va5yadhikara-Tara

Vidyadhari Vajrayogini BOC 167

Vidyuijvalakarfili namaikaja!ii-Tara BOC 158

Vighnantaka BOC 146; BOC 147

Vi~QUkanta BOC 15/LC 23

Visvahara BOC 25/LC 32

Visvamata BOC 100/LC 152

Vrdayak<t BOC) 3/LC 20

124
r \ ... : .... : ........ 1 .&. .... ,... .........
YamadaQ4a BOC 18/LC 26
Yamasvavajra BOC 78/LC 107
Yogambara BOC 172; see also Sri-Yogambara

125

.. /"\,,...: .... : ......... 1-i...............

 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

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